Editing Puff pastry

{{short description|Light, flaky pastry}}
{{Infobox food
| name             = Puff pastry
| image            =File:Pate feuilletee 2.jpg
| caption          = Puff pastry before baking, with layers clearly visible
| alt              = 
| alternate_name   = {{lang|fr|pâte feuilletée|italic=no}}
| type             = [[Pastry]]
| served           = 
| main_ingredient  = [[Butter]] or other solid culinary fat, flour, water
| variations       = 
| calories         = 
| other            = 
}}
'''Puff pastry''', also known as '''{{lang|fr|pâte feuilletée}}''', is a light, [[flaky pastry]], its base dough ({{lang|fr|détrempe}}) composed of wheat flour and water. Butter or other solid fat ({{lang|fr|beurrage}}) is then layered into the dough. The dough is repeatedly rolled and folded, rested, re-rolled and folded, encasing solid butter between each resulting layer. 

This produces a [[laminated dough]]. During [[baking]], gaps form between the layers left by the fat melting; the pastry is [[leaven]]ed by steam from the water content of the fat as it expands, puffing the separate layers. The pastry layers crisp as the heated fat is in contact with its surfaces.

==History==
[[File:Empanadas de Atún-2009.jpg|thumb|left|Spanish pastry in Madrid]]
While modern puff pastry was developed in France in the 17th century, related laminated and air-leavened pastry has a long history. In Spain, likely built upon Arab or Moorish culinary traditions, the first known recipe for pastry using butter or lard following the Arab technique of making each layer separately, appears in the Spanish recipe book {{Lang|es|Libro del arte de cozina}} ('book on the art of cooking') by Domingo Hernández de Maceras, published in 1607.<ref name="perez">{{cite book |last1= Pérez Samper |first1=María Angeles |oclc=538258373 |title=La alimentación en la España del Siglo de Oro: Domingo Hernandez de Maceras, ''Libro del arte de cocina'' |date=1998 |publisher=La Val de Onsera |location=Zaragoza, Spain |isbn=978-84-88518-34-7 |trans-title=Food in Golden Age Spain: Domingo Hernandez de Maceras, ''Book of the art of cooking''|id=Publisher's note: A study of food in Golden Age Spain, which focuses on and reproduces the work of Hernández de Maceras in its entirety |language=es}}</ref> Hernández, the head cook of a college of the [[University of Salamanca]], already distinguished between filled puff pastry recipes and puff pastry tarts, and even mentions leavened preparations. Francisco Martínez Motiño, head chef to [[Philip II of Spain]] (1527–1598),<ref>{{cite book |title=Enciclopedia universal ilustrada europeo-americana |date=1917 |location=Barcelona & Madrid |publisher=Espasa-Calpe |page=557 |volume=33: MARI–MECH |lang=es |title-link= Enciclopedia universal ilustrada europeo-americana |isbn= 9788423945009}}</ref> also gave several recipes of puff pastry in his {{Lang|es|Arte de cocina, pastelería, bizcochería y conservería}} published in 1611.<ref>Martínez Montiño, Francisco, ''Arte de cocina, pastelería, bizcochería y conservería'', Barcelona: Tusquets, 1982. ISBN 84-7223-425-8</ref> In this book, puff pastry is abundantly used, particularly to make savoury game pies.<ref name="Dionisio">{{cite book |last=Pérez Gutiérrez |first=Dionisio |author-link=Dionisio Pérez Gutiérrez |title=Guía del buen comer español: Inventario y loa de la cocina clásica de España y de sus regiones |location=Madrid |publisher= Imprenta de los Sucesores de Rivadeneyra|date=1929}}</ref>

[[File:SchweineohrGebaeck3.JPG|thumb|right|A [[palmier]], or "palm leaf", design]]
The oldest known documented recipe for puff pastry in France was included in a charter by Robert, [[bishop of Amiens]] in 1311.{{r|Larousse}} The first recipe to explicitly use the technique of {{lang|fr|[[wikt:tourage|tourage]]}} (the action of encasing solid butter within dough layers, keeping the fat intact and separate, by folding several times) was published in 1651 by [[François Pierre La Varenne]] in {{Lang|fr|Le cuisinier français}}.{{r|duc 2006}}<ref>{{Cite book |author=La Varenne |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k114423k |title=Le cuisinier françois, enseignant la manière de bien apprester et assaisonner toutes sortes de viandes... légumes,... par le sieur de La Varenne,... |date=1651 |language=fr}}</ref> Modern French puff pastry was then developed and improved by the chef M. Feuillet and [[Antonin Carême]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Carême |first=Marie-Antoine|id= M. A. Carême (1784-1833): Auteur du texte |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k852237p |title=Le pâtissier royal parisien ou Traité élémentaire et pratique de la pâtisserie ancienne et moderne  |volume= II |date=1815 |language=fr}}</ref>{{r|ppc 1984}}{{r|Ox comp}}

