Editing Pterocarpus

{{Short description|Genus of legumes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Automatic taxobox
|image = "+arya+" Pterocarpus santalinus ꦕꦼꦤ꧀ꦢꦤ ꦲꦧꦁ cendana janggi - krucuk 2020 04.jpg
|image_caption = ''[[Pterocarpus santalinus]]'' seed pods
|taxon = Pterocarpus
|authority = [[Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin|Jacq.]] (1763), nom. cons.
|subdivision_ranks = Species
|subdivision = [[#Species|See text]]
|synonyms =
*''Amphymenium'' {{small|Kunth (1824)}}
*''Ancylocalyx'' {{small|Tul. (1843)}}
*''Echinodiscus'' {{small|Benth. (1837)}}
*''Etaballia'' {{small|Benth. (1840)}}
*''Griselinia'' {{small|Scop. (1777), nom. superfl.}}
*''Lingoum'' {{small|Adans. (1763), nom. superfl.}}
*''Malaparius'' {{small|Rumph. ex Bosc (1803)}}
*''Moutouchi'' {{small|Aubl. (1775)}}
*''Nephraea'' {{small|Hassk. (1844)}}
*''Nephrea'' {{small|Noronha (1790), nom. nud.}}
*''Phellocarpus'' {{small|Benth. (1837)}}
*''Pterocarpos'' {{small|St.-Lag. (1880)}}
*''Pterocarpus'' {{small|L. (1754), nom. rej.}}
*''Weinreichia'' {{small|Rchb. (1828)}}
|synonyms_ref = <ref name = powo>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:331884-2 ''Pterocarpus'' Jacq.] ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Retrieved 1 August 2023.</ref>
}}
[[File:Pterocarpus officinