Editing Puck (moon)

{{Short description|Moon of Uranus}}
{{Infobox planet
| name             = Puck
| image            = Puck.png
| caption          = Puck as imaged by ''[[Voyager 2]]'' in January 1986. The image is centered on Puck's south pole. Despite the low resolution, several craters have been identified, including Bogle on the upper right
| mpc_name         = Uranus XV
| pronounced       = {{IPAc-en|'|p|ʌ|k}}<ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Puck |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302063733/https://www.lexico.com/definition/puck |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 2, 2020 |title=Puck |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref>
| adjectives       = Puckian<ref>Sedgwick (1999) ''Shakespeare and the young writer''</ref>
| discovery_ref    = {{sfn|Smith Soderblom et al.|1986}}
| discoverer       = [[Stephen P. Synnott]] / ''[[Voyager 2]]''
| discovered       = December 30, 1985
| orbit_ref        = {{sfn|Jacobson|1998}}
| semimajor        = {{val|86004.444|0.064|u=km}}
| eccentricity     = {{val|0.00012|0.000061}}
| period           = {{val|0.76183287|0.000000014|u=d}}
| avg_speed        = 8.21 km/s{{efn|name=calculated}}
| inclination      = {{val|0.31921|0.021|u=°}} (to Uranus's equator)
| satellite_of     = [[Uranus]]
| dimensions       = 162 × 162 × 162 km{{sfn|Karkoschka, Voyager|2001}}{{efn|Only two dimensions are known; the third dimension has been assumed to equal the other two.}}
| mean_radius      = {{val|81|2|u=km}}{{sfn|Karkoschka, Voyager|2001}}
| surface_area     = {{val|82000|u=km2}}{{efn|name=calculated}}
| volume           = {{val|2226100|7.8|u=km3|errend=%}}{{sfn|French et al.|2024}}
| mass             = {{val|1.91|0.64|u=kg|e=18}}{{refn|Jacobson (2023), as cited in French et al. (2024){{sfn|French et al.|2024}}}}
| density          = ~{{val|0.858|u=g/cm3}}{{efn|name=calculated}}
| surface_grav     = ~0.019 [[Acceleration|m/s<sup>2</sup>]]{{efn|name=calculated}}
| escape_velocity  = ~0.056 km/s{{efn|name=calculated}}
| rotation         = synchronous{{sfn|Karkoschka, Voyager|2001}}
| axial_tilt       = zero{{sfn|Karkoschka, Voyager|2001}}
| albedo           = {{ubl|{{val|0.11|0.015}} (geometric)|{{val|0.035|0.006}} (Bond) at 0.55&nbsp;μm{{sfn|Karkoschka, Hubble|2001}}}}
| single_temperature = ~65 [[Kelvin|K]]{{efn|name=calculated}}
| magnitude        = 20.5{{sfn|Thomas Veverka et al.|1987}}
}}

'''Puck''' is the sixth-largest moon of [[Uranus]]. It was discovered in December 1985 by the ''[[Voyager 2]]'' spacecraft.{{sfn|Smith Soderblom et al.|1986}} The name ''Puck'' follows the convention of naming Uranus's moons after characters from [[Shakespeare]]. The orbit of Puck lies between the [[rings of Uranus]] and the first of Uranus's large moons, [[Miranda (moon)|Miranda]]. Puck is approximately spherical in shape and has diameter of about 162&nbsp;km.{{sfn|Karkoschka, Voyager|2001}} It has a dark, heavily cratered surface, which shows spectral signs of water ice.{{sfn|Dumas Smith et al.|2003}}

== Discovery and naming ==

Puck—the largest [[inner moon]] of Uranus—was discovered from the images taken by ''[[Voyager 2]]'' on 30 December 1985. It was given the temporary designation '''S/1985&nbsp;U&nbsp;1'''.{{sfn|IAUC 4159}}

The moon was later named after the character [[Puck (A Midsummer Night's Dream)|Puck]] who appears in Shakespeare's ''[[A Midsummer Night's Dream]]'', a little [[Sprite (folklore)|sprite]] who travels around the globe at night with the [[fairy|fairies]]. In [[Celtic mythology]] and English folklore, a ''[[Puck (mythology)|Puck]]'' is a mischievous sprite, imagined as an evil demon by Christians.

It is also designated '''Uranus&nbsp;XV'''.{{sfn|USGS: Planet and Satellite Names and Discoverers}}

== Physical characteristics ==

[[File:Puck map (Stooke).jpg|thumb|Map of Puck|left|406x406px]]

Puck is the largest [[inner moon]] of Uranus, orbiting inside the orbit of Miranda. It is intermediate in size between [[Portia (moon)|Portia]] (the second-largest inner moon) and [[Miranda (moon)|Miranda]] (the smallest of the [[moons of Uranus#Large moons|five major moons]]). Puck's orbit is located between the [[rings of Uranus]] and Miranda. Little is known about Puck aside from its orbit,{{sfn|Jacobson|1998}} radius of about 81&nbsp;km,{{sfn|Karkoschka, Voyager|2001}} and geometric [[albedo]] in [[visible light]] of approximately 0.11.{{sfn|Karkoschka, Hubble|2001}}

Of the moons discovered by the ''Voyager&nbsp;2'' imaging team, only Puck was discovered early enough that the probe could be programmed to image it in some detail.{{sfn|Smith Soderblom et al.|1986}} Images showed that Puck has a shape of a slightly [[prolate]] [[spheroid]] (ratio between axes is 0.93–1).{{sfn|Karkoschka, Voyager|2001}} Its surface is heavily [[Impact crater|cratered]]{{sfn|Thomas Veverka et al.|1987}} and is grey in color.{{sfn|Karkoschka, Voyager|2001}} There are three named craters on the surface of Puck, the largest being about 45&nbsp;km in diameter.{{sfn|Smith Soderblom et al.|1986}} Observations with the [[Hubble Space Telescope]] and large terrestrial telescopes found water-ice absorption features in the spectrum of Puck.{{sfn|Karkoschka, Hubble|2001}}{{sfn|Dumas Smith et al.|2003}}

Little is known about the internal structure of Puck. It is probably made of a mixture of [[ice|water ice]], and may have been collisionally disrupted and reaccreted as a [[rubble pile]].{{sfn|Cartwright|Beddingfield|Nordheim|2021}} The presence of a 3.0 deep 3.0 micron feature attributed to the [[Hydroxy group|O-H]] stretching mode suggests that water ice or hydrated minerals are a common component on Puck's surface.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Belyakov |first1=Matthew |last2=Davis |first2=M. Ryleigh |last3=Milby |first3=Zachariah |last4=Wong |first4=Ian |last5=Brown |first5=Michael E. |date=2024-05-01 |title=JWST Spectrophotometry of the Small Satellites of Uranus and Neptune |journal=The Planetary Science Journal |volume=5 |issue=5 |pages=119 |doi=10.3847/PSJ/ad3d55 |doi-access=free |arxiv=2404.06660 |bibcode=2024PSJ.....5..119B |issn=2632-3338}}</ref> Its surface is coated with a dark material similar to that found in the main rings.{{sfn|Dumas Smith et al.|2003}} The dark material is probably made of [[rock (geology)|rock]]s or [[radiation]]-processed [[organic compound|organic]]s; it is possible that material spiralling inwards from Uranus's μ ring coats Puck's leading hemisphere as well.{{sfn|Cartwright|Beddingfield|Nordheim|2021}} Puck, as well as the other inner satellites of Uranus, is darker than the average inner [[Neptunian satellites|Neptunian satellite]], which could be either due to a higher level of solar irradiation at Uranus as opposed to [[Neptune]], or a distinct composition.<ref name=":0" />  The absence of craters with bright rays implies that Puck is not differentiated, meaning that ice and non-ice components have not separated from each other into a [[core (geology)|core]] and [[mantle (geology)|mantle]].{{sfn|Smith Soderblom et al.|1986}}

===Named features===
Puck has three craters named Bogle, Butz, and Lob, which are named after mischievous spirits from Scottish, German, and British folklore respectively. Details about these craters are currently unknown.[[File:Puck with craters.jpg|thumb|Named craters on Puck|left]]

{| class="wikitable" style="min-width: 90%;"
|-
! style="width:10em" | Crater !! style="width:10em" | Coordinates !! Diameter (km) !! Approval date !! Named after || Ref
|-
| [[Bogle (crater)|Bogle]] || — || ~47 km{{sfn|Cartwright|Beddingfield|Nordheim|2021}} || 1988 || [[Bogle]] ([[Celtic mythology|Celtic]]) || {{WGPSN|6953}}
|-
| [[Butz (crater)|Butz]] || — || — || 1988 || [[Puck (mythology)|Butz]] ([[German folklore|German]]) || {{WGPSN|6954}}
|-
| [[Lob (crater)|Lob]] || — || — || 1988 || [[Lubber fiend|Lob]] ([[English folklore|English]]) || {{WGPSN|6955}}
|}

== See also ==
* [[Moons of Uranus]]
* [[Rings of Uranus]]

== Notes ==
{{notes
| notes =

{{efn
| name = calculated
| Calculated on the basis of other parameters.
}}

}}

== References ==

=== Citations ===
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Sources ===
* {{cite journal| doi = 10.1086/300263| last1 = Jacobson| first1 = R. A.| year = 1998| title = The Orbits of the Inner Uranian Satellites From Hubble Space Telescope and Voyager 2 Observations| journal = The Astronomical Journal| volume = 115| issue = 3| pages = 1195–1199| bibcode = 1998AJ....115.1195J| doi-access = free}}
* {{cite journal| doi = 10.1006/icar.2001.6597| last = Karkoschka| first = Erich| author-link = Erich Karkoschka| year = 2001| title = Voyager's Eleventh Discovery of a Satellite of Uranus and Photometry and the First Size Measurements of Nine Satellites| journal = Icarus| volume = 151| issue = 1| pages = 69–77| bibcode = 2001Icar..151...69K| ref = {{sfnRef|Karkoschka, Voyager|2001}}}}
* {{cite journal| doi = 10.1006/icar.2001.6596| last = Karkoschka| first = Erich| author-link = Erich Karkoschka| year = 2001| title = Comprehensive Photometry of the Rings and 16 Satellites of Uranus with the Hubble Space Telescope| journal = Icarus| volume = 151| issue = 1| pages = 51–68| bibcode = 2001Icar..151...51K| ref = {{sfnRef|Karkoschka, Hubble|2001}}}}
* {{cite journal| doi = 10.1016/0019-1035(87)90121-7| last1 = Thomas| first1 = P.| last2 = Veverka| first2 = J.| last3 = Johnson| first3 = T.V.| last4 = Brown| first4 = Robert Hamilton| year = 1987| title = Voyager observations of 1985U1| journal = Icarus| volume = 72| issue = 1| pages = 79–83| bibcode = 1987Icar...72...79T| ref = {{sfnRef|Thomas Veverka et al.|1987}}}}
* {{cite journal| doi = 10.1126/science.233.4759.43| last1 = Smith| first1 = B. A.| last2 = Soderblom| first2 = L. A.| last3 = Beebe| first3 = A.| last4 = Bliss| first4 = D.| last5 = Boyce| first5 = J. M.| last6 = Brahic| first6 = A.| last7 = Briggs| first7 = G. A.| last8 = Brown| first8 = R. H.| last9 = Collins| first9 = S. A.| date = 4 July 1986| title = Voyager 2 in the Uranian System: Imaging Science Results| journal = Science| volume = 233| issue = 4759| pages = 43–64| pmid = 17812889| bibcode = 1986Sci...233...43S| s2cid = 5895824| ref = {{sfnRef|Smith Soderblom et al.|1986}}| url = https://zenodo.org/record/1230972}}
* {{cite journal| last1 = Dumas| first1 = Christophe| last2 = Smith| first2 = Bradford A.| last3 = Terrile| first3 = Richard J.| year = 2003| title = Hubble Space Telescope NICMOS Multiband Photometry of Proteus and Puck| journal = [[The Astronomical Journal]]| volume = 126| issue = 2| pages = 1080–1085| doi = 10.1086/375909| bibcode = 2003AJ....126.1080D| ref = {{sfnRef|Dumas Smith et al.|2003}}| doi-access = }}
* {{cite journal
 | last = Marsden
 | first = Brian G.
 | date = January 16, 1986
 | title = Satellites of Uranus and Neptune
 | journal = IAU Circular
 | issue = 4159
 | url = http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/04100/04159.html#Item1
 | access-date = 2012-01-24
 | ref = {{sfnRef|IAUC 4159}}
  }}
* {{cite web
 | author = [[USGS]]/[[IAU]]
 | date = July 21, 2006
 | title = Planet and Satellite Names and Discoverers
 | publisher = USGS Astrogeology
 | work = Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature
 | url = http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/Planets#UranianSystem
 | access-date = 2012-01-24
 | ref = {{sfnRef|USGS: Planet and Satellite Names and Discoverers}}
  }}
* {{Cite journal |last1=French |first1=Richard G. |last2=Hedman |first2=Matthew M. |last3=Nicholson |first3=Philip D. |last4=Longaretti |first4=Pierre-Yves |last5=McGhee-French |first5=Colleen A. |date=2024-03-15 |title=The Uranus system from occultation observations (1977–2006): Rings, pole direction, gravity field, and masses of Cressida, Cordelia, and Ophelia |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103524000150 |journal=Icarus |volume=411 |pages=115957 |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2024.115957 |issn=0019-1035 |ref= {{sfnRef|French et al.|2024}}|arxiv=2401.04634 |bibcode=2024Icar..41115957F }}

* {{Cite journal |last1=Cartwright |first1=Richard J. |last2=Beddingfield |first2=Chloe B. |last3=Nordheim |first3=Tom A. |display-authors=etal |title=The Science Case for Spacecraft Exploration of the Uranian Satellites: Candidate Ocean Worlds in an Ice Giant System |date=June 2021 |journal=The Planetary Society Journal |volume=2 |issue=3 |page=120 |doi=10.3847/PSJ/abfe12 |doi-access=free |arxiv=2105.01164 |bibcode=2021PSJ.....2..120C }}

== External links ==

{{Commons category|Puck (moon)}}

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071004223151/http://www.strykfoto.org/outericymoons/icymoons.htm Page that includes a reprocessed version of the ''Voyager 2'' Puck image]

{{Uranus}}
{{Moons of Uranus}}
{{Solar System moons (compact)}}

{{Good article}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Puck (Moon)}}
[[Category:Moons of Uranus]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1985|19851230]]
[[Category:Moons with a prograde orbit]]
[[Category:A Midsummer Night's Dream]]
[[Category:Puck (folklore)]]