Editing QoI

{{short description|Kind of chemicals used to kill fungus}}
[[File:Famoxadone.svg|thumb|250px|Famoxadone]]
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Q<sub>o</sub>I}}
{{For|the image compression format|QOI (image format)}}
'''Q<sub>o</sub> inhibitors''' ('''Q<sub>o</sub>I'''),<ref name="EMBL-EBI" /> or '''quinone outside inhibitors''', are a group of [[fungicide]]s used in [[agriculture]]. Some of these fungicides are among the most popular in the world.<ref name="Hawkins-Fraaije-2018">{{cite journal | last=Hawkins | first=N.J. | last2=Fraaije | first2=B.A. | title=Fitness Penalties in the Evolution of Fungicide Resistance | journal=[[Annual Review of Phytopathology]] | publisher=[[Annual Reviews (publisher)|Annual Reviews]] | volume=56 | issue=1 | date=2018-08-25 | issn=0066-4286 | doi=10.1146/annurev-phyto-080417-050012 | pages=339–360}}</ref> Q<sub>o</sub>I are chemical compounds which act at the [[quinol]] ''outer'' binding site of the [[cytochrome bc1 complex|cytochrome ''bc''<sub>1</sub> complex]].

Most Q{{sub|o}}I common names end in -strobin and so are often called '''strob'''s.<ref name="FRAC-MoAs">{{cite web | url=http://www.frac.info/docs/default-source/publications/frac-code-list/frac-code-list-2021--final.pdf | title=FRAC Code List ©*2021: Fungal control agents sorted by cross resistance pattern and mode of action (including coding for FRAC Groups on product labels) | date=March 2021 | author=FRAC ([[Fungicide Resistance Action Committee]]) | pages=1-17}}</ref> Q<sub>o</sub>I's are the resulting fusion of three fungicides families, the well-known family of [[strobilurin]]s and two new families, represented by [[fenamidone]] and [[famoxadone]]. Some strobilurins are [[azoxystrobin]], [[kresoxim-methyl]], [[picoxystrobin]], [[pyraclostrobin]], and [[trifloxystrobin]].

==Usage==
QoI fungicides are used on a wide range of crops, such as cereals, vines, pome fruits, cucurbits, tomatoes, and potatoes.{{cn|date=February 2023}}

For example, they are used as fungicides for cereals, against ''Erysiphe graminis'' f.sp ''tritici'' responsible for the powdery [[wheat mildew|mildew]] in [[wheat]] or against ''[[Septoria tritici]]'', responsible for [[septoria|septoria leaf spot]] in wheat.{{cn|date=February 2023}}

They are also commonly used for [[grape|vine]] culture, against ''[[Plasmopara viticola]]'', responsible for [[downy mildew]] or in [[Uncinula necator|oïdium]] treatment.{{cn|date=February 2023}}

==List==

* Q{{sub|o}}Is:<ref name="FRAC-MoAs" />
:* [[methoxy-acrylate]]s:
::* [[azoxystrobin]]
::* [[coumoxystrobin]]
::* [[enoxastrobin]]
::* [[flufenoxystrobin]]
::* [[picoxystrobin]]
::* [[pyraoxystrobin]]
:* [[methoxy-acetamide]]s:
::* [[mandestrobin]]
:* [[methoxy-carbamate]]s:
::* [[pyraclostrobin]]
::* [[pyrametostrobin]]
::* [[triclopyricarb]]
:* [[oximino-acetate]]s:
::* [[kresoxim-methyl]]
::* [[trifloxystrobin]]
:* [[oximino-acetamide]]s:
::* [[dimoxystrobin]]
::* [[fenaminstrobin]]
::* [[metominostrobin]]
::* [[orysastrobin]]
:* [[oxazolidine-dione]]s:
::* [[famoxadone]]
:* [[dihydro-dioxazine]]s:
::* [[fluoxastrobin]]
:* [[imidazolinone]]s:
::* [[fenamidone]]
:* [[benzyl-carbamate]]s:
::* [[pyribencarb]]
* Q{{sub|o}}I subgroup A:
:* [[tetrazolinone]]s:
::* [[metyltetraprole]]

==Resistance==
===Main group resistance===
Almost all these fungicides are in the same [[cross-resistance]] group ([[Fungicide Resistance Action Committee|FRAC]] 11)<ref name="FRAC-MoAs" /> and must be managed carefully to avoid the appearance of [[fungicide resistance]]. All group 11s are cross-resistant with each other.<ref name="FRAC-MoAs" /> Some fungicide resistance has been observed in many crop pathogens<ref>{{cite journal|title=Characterization of Quinone Outside Inhibitor Fungicide Resistance in ''Cercospora sojina'' and Development of Diagnostic Tools for its Identification|journal=Plant Disease|volume=99|issue=4|pages=544–550|doi=10.1094/PDIS-05-14-0460-RE|year=2015|last1=Zeng|first1=F|last2=Arnao|first2=E|last3=Zhang|first3=G|last4=Olaya|first4=G|last5=Wullschleger|first5=J|last6=Sierotzki|first6=H|last7=Ming|first7=R|last8=Bluhm|first8=B. H|last9=Bond|first9=J. P|last10=Fakhoury|first10=A. M|last11=Bradley|first11=C. A|doi-access=free}}</ref> (such as in the case of wheat powdery [[mildew]]), {{clarify|text=so the application of Q<sub>o</sub>I products should respect effective rates and intervals to provides time and space when the [[pathogen]] population is not influenced by the product selection pressure.|reason=Funny phrasing but trying to say "good pesticide stewardship"?|date=February 2021}} <ref name="resis-manag-recomm">{{cite web | title=Recommendations for QoI | website=FRAC ([[Fungicide Resistance Action Committee]]) | date=2020-01-31 | url=http://www.frac.info/frac-teams/working-groups/qol-fungicides/recommendations-for-qoi | access-date=2021-06-16}}</ref> Resistance to group 11 is conferred by [[cytochrome b]] mutations [[G143A]] and [[F129L]], and by other mechanisms.<ref name="FRAC-MoAs" />
===Tetrazolinone resistance===
The [[tetrazolinone]]s consist of only one molecule, [[metyltetraprole]]. This constitutes FRAC 11A. 11A is not cross-resistant with 11 resistance conferred by [[G143A]].<ref name="FRAC-MoAs" />

== See also ==
*[[plant pathology]]
*[[integrated farming]]

==References==
{{reflist|refs=

<ref name="EMBL-EBI">{{cite web | title=quinone outside inhibitor (CHEBI:141153) | website=The [[European Bioinformatics Institute]] < EMBL-EBI | url=http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:141153 | access-date=2021-02-20}}</ref>

}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070721165902/http://www.frac.info/frac/work/work_qolf.htm Fungicides Resistance Action Committee, QoI] Includes information on QoI [[working group]] activities.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20030629104027/http://www.agry.purdue.edu/turf/tips/2002/gray416.htm Gray Leaf Spot Resistance to Strobulurins]

[[Category:Fungicides]]
[[Category:Quinone outside inhibitors]]