Editing Radius of gyration

{{Short description|Distance from center of mass to axis of rotation}}
The '''radius of gyration''' or '''gyradius''' of a body about the [[axis of rotation]] is defined as the radial distance to a point which would have a [[moment of inertia]] the same as the body's actual distribution of mass, if the total mass of the body were concentrated there. The radius of gyration has dimensions of distance [L] or [M<sup>0</sup>LT<sup>0</sup>] and the SI unit is the metre (m).

==Formulation==
Mathematically the [[radius]] of [[gyration]] is the [[root mean square]] distance of the object's parts from either its [[center of mass]] or a given axis, depending on the relevant application. It is actually the perpendicular distance from point mass to the axis of rotation. One can represent a trajectory of a moving point as a body. Then radius of gyration can be used to characterize the typical distance travelled by this point.
 
Suppose a body consists of <math>n</math> particles each of mass <math>m</math>. Let <math>r_1, r_2, r_3, \dots , r_n</math> be their perpendicular distances from the axis of rotation. Then, the moment of inertia <math>I</math> of the body about the axis of rotation is
  
:<math>I = m_1 r_1^2 + m_2 r_2^2 + \cdots + m_n r_n^2</math>
:
 
If all the masses are the same (<math>m</math>), then the moment of inertia is <math>I=m(r_1^2+r_2^2+\cdots+r_n^2)</math>.
 
Since <math>m = M/n</math> (<math>M</math> being the total mass of the body), 
 
:<math>I=M(r_1^2+r_2^2+\cdots+r_n^2)/n</math>
 
From the above equations, we have 
 
:<math>MR_g^2=M(r_1^2+r_2^2+\cdots+r_n^2)/n</math>
: 
Radius of gyration is the root mean square distance of particles from axis formula 
 
:<math>R_g^2=(r_1^2+r_2^2+\cdots+r_n^2)/n</math>
: 
Therefore, the radius of gyration of a body about a given axis may also be defined as the root mean square distance of the various particles of the body from the axis of rotation. It is also known as a measure of the way in which the mass of a rotating rigid body is distributed about its axis of rotation.{{Quote box
| title = [[International Union of Pure and Applied Physics|IUPAP]] definition
| quote = '''Radius of gyration''' (in polymer science)(<math>s</math>, unit: nm or SI unit: m): For a macromolecule composed of <math>n</math> mass elements, of masses <math>m_i</math>, <math>i</math>=1,2,…,<math>n</math>, located at fixed distances <math>s_i</math> from the centre of mass, the radius of gyration is the square-root of the mass average of <math>s_i^2</math> over all mass elements, i.e.,

:<math>
s=\left(\sum_{i=1}^{n} m_i s_i^2 / \sum_{i=1}^{n} m_i \right)^{1/2}
</math>

Note: The mass elements are usually taken as the masses of the skeletal groups constituting the macromolecule, e.g., –CH<sub>2</sub>– in poly(methylene).<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Stepto, R. |author2=Chang, T. |author3=Kratochvíl, P. |author4=Hess, M. |author5=Horie, K. |author6=Sato, T. |author7=Vohlídal, J. |title=Definitions of terms relating to individual macromolecules, macromolecular assemblies, polymer solutions, and amorphous bulk polymers (IUPAC Recommendations 2014). |journal=Pure Appl Chem |date=2015 |volume=87 |issue=1 |page=71 |doi=10.1515/pac-2013-0201 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/pac.2015.87.issue-1/pac-2013-0201/pac-2013-0201.pdf}}</ref>
| align = right
| width = 30%
}}

==Applications in structural engineering==
In [[structural engineering]], the two-dimensional radius of gyration is used to describe the distribution of [[cross section (geometry)|cross sectional]] area in a column around its [[centroid]]al axis with the mass of the body. The radius of gyration is given by the following formula:

:<math>R_{\mathrm{g}} = \sqrt{ \frac {I} {A} }</math>

Where <math>I</math> is the [[second moment of area]] and <math>A</math> is the total cross-sectional area.

The gyration radius is useful in estimating the stiffness of a column. If the principal moments of the two-dimensional [[gyration tensor]] are not equal, the column will tend to [[buckling|buckle]] around the axis with the smaller principal moment. For example, a column with an [[ellipse|elliptical]] cross-section will tend to buckle in the direction of the smaller semiaxis.