The method is sometimes considered the idea of the famous painter [[Claude Lorrain|Claude Gellée]] when he was an apprentice baker in 1612. Historical evidence for this is negligible, but it is retained as culinary lore.{{r|ppc 1984}} The story goes that Lorrain was making a type of very buttery bread for his sick father, and the process of rolling the butter into the bread dough created a [[croissant]]-like finished product.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Favre |first=Joseph |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k57317645/f403 |title=Feuilletage |encyclopedia=Dictionnaire universel de cuisine pratique: Encyclopédie illustrée d'hygiène alimentaire — modification de l'homme par l'alimentation |edition=Deuxième majeure, révisée |volume=3|pages=841–842 |date=1905 |language=fr |via=Gallica – [[Bibliothèque nationale de France]]}}</ref>

==Production==
[[File:Puff pastry with sugar.jpg|thumb|right|Home made puff pastries with sugar]]

The production of puff pastry dough can be time-consuming, because it must be kept at a temperature of approximately 16&nbsp;°C (60&nbsp;°F) to keep the shortening from melting and the layers melding; it must rest in between folds to allow [[gluten]] strands time to link up and thus retain layering. Therefore, between each step the dough is rested and chilled. Before re-rolling, the dough is rotated ninety degrees, so that it is rolled at right angle relative to the previous "turn" (as each step is usually referred to). After rolling, another thin layer of butter is applied, the folding and resting are repeated.
The chef [[Julia Child]]'s method has 72 layers{{efn|name="flaky"}} for rough-puff pastry ({{lang|fr|pâte demi-feuilletée}}) and 729 layers{{efn|name="classic"}} for {{lang|fr|pâte feuilletée fine}}.{{r|child}}

The number of layers in puff pastry is calculated with the formula:
{{block indent|<math>\ell=(f + 1)^n</math>}}
where <math>\ell</math> is the number of finished layers, <math>f</math> the number of folds in a single folding move, and <math>n</math> is how many times the folding move is repeated. For example, twice-folding (i.e. in three), repeated four times gives <math>(2 + 1)^4 = 81</math> layers.

Commercially made puff pastry is available in [[grocery store]]s. Common types of fat used include [[butter]], [[shortening|vegetable shortenings]], [[lard]] and margarine. Butter is the most common type used because it provides a richer taste and superior [[mouthfeel]]. Shortenings and lard have a higher melting point therefore puff pastry made with either will rise more than pastry made with butter, if made correctly. Puff pastry made in this manner will, however, often have a waxy mouthfeel and more bland flavor. Specialized margarine formulated for high plasticity (the ability to spread very thin without breaking apart) is used for industrial production of puff pastry.

==Variants and distinctions==
{{Further|Flaky pastry}}
[[File:Rustico leccese.jpg|thumb|right|Rustico leccese: Puff pastry filled with mozzarella, [[béchamel]], tomato, pepper and nutmeg]]

Since the process of making puff pastry is generally laborious and time-intensive, faster recipes are fairly common: known as "blitz",{{r|Suas|p=490}} "rough puff", or "[[flaky pastry]]".{{r|house cyclo}} Some of these recipes combine the butter into the ''{{lang|fr|détrempe}}'' rather than adding it in the folding process and are thus similar to a folded short crust. Many retain the layering process, but the number of steps ("turns" or "{{lang|fr|tours}}") is reduced. Alternatively, or in addition, the butter is scattered over the dough-layer surface in small pieces, or grated, rather than in a single mass or block. Time and effort to evenly distribute the fat in a single mass is thus avoided, and chilling time may be reduced as less handling of the butter generally keeps it at a lower temperature.<ref name="Suas">{{Cite book |last=Suas |first=Michel |url=https://archive.org/details/advancedbreadpas0000unse/mode/2up|title=Advanced Bread and Pastry: A Professional Approach|publisher=Delmar Cengage Learning|date=2008|isbn=978-1-4180-1169-7|location=New York |pages=490–491, 501 |language=en |url-access=subscription}}</ref> 

This process makes rough-puff more similar to another laminated pastry, [[phyllo]] (or filo). The dough for phyllo is stretched and rolled to its final pre-baking size. Layering is done immediately before baking, with a small amount of oil or melted fat (usually butter) brushed on one layer of dough, which is then topped with another layer that is also brushed with the fat; the layering is repeated as often as desired. When the phyllo bakes it becomes crispy, but since it contains somewhat less water, it does not expand to the same degree as puff pastry. Puff pastry also differs from Austrian [[strudel]] dough, or {{lang|de|strudelteig}}, which more closely resembles phyllo, in that {{lang|de|strudelteig}} is stretched (and rolled) into a very thin sheet. Most of the fat is incorporated into {{lang|de|strudelteig}}, rather than applied to sheets. For strudel, pastry layers are achieved by rolling the (lightly fat-coated) dough around the filling multiple times; some phyllo pastry dishes also use this method.

Versions of puff pastry are leavened with [[baker's yeast]] to create [[croissant]]s, [[Danish pastry]] or [[pain au chocolat]]; these may be considered as being in a category distinct from puff pastry. Such preparations are known collectively as {{lang|fr|[[Viennoiserie]]}}.

==Uses==
[[File:ChickenpotpiesopenFeb09.jpg|thumb|A chicken [[pot pie]] made with puff pastry]]
{{div col|colwidth=10em}}
* [[Beef Wellington]]
* [[Croline]]
* [[Croissants]]
* [[Galette des rois#France|Galette des rois]]
* [[Jambon]]s
* [[Miguelitos]]
* [[Mille-feuille]]
* [[Palmier]]
* [[Pastel de nata]]
* [[Pithivier]]
* [[Sausage roll]]s
* [[Steak and kidney pie]]
** other [[pie]]s
* [[Tarte conversation]]
* [[Tarte Tatin]]
* [[Torpedo dessert]]
* [[Turnover (food)|Turnovers]]
{{div col end}}

==See also==
* [[Apple strudel]]
* [[List of butter dishes]]
* [[List of pastries]]
* [[Rustico (pastry)]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist | refs=
{{efn|name="flaky"|The number 72 refers to the layers of butter only; there are also 73 layers of dough, for 145 layers in all. The process demonstrated in Child's recipe uses a mixture of folds. After an initial trifold (two layers of butter, three of dough), the next step given for the {{lang|fr|pâte demi-feuilletée}} is a "book fold" (each end of pastry is folded over to meet in the middle; this is then doubled on itself), without additional butter at this point, resulting in eight layers of butter and nine of dough. Two additional trifold steps are made, so these eight layers are then tripled twice over ({{math|1=8{{times}}3 {{=}}24; 24{{times}}3=72}}).<ref name="child">{{cite book |last1=Child |first1=Julia |last2=Beck|first2=Simone |title=Mastering the Art of French Cooking |date=1978 |pages=164–180 |volume=2 |chapter=French Puff Pastry{{snd}}Pâte Feuilletée"{{dot}}"Pâte Demi-feuilletée Fine (simple, flaky, mock puff)"{{dot}}"Pâte Feuilletée Fine (classic French puff) |isbn=978-0-14-046221-0 |publisher= Penguin |chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/masteringartoffr0002simo/page/164/mode/2up}}</ref>{{rp|160–174}} }}
{{efn|name="classic"|The classic French puff pastry demonstrated in Child's book sandwiches a layer of butter between two of dough in its first step (resulting in two layers of dough, one of butter). There follows six trifold "turns" (i.e. 3<sup>6</sup>) giving 729 layers (of butter and 730 of dough{{snd}}1459 layers in total).}}
}}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="house cyclo">{{cite book |editor1-last=Hammerton |editor1-first=J. A. |title=The Concise Household Encyclopedia |date=1939 |publisher=Educational Book Company Ltd |location=London |pages=501–505 |volume=2: Linen – Zither |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/CHEV0l2/page/n501/mode/2up |chapter=Pastry for Pies, Tarts and Patties: Popular Recipes for Plain and Rich Varieties}}</ref>
<ref name="Larousse">{{cite book |editor-last1=Maubourguet |editor-first1=Patrice |editor-last2=Flavigny |editor-first2=Laure |title=Dictionnaire Larousse Gastronomique |pages=455–457, 774–775 |date=1996 |publisher=Larousse |isbn=978-2-03-507300-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/DictionnaireLarousseGastronomique/page/3/ |language=fr}} {{isbn|2-03-507300-6}} {{bq|[https://archive.org/details/DictionnaireLarousseGastronomique/page/773/mode/2up "Feuilletage"] pp.{{nbsp}}455–457: "La pâte feuilletée était déjà connue des Grecs et des Arabes, qui la préparaient à l'huile. Les croisés l'introduisirent en France et en Autriche. Dans une charte de Robert d'Amiens (1311), il est fait mention de « gâteaux feuilletés ». A la même époque, la ville de Cahors créait une spécialité de pâte feuilletée à l'huile, qu elle conserva longtemps. Les fleurons de feuilletage s'employaient déjà au XVe siècle à la cour du grand-duc de Toscane, pour orner les apprêts d'épinards. Le peintre Claude Gellée, dit le Lorrain (1600–1682), qui avait débuté comme apprenti pâtissier, passa longtemps pour l'« inventeur »{{snd}}de la pâte feuilletée. Cette paternité lui fut disputée par un certain Feuillet, au nom prédestiné, pâtissier du prince de Condé, dont Antonin Carême parle élogieusement dans son Pâtissier royal."{{nbsp}}[...]{{pb}}[https://archive.org/details/DictionnaireLarousseGastronomique/page/775/mode/2up "Pâtisserie"] p.{{nbsp}}775:{{nbsp}}"Mais ce sont les Croisés qui, au XIe siècle, découvrent la canne à sucre et la pâte feuilletée en Orient, donnèrant une impulsion décisive à la pâtisserie proprement dite."}}</ref>
<ref name="duc 2006">{{cite book |last1=Robert |first1=Frédéric |last2=Ducasse |first2=Alain |title=Grand livre de cuisine: Alain Ducasse's desserts and pastries |date=2006 |publisher=Lec-Les Éditions Culinaires; Distributed by Stewart, Tabori & Chang |location=Issy-les-Moulineaux, France; New York |isbn=978-2848440163 |page=507}}</ref>
<ref name="ppc 1984">{{cite journal |last1=Perry |first1=Charles |title=Puff Paste is Spanish |journal=[[Petits Propos Culinaires]] |date=June 1984 |volume=17 |pages=57–62 |doi=10.1558/ppc.29702}}</ref>
<ref name="Ox comp">{{cite book |last1=Wemischner |first1=Robert |editor1=Darra Goldstein |title=The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-931361-7 |pages=508–509 |language=en |chapter=pastry, puff}}</ref>}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|author=Domingo Hernández de Maceras |date=1607 |title=Libro del Arte de Cozina |publisher=Casa de Antonia Ramírez | location=Salamanca |id=(Hernández de Maceras, cook at the College of Oviedo in the City of Salamanca) |url-status=dead |ref=none |url= 
http://allandalus.com/~apicius/Libro%20del%20Arte%20de%20Cozina%20de%20Domingo%20Hernandez%20de%20Maceras%20del%201607%20%28Copia%20Facsimil%29.pdf |access-date=5 July 2011  |language=es |archive-date=30 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930123920/http://allandalus.com/~apicius/Libro%20del%20Arte%20de%20Cozina%20de%20Domingo%20Hernandez%20de%20Maceras%20del%201607%20%28Copia%20Facsimil%29.pdf}} Also: via [https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00001044-001/page/n10/mode/2up Internet Archive]; via [https://bibliotecavirtualmadrid.comunidad.madrid/bvmadrid_publicacion/es/consulta/registro.do?id=19744 La Biblioteca Digital de Madrid]
* {{cite encyclopedia |date=n.d.|last1=Huete García |first1=Santiago |title=Domingo Hernández de Maceras |encyclopedia=Diccionario Biográfico electrónico |url=https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/97792/domingo-hernandez-de-maceras# |publisher=Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades|editor=Real Academia de la Historia |language=es |ref=none}}

==External links==
* [http://www.ibiblio.org/expo/restaurant/techniques/pastry.html Preparing Puff Pastry (a visual guide)]

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