Editing Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus

{{Short description|Roman statesman and general (c. 280 – 203 BC)}}
{{Redirect|Fabius Maximus|other notable Romans with this name|Fabia gens}}
{{Infobox person
| name               = Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus
| image              = [[File:N26FabiusCunctator.jpg|200px]]
|caption             = ''Fabius Cunctator'', statue by J. B. Hagenauer, 1777, at [[Schönbrunn Palace]], [[Vienna]]
| birth_date         = {{c.}} 280 BC
| death_date         = 203 BC
| nationality        = Roman
| other_names        = Cunctator
| occupation         =
| known_for          = [[Fabian strategy]]
| office             = {{ubli|[[Roman consul|Consul]] (233, 228, 215, 214, 209 BC)|[[Roman dictator|Dictator]] (221, 217 BC)|[[Roman censor|Censor]] (230 BC)}}
| children           = [[Quintus Fabius Maximus (consul 213 BC)|Quintus Fabius Maximus]]
| awards             = {{ubli|[[Grass Crown]]|[[Roman triumph]]}}
}}
'''Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|eɪ|b|i|ə|s}}<ref>{{Cite Collins Dictionary|Fabius}}</ref>), surnamed '''Cunctator''' ({{c.}} 280 – 203 BC), was a Roman statesman and general of the third century BC.  He was [[Roman consul|consul]] five times (233, 228, 215, 214, and 209 BC) and was appointed [[Roman dictator|dictator]] in 221 and 217 BC.  He was [[Roman censor|censor]] in 230 BC. His [[agnomen]], ''Cunctator'', usually translated as "the delayer", refers to [[Fabian strategy|the strategy]] that he employed against [[Hannibal]]'s forces during the [[Second Punic War]]. Facing an outstanding commander with superior numbers, he pursued a then-novel strategy of targeting the enemy's supply lines, and accepting only smaller engagements on favourable ground, rather than risking his entire army on direct confrontation with Hannibal himself. As a result, he is regarded as the originator of many tactics used in [[guerrilla warfare]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Laqueur|first=Walter|title=Guerrilla Warfare: A Historical & Critical Study|year=1976|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-0-76-580406-8|pages=7}}</ref>

==Beginnings==

Born at Rome c. 280 BC, Fabius was a descendant of the ancient [[Patrician (ancient Rome)|patrician]] [[Fabia gens]].  He was the son or grandson{{efn-lr|Livy identifies Verrucosus as the son of Gurges and grandson of Rullianus, but [[Pliny the Elder]] and Plutarch call him the great-grandson of Rullianus.  Modern scholarship supposes that he was ''probably'' the grandson of Gurges, although in this case his father's identity is uncertain.  He was probably the son of either the Quintus Fabius Maximus Gurges who was consul in 265 BC, or of the Quintus Fabius who was curule aedile in 267.  Traditionally the Gurges who was consul in 265 has been regarded as the same man who had been consul for the first time in 292, and again in 276, in which case Livy may be correct; but some scholars think that the Gurges who was consul in 265 was the son of the consul of 292 and 276; the aedile of 267 may have been his brother or another kinsman.}} of [[Quintus Fabius Maximus Gurges (consul 265 BC)|Quintus Fabius Maximus Gurges]], three times consul and ''[[princeps senatus]]'', and grandson or great-grandson of [[Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus]], a hero of the [[Samnite Wars]], who like Verrucosus held five consulships, as well as the offices of dictator and censor. Many earlier ancestors had also been consuls. His [[cognomen]], ''Verrucosus'', or "warty", used to distinguish him from other members of his family, derived from a wart on his upper lip.<ref>{{cite book|last=Scott-Kilvert|first=Ian|title=Plutarch: Makers of Rome|year=1965|publisher=Penguin Group|isbn=978-0-14-044158-1|pages=53}}</ref>

According to [[Plutarch]], Fabius possessed a mild temper and slow speech. As a child, he learned with difficulty, was cautious in sports and appeared timid in demeanor. Superficially, he seemed hapless, but Plutarch judges these as traits of a prudent and firm mind and a leonine temper. By the time he reached adulthood and was roused by the challenges of public life, his virtues exerted themselves.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Plutarch |title=Plutarch • Life of Fabius Maximus (Cunctator) |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Fabius_Maximus*.html |website=penelope.uchicago.edu |access-date=1 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Plutarch (Translated by John Dryden) |title=The Internet Classics Archive {{!}} Fabius by Plutarch |url=http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/fabius.html |website=classics.mit.edu |access-date=1 July 2021}}</ref>

While still a youth in 265 BC, Fabius was consecrated an [[augur]].<ref>T. R. S. Broughton, ''The Magistrates of the Roman Republic'', American Philological Association (1951), vol. I, p. 202.</ref> It is unknown whether he participated in the [[First Punic War]], fought between the [[Roman Republic]] and [[Ancient Carthage|Carthage]] from 264 to 241 BC, or what his role might have been. Fabius' political career began in the years following that war.  He was probably [[quaestor]] in 237 or 236 BC, and curule [[aedile]] about 235.<ref>Broughton, vol. I, pp. 222, 223.</ref>  During his first [[Roman consul|consulship]], in 233 BC, Fabius was awarded a [[Roman triumph|triumph]] for his victory over the [[Ligures|Ligurians]], whom he defeated and drove into the [[Alps]].  He was [[Roman censor|censor]] in 230, then consul a second time in 228.<ref>Broughton, vol. I, pp. 224, 227, 228.</ref> It is possible that he held the office of dictator for a first time around this time: according to [[Livy]], Fabius's tenure of the dictatorship in 217 was his second term in that office, with Gaius Flaminius as his deputy and [[magister equitum]] during the first term:<ref>Livy says that Fabius was appointed dictator for the second time in 217.  Broughton adduces that he must have been dictator during a gap in the Capitoline fasti (and thus in Livy's records) from 221 to 219, and before Livy's history resumes in 218.  Since Flaminius was censor in 220 and 219, Broughton places this dictatorship in 221. Broughton, vol. I, pp. 234, 235.</ref> however Plutarch suggests that Flaminius was deputy instead to Marcus Minucius Rufus<ref>Plutarch, [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/e/roman/texts/plutarch/lives/marcellus*.html "The Life of Marcellus", 5.3–6].</ref> – presumably Fabius's great political rival of that name, who later served as deputy to Fabius himself (see below). It is of course possible that Flaminius was successively deputy to both, after Minucius's apparently premature deposition following bad augural omens: and also possible that little of note (other than, possibly, holding elections during the absence of consuls) was accomplished during either dictatorship.

According to [[Livy]], in 218 BC Fabius took part in an embassy to Carthage, sent to demand redress for the capture of the supposedly neutral town of [[Saguntum]] in [[Hispania|Spain]].  Fabius then demanded that Hannibal and his officers would be turned over to Roman custody.  The Carthaginian senate refused and Fabius held up two ends of his toga, one stood for peace, the other for war.  He let the Carthaginian senate choose but they insisted that Fabius would decide.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Macgregor |first=Mary |date=2023 |orig-date=October 29, 2006 |editor-first=Roy |editor-last=Burnham |title=Heritage History {{!}} Story of Rome by Mary Macgregor |url=https://www.heritage-history.com/index.php?c=read&author=macgregor&book=rome&story=hannibal |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=www.heritage-history.com}}</ref>  After the delegation had received the Carthaginians' reply, it was Fabius himself who, addressing the Carthaginian senate, issued a formal declaration of war between Carthage and the Roman Republic.<ref>Livy, ''History of Rome'', xxi. 18.</ref>  However, [[Cassius Dio]], followed by [[Zonaras]], calls the ambassador ''Marcus Fabius'', suggesting that it was his cousin, [[Marcus Fabius Buteo]], who issued the declaration of war against the Carthaginians.<ref>Broughton, vol. I, pp. 239, 241 (note 7).</ref>

==Dictatorship during the Second Punic War==

[[File:Quintus Fabius Maximus Before the Senate of Carthage Hermitage.jpg|thumb|right|Quintus Fabius Maximus Before the Senate of Carthage]]
When the [[Roman Consul|consul]] [[Tiberius Sempronius Longus (consul 218 BC)|Tiberius Sempronius Longus]] was defeated in the [[Battle of the Trebia]] in December 218 BC, Fabius advised that the Romans should simply bide their time and deny Hannibal any chance at a general engagement, instead letting the invasion peter out while making sure the cities of their Italian Allies were supported or protected. However, consul [[Gaius Flaminius (consul 223 BC)|Gaius Flaminius]] opposed this plan and joined his colleague [[Gnaeus Servilius Geminus]] in raising two consular armies to confront Hannibal in central Italy. Flaminius' plan came to a disastrous end when he was killed during the decisive Roman defeat at the [[Battle of Lake Trasimene]] in 217 BC, with panic sweeping Rome.

With consular armies destroyed in these two major battles, and [[Hannibal]] approaching Rome's gates, the Romans feared the imminent destruction of their city. The [[Roman Senate]] decided to appoint a [[Roman dictator|dictator]], and chose Fabius for the role – possibly for the second time, though evidence of a previous term seems to be conflicting – in part due to his advanced age and experience. However, he was not allowed to appoint his own [[Magister Equitum]]; instead, the Romans chose a political enemy, [[Marcus Minucius Rufus (consul 221 BC)|Marcus Minucius]].

Fabius sought to calm the Roman people promptly by asserting himself as a strong dictator, in a crisis perceived as the worst in Roman history. He asked the Senate to allow him to ride on horseback, which dictators were never allowed to do. He then caused himself to be accompanied by the full complement of twenty-four [[lictor]]s, and ordered the surviving consul, [[Gnaeus Servilius Geminus]], to dismiss his lictors (in essence, acknowledging the seniority of the dictator), and to present himself before Fabius as a private citizen.

[[Plutarch]] tells us that Fabius believed that the disaster at Lake Trasimene was due, in part, to the fact that the gods had become neglected. Before that battle, a series of omens had been witnessed, including a series of lightning bolts, which Fabius had believed were warnings from the gods. He had warned Flaminius of this, but Flaminius had ignored the warnings. And so Fabius, as dictator, next sought to please the gods. He ordered a massive sacrifice of the whole product of the next harvest season throughout Italy, in particular that of cows, goats, swine, and sheep. In addition, he ordered that musical festivities be celebrated, and then told his fellow citizens to each spend a precise sum of 333 [[Sestertius|sestertii]] and 333 [[Denarius|denarii]]. Plutarch isn't sure exactly how Fabius came up with this number, although he believes it was to honor the perfection of the number three, as it is the first of the odd numbers and one of the first of the [[prime number]]s. It is not known if Fabius truly believed that these actions had won the gods over to the Roman side, although the actions probably did (as intended) convince the average Roman that the gods had finally been won over.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/fabius.html |title=The Internet Classics Archive – Fabius by Plutarch – 3rd paragraph |publisher=Classics.mit.edu |access-date=2012-01-22}}</ref>

===Fabian strategy===
{{main|Fabian strategy}}
Fabius respected Hannibal's military genius and so refused to engage him directly in [[pitched battle]]. Instead, he kept his troops close to Hannibal, hoping to exhaust him in a long [[Attrition warfare|war of attrition]]. Fabius was able to harass the Carthaginian foraging parties, limiting Hannibal's ability to wreak destruction while conserving his own military force, and implementing a "[[scorched earth]]" practice to prevent Hannibal's forces from obtaining grain and other resources.

The Romans were unimpressed with this defensive strategy and at first gave Fabius his epithet Cunctator (delayer) as an insult. The strategy was in part ruined because of a lack of unity in the command of the Roman army, since Fabius' Master of the Horse, Minucius, was a political enemy of Fabius. At one point, Fabius was called by the priests to assist with certain sacrifices, so Fabius left the command of the army in the hands of Minucius during his absence. Fabius had told Minucius not to attack Hannibal in his absence, but Minucius disobeyed and attacked anyway.

The attack, though of no strategic value, resulted in the retreat of several enemy units, and so the Roman people, desperate for good news, believed Minucius to be a hero. On hearing of this, Fabius became enraged, and as dictator, could have ordered Minucius' execution for his disobedience. One of the [[Tribune of the plebs|plebeian tribunes]] (chief representatives of the people) for the year, Metilius, was a partisan of Minucius, and as such he sought to use his power to help Minucius. The plebeian tribunes were the only officials independent of the dictator, and so with his protection, Minucius was relatively safe. Plutarch states that Metilius "boldly applied himself to the people in the behalf of Minucius", and had Minucius granted powers equivalent to those of Fabius. By this, Plutarch probably means that as a plebeian tribune, Metilius had the [[Plebeian Council]], a popular assembly which only tribunes could preside over, grant Minucius quasi-dictatorial powers.

[[Image:Hannibal Slodtz Louvre MR2093.jpg|thumb|left|230px|Hannibal counting the rings of the [[Roman Senate|Roman senators]] killed during the Battle of Cannae, statue by [[Sébastien Slodtz]], 1704, [[Louvre]]]]

Fabius did not attempt to fight the promotion of Minucius, but rather decided to wait until Minucius' rashness caused him to run headlong into some disaster. He realized what would happen when Minucius was defeated in battle by Hannibal. Fabius, we are told, reminded Minucius that it was Hannibal, and not he, who was the enemy. Minucius proposed that they share the joint control of the army, with command rotating between the two every other day. Fabius rejected this, and instead let Minucius command half of the army, while he commanded the other half. Minucius openly claimed that Fabius was cowardly because he failed to confront the Carthaginian forces.

Near [[Larinum]] in [[Samnium]], Hannibal had taken up position in a town called Geronium. In the leadup to the [[Battle of Geronium]], Minucius decided to make a broad frontal attack on Hannibal's troops in the valley between Larinum and Geronium. Several thousand men were involved on either side. It appeared that the Roman troops were winning, but Hannibal had set a trap. Soon the Roman troops were being slaughtered. Upon seeing the ambush of Minucius' army, Fabius cried "O Hercules! how much sooner than I expected, though later than he seemed to desire, hath Minucius destroyed himself!" On ordering his army to join the battle and rescue their fellow Romans, Fabius exclaimed "we must make haste to rescue Minucius, who is a valiant man, and a lover of his country."

Fabius rushed to his co-commander's assistance and Hannibal's forces immediately retreated. After the battle, there was some feeling that there would be conflict between Minucius and Fabius; however, the younger soldier marched his men to Fabius' encampment and is reported to have said, "My father gave me life. Today you saved my life. You are my second father. I recognize your superior abilities as a commander."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Fabius_Maximus*.html|title=Plutarch • Life of Fabius Maximus (Cunctator)|website=penelope.uchicago.edu}}</ref> When Fabius' term as dictator ended, consular government was restored, and [[Gnaeus Servilius Geminus]] and [[Marcus Atilius Regulus (consul 227 BC)|Marcus Atilius Regulus]] assumed the consulship for the remainder of the year.

The once-looked-down-upon tactics employed by Fabius came then to be respected. It is said, asserts Plutarch, that even Hannibal acknowledged and feared the Fabian strategy and the Roman inexhaustible manpower. After Fabius lured him away from Apulia into the Bruttian territory and then proceeded to besiege Tarentum by treachery in 209 BC, Hannibal commented, "It seems that the Romans have found another Hannibal, for we have lost Tarentum in the same way that we took it."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Plutarch|title=Makers of Rome|date=1965|publisher=Penguin Classics|isbn=978-0140441581|pages=78|chapter=Fabius Maximus}}</ref>

==After his dictatorship==
Shortly after Fabius had laid down his dictatorship, [[Gaius Terentius Varro]] and  [[Lucius Aemilius Paullus (consul 219 BC)|Lucius Aemilius Paullus]] were elected as consuls. They rallied the people through the [[Roman assemblies|assemblies]], and won their support for Varro's plan to abandon Fabius' strategy, and engage Hannibal directly. Varro's rashness did not surprise Fabius, but when Fabius learned of the size of the army (eighty-eight thousand soldiers) that Varro had raised, he became quite concerned. Unlike the losses that had been suffered by Minucius, a major loss by Varro had the potential to kill so many soldiers that Rome might have had no further resources with which to continue the war. Fabius had warned the other consul for the year, Aemilius Paullus, to make sure that Varro remained unable to directly engage Hannibal. According to Plutarch, Paullus replied to Fabius that he feared the votes in Rome more than Hannibal's army.

When word reached Rome of the disastrous Roman defeat under Varro and Paullus at the [[Battle of Cannae]] in 216 BC, the [[SPQR|Senate and the People of Rome]] turned to Fabius for guidance. They had believed his strategy to be flawed before, but now they thought him to be as wise as the gods. He walked the streets of Rome, assured as to eventual Roman victory, in an attempt to comfort his fellow Romans. Without his support, the senate might have remained too frightened to even meet. He placed guards at the gates of the city to stop the frightened Romans from fleeing, and regulated mourning activities. He set times and places for this mourning, and ordered that each family perform such observances within their own private walls, and that the mourning should be complete within a month; following the completion of these mourning rituals, the entire city was [[Ritual purification|purified]] of its blood-guilt in the deaths.<ref>Livy, ''The Histories of Rome'', 22.55</ref>  Although he did not again hold the office of dictator{{snd}}and indeed, it was granted to others over him{{snd}}he might as well have been one unofficially at this time, because whatever measures he proposed were immediately adopted with little or no further debate.

===Honors and death===
''Cunctator'' became an honorific title, and his delaying tactic was followed in Italy for the rest of the war. Fabius' own military success was small, aside from the reconquest of [[Taranto|Tarentum]] in 209 BC. For this victory, Plutarch tells us, he was awarded a second triumph that was even more splendid than the first. When Marcus Livius Macatus, the governor of Tarentum, claimed the merit of recovering the town, Fabius rejoined, "Certainly, had you not lost it, I would have never retaken it."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/fabius.html |title=Plutarch, ''Lives'', life of "Fabius", ca. 75 A.D. tr. by John Dryden, ca. 1683 |publisher=Classics.mit.edu |access-date=2012-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Appian of Alexandria |url=https://www.livius.org/ap-ark/appian/appian_hannibal_07.html |title=Appian, ''History of Rome'' or ''Roman History'', before 165 A.D., \S 32 on Tarentum, available at |publisher=Livius.org |access-date=2012-01-22 |archive-date=2015-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151020015428/http://www.livius.org/ap-ark/appian/appian_hannibal_07.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> After serving as dictator, he served as a consul twice more (in 215 BC and 214 BC), and for a fifth time in 209 BC. He was also chief [[augur]] (at a very young age) and [[pontifex]], but never ''[[pontifex maximus]]'' according to Gaius Stern (citing Livy on Fabius).<ref>Gaius Stern, "Electoral Irregularity and Chicanery during the Second Punic War," CAMWS 2011, citing Liv. 23.21.7, 30.26.10, cf. 25.5.2–3.</ref> The holding of seats in the two highest colleges was not repeated until either [[Julius Caesar]] or possibly [[Sulla]].<ref>G.J. Szemler ''The Priests of the Roman Republic,'' 149 shows only an augurship for Sulla; 131–32, 156 on Julius. On Sulla see Stern, "Electoral Irregularity and Chicanery during the Second Punic War," CAMWS 2011, citing coinage.</ref>

In the senate, he opposed the young and ambitious [[Scipio Africanus]], who wanted to carry the war to [[Africa]]. Fabius continued to argue that confronting Hannibal directly was too dangerous. Scipio planned to take Roman forces to Carthage itself and force Hannibal to return to Africa to defend the city. Scipio was eventually given limited approval, despite continuous opposition from Fabius, who blocked levies and restricted Scipio's access to troops. Fabius wished to ensure that sufficient forces remained to defend Roman territory if Scipio was defeated. Another motive mentioned by Plutarch was personal jealousy of Scipio's popularity, so that Fabius continued to argue against the African expedition even after its initial successes. Fabius became gravely ill and died in 203 BC, shortly after Hannibal's army left Italy, and before the eventual Roman victory over Hannibal at the [[Battle of Zama]] won by Scipio.

Part of his eulogy is preserved on a fragment, which praised his delaying strategy in his altercations with Hannibal during the Second Punic War. The inscription reads as follows: "...[as censor] he conducted the first revision of the senate membership and held committal elections in the consulship of Marcus Junius Pera and Marcus Barbula; he besieged and recaptured Tarentum and the strong-hold of Hannibal, and [obtained enormous booty?]; he won surpassing glory by his military [exploits?]."<ref>[[Naphtali Lewis|Lewis, Naphtali]], and Meyer Reinhold. ''Roman Civilization: Selected Readings''. 3rd ed. Vol. 1. New York: Columbia UP, 1951. Print.{{ISBN?}}</ref>

==Legacy==
Later, he became a legendary figure and the model of a tough, courageous Roman, and was bestowed the honorific title, "The Shield of Rome" (similar to [[Marcus Claudius Marcellus]] being named the "Sword of Rome"). According to [[Ennius]], ''unus homo nobis cunctando restituit rem''{{snd}}"one man, by delaying, restored the state to us." [[Virgil]], in the [[Aeneid]], has [[Aeneas]]' father Anchises mention Fabius Maximus while in [[Hades]] as the greatest of the many great Fabii, quoting the same line. While Hannibal is mentioned in the company of history's greatest generals, military professionals have bestowed Fabius' name on an entire [[military strategy|strategic]] doctrine known as "[[Fabian strategy]]", and [[George Washington]] has been called "the American Fabius".<ref>[[Carlo Giuseppe Guglielmo Botta|Carlo Botta]], ''Storia della guerra dell' Independenza d'America'' (1809), Tom. II, Lib. 7, quoted in [[Jared Sparks]], ''The Life of George Washington'', Henry Colburn, London (1839), vol. I, p. 234.</ref><ref>[[John Marshall]], ''The Life of George Washington'', James Crissey, Philadelphia (1832), vol. II, p. 446: "He has been termed the American Fabius; but those who compare his actions with his means will perceive at least as much of [[Marcus Claudius Marcellus|Marcellus]] as of Fabius, in his character."</ref><ref>''The American Revolution, 1775–1783: An Encyclopedia'', Richard L. Blanco, ed., Taylor & Francis (1983, 2020), vol. 2: "For most of the twentieth century the fashionable view of Washington has painted him as the American Fabius."</ref><ref>Neil L. York, ''The American Revolution, 1760–1790: New Nation as New Empire'', Routledge, New York (2016), p. 68: "And, after what Washington accomplished over the next few weeks [[Thomas Paine|Paine]] would celebrate him as the American Fabius—a flattering analogy to the Roman general who, in the third century BC, had kept up the fight against invading Carthaginians overrunning Italy."</ref>  [[Mikhail Kutuzov]] has likewise been called "the Russian Fabius" for his strategy against Napoleon.<ref>[[Nikolai Tolstoy|Tolstoy, Nikolai]] (5 September 1985). "The Strategy for Never Marching on Moscow" (A review of ''Napoleon: 1812'' by [[Nigel Nicolson]]). ''[[The Times]]'', p. 9.</ref>

According to its own ancient legend, the Roman princely family of [[Massimo (family)|Massimo]] descends from Fabius Maximus.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Panvinio |first=Onofrio |title=De gente Maximao |year=1556 |location=Italy |language=it}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Ancient Rome}}
* [[Fabian Society]], a [[United Kingdom|British]] [[socialist]] society founded at the end of the 19th century and still active today. Their name derives from the tactics of Quintus Fabius Maximus.
* [[Gens Fabia]]
* [[List of ancient Romans]]

==Footnotes==
{{reflist|group=lower-roman}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Primary sources===
* [http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/fabius.html ''Fabius''], by [[Plutarch]]

===Secondary material===
* [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9033518/Quintus-Fabius-Maximus-Cunctator "Fabius Maximus Cunctator"], ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' online
* [[Plutarch]] ''Makers of Rome'' translated by [[Ian Scott-Kilvert]]. London: [[Penguin Books]] (1965).
* [[Livy]] ''The War with Hannibal'' translated by [[Aubrey de Selincourt]] 1974, [[Penguin Books]], London {{ISBN|9780140441451}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last=De Beer |first=Sir Gavin |title=Hannibal Challenging Rome's Supremacy |year=1969 |publisher=Viking Press |location=New York}}
* {{cite book |last=Lamb |first=Harold |title=Hannibal: One Man Against Rome |url=https://archive.org/details/hannibalonemanag00lamb |url-access=registration |year=1958 |publisher=Doubleday|location=New York}}
* McCall, Jeremiah (2018). ''Clan Fabius, Defenders of Rome: A History of the Republic's Most Illustrious Family''. Barnslet: Pen and Sword. {{ISBN|1473885612}}.
* {{cite book |last=Scullard |first=H. H. |title=Roman politics: 220–150 BC |year=1981 |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=Westport, CT |isbn=0-313-23296-2}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Lucius Postumius Albinus (consul 234 BC)|Lucius Postumius Albinus]]|before2=[[Spurius Carvilius Maximus Ruga]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Roman Republican consuls|Roman consul]]|years=''with [[Manius Pomponius Matho]]''<br /> 233 BC}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (consul 232 BC)|Marcus Aemilius Lepidus]]|after2=[[Marcus Publicius Malleolus]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Lucius Postumius Albinus (consul 234 BC)|Lucius Postumius Albinus]]|before2=[[Gnaeus Fulvius Centumalus]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Roman Republican consuls|Roman consul]] II|years=''with [[Spurius Carvilius Maximus Ruga]]''<br /> 228 BC}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Publius Valerius Flaccus]]|after2=[[Marcus Atilius Regulus (consul 227 BC)|Marcus Atilius Regulus]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus (consul 215 BC)|Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus]]|before2=[[Marcus Claudius Marcellus]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Roman Republican consuls|Roman consul]] III|years=''with [[Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus (consul 215 BC)|Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus]]''<br /> 215 BC (suffect)}}
{{s-aft|after=himself and<br />[[Marcus Claudius Marcellus]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus (consul 215 BC)|Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus]]<br />and himself}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Roman Republican consuls|Roman consul]] IV|years=''with [[Marcus Claudius Marcellus]]''<br /> 214 BC}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Quintus Fabius Maximus (consul 213 BC)|Quintus Fabius Maximus]]|after2=[[Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus (consul 215 BC)|Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Marcus Valerius Laevinus]]|before2=[[Marcus Claudius Marcellus]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Roman Republican consuls|Roman consul]] V|years=''with [[Quintus Fulvius Flaccus (consul 237 BC)|Quintus Fulvius Flaccus]]''<br /> 209 BC}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Marcus Claudius Marcellus]]|after2=[[Titus Quinctius Crispinus]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Plutarch}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fabius Maximus Verrucosus, Quintus}}
[[Category:3rd-century BC births]]
[[Category:203 BC deaths]]
[[Category:3rd-century BC Roman augurs]]
[[Category:3rd-century BC Roman consuls]]
[[Category:Ancient Roman dictators]]
[[Category:Characters in Book VI of the Aeneid]]
[[Category:Fabii Maximi|Verrucosus, Quintus]]
[[Category:Pontifices]]
[[Category:Ancient Roman censors]]
[[Category:Roman commanders of the Second Punic War]]
[[Category:Ancient Roman patricians]]
[[Category:Ancient Roman triumphators]]
[[Category:Ancient Romans who received the grass crown]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:Fabii]]