In [[engineering]], where continuous bodies of matter are generally the objects of study, the radius of gyration is usually calculated as an integral.

==Applications in mechanics==
The radius of gyration about a given axis (<math>r_{\mathrm{g}\text{ axis}}</math>) can be calculated in terms of the [[mass moment of inertia]] <math>I_\text{axis}</math> around that axis, and the total mass ''m'';

:<math>r_{\mathrm{g}\text{ axis}} = \sqrt{ \frac{I_\text{axis}}{m}}</math>
<math>I_\text{axis}</math> is a [[scalar (mathematics)|scalar]], and is not the moment of inertia [[tensor]].
<ref>
See for example
{{Citation | last = Goldstein | first = Herbert | author-link = Herbert Goldstein
| title = Classical Mechanics | place= Reading, Massachusetts
| publisher = Addison-Wesley Publishing Company
| year = 1950 | edition = 1st }} equation 5-30</ref>

==Molecular applications==

[[File:IUPAC definition for radius of gyration.png|thumb|right|550px|link=https://doi.org/10.1351/goldbook.R05121|IUPAC definition for radius of gyration]]

In [[polymer physics]], the radius of gyration is used to describe the dimensions of a [[polymer]] [[ideal chain|chain]].  The radius of gyration of an individual homopolymer with degree of polymerization N at a given time is defined as:<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fixman|first=Marshall|date=1962|title=Radius of Gyration of Polymer Chains|journal=The Journal of Chemical Physics|volume=36|issue=2|pages=306–310|doi=10.1063/1.1732501|bibcode=1962JChPh..36..306F}}</ref> 
:<math>
  R_\mathrm{g}^2 \ \stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\ 
  \frac{1}{N} \sum_{k=1}^{N} \left|\mathbf{r}_k - \mathbf{r}_\mathrm{mean} \right|^2
</math>

where <math>\mathbf{r}_\mathrm{mean}</math> is the [[mean]] position of the monomers.
As detailed below, the radius of gyration is also proportional to the root mean square distance between the monomers:

:<math>
  R_\mathrm{g}^2 \ \stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\ 
  \frac{1}{2N^2} \sum_{i\ne j} \left| \mathbf{r}_i - \mathbf{r}_j \right|^2
</math>

As a third method, the radius of gyration can also be computed by summing the principal moments of the [[gyration tensor]].

Since the chain [[Chemical structure|conformations]] of a polymer sample are quasi infinite in number and constantly change over time, the "radius of gyration" discussed in polymer physics must usually be understood as a mean over all polymer molecules of the sample and over time.  That is, the radius of gyration which is measured as an ''average'' over time or [[Ensemble average|ensemble]]:

:<math>
  R_{\mathrm{g}}^2 \ \stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\ 
  \frac{1}{N} \left\langle \sum_{k=1}^{N} \left| \mathbf{r}_k - \mathbf{r}_\mathrm{mean} \right|^2 \right\rangle
</math>

where the angular brackets <math>\langle \ldots \rangle</math> denote the [[ensemble average]].

An entropically governed polymer chain (i.e. in so called theta conditions) follows a random walk in three dimensions. The radius of gyration for this case is given by

:<math>R_\mathrm{g} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{6}\ } \ \sqrt{N}\ a</math>

Note that although <math>aN</math> represents the [[contour length]] of the polymer, <math>a</math> is strongly dependent of polymer stiffness and can vary over orders of magnitude. <math>N</math> is reduced accordingly.

One reason that the radius of gyration is an interesting property is that it can be determined experimentally with [[static light scattering]] as well as with [[Small-angle neutron scattering|small angle neutron-]] and [[Small-angle X-ray scattering|x-ray scattering]]. This allows theoretical polymer physicists to check their models against reality.
The [[hydrodynamic radius]] is numerically similar, and can be measured with [[Dynamic Light Scattering]] (DLS).

===Derivation of identity===
To show that the two definitions of <math>R_{\mathrm{g}}^{2}</math> are identical, 
we first multiply out the summand in the first definition:

:<math>
R_{\mathrm{g}}^{2} \ \stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\   
\frac{1}{N} \sum_{k=1}^{N} \left( \mathbf{r}_{k} - \mathbf{r}_{\mathrm{mean}} \right)^{2} = 
\frac{1}{N} \sum_{k=1}^{N} \left[ \mathbf{r}_{k} \cdot \mathbf{r}_{k} + 
\mathbf{r}_{\mathrm{mean}} \cdot \mathbf{r}_{\mathrm{mean}} 
 - 2 \mathbf{r}_{k} \cdot \mathbf{r}_{\mathrm{mean}} \right]
</math>

Carrying out the summation over the last two terms and using the definition of <math>\mathbf{r}_{\mathrm{mean}}</math> gives the formula

:<math>
R_{\mathrm{g}}^{2} \ \stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\   
-\mathbf{r}_{\mathrm{mean}} \cdot \mathbf{r}_{\mathrm{mean}} + 
\frac{1}{N} \sum_{k=1}^{N} \left( \mathbf{r}_{k} \cdot \mathbf{r}_{k} \right)
</math>

On the other hand, the second definition can be calculated in the same way as follows. 
:<math>
\begin{align}
R_{\mathrm{g}}^{2} \ &\stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\ 
  \frac{1}{2N^2} \sum_{i,j} \left| \mathbf{r}_i - \mathbf{r}_j \right|^2 \\
&= \frac{1}{2N^2} \sum_{i,j} \left( \mathbf{r}_{i} \cdot \mathbf{r}_{i} - 2 \mathbf{r}_{i} \cdot \mathbf{r}_{j} + 
\mathbf{r}_{j} \cdot \mathbf{r}_{j} \right) \\
&= \frac{1}{2N^2} \left[ 
N \sum_{i} \left(\mathbf{r}_{i} \cdot \mathbf{r}_{I} \right) - 2 \sum_{i,j} \left(\mathbf{r}_{i} \cdot \mathbf{r}_{j} \right) + N \sum_{j} \left( \mathbf{r}_{j} \cdot \mathbf{r}_{j}\right) \right] \\
&= \frac{1}{N} \sum_{k}^{N} \left( \mathbf{r}_{k} \cdot \mathbf{r}_{k} \right)- \frac{1}{N^2} \sum_{i,j} \left(\mathbf{r}_{i} \cdot \mathbf{r}_{j} \right) \\
&= \frac{1}{N} \sum_{k}^{N} \left(\mathbf{r}_{k} \cdot \mathbf{r}_{k} \right)- \mathbf{r}_{\mathrm{mean}} \cdot \mathbf{r}_{\mathrm{mean}}
\end{align}
</math>
Thus, the two definitions are the same. 

The last transformation uses the relationship 

:<math>
\begin{align}
\frac{1}{N^2}\sum_{i,j} \left(\mathbf{r}_{i} \cdot \mathbf{r}_{j} \right) &= \frac{1}{N^2} \sum_{i} \mathbf{r}_{i} \cdot \left( \sum_{j} \mathbf{r}_{j} \right) \\
&= \frac{1}{N} \sum_{i} \mathbf{r}_{i}\cdot \mathbf{r}_{\mathrm{mean}} \\
&= \mathbf{r}_{\mathrm{mean}} \cdot \mathbf{r}_{\mathrm{mean}}.
\end{align}
</math>

==Applications in geographical data analysis==
In data analysis, the radius of gyration is used to calculate many different statistics including the spread of geographical locations. These locations have recently been collected from social media users to investigate the typical mentions of a user. This can be useful for understanding how a certain group  of users on social media use the platform.

:<math>
R_{\mathrm{g}} = \sqrt{\frac{\sum_{i=1}^{N}m_i(r_i-r_{C})^2}{\sum_{i=1}^{N}m_i}}
</math>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* Grosberg AY and Khokhlov AR. (1994) ''Statistical Physics of Macromolecules'' (translated by Atanov YA), AIP Press. {{ISBN|1-56396-071-0}}
* Flory PJ. (1953) ''Principles of Polymer Chemistry'', Cornell University, pp.&nbsp;428–429 (Appendix C of Chapter X).

[[Category:Solid mechanics]]
[[Category:Polymer physics]]
[[Category:Radii]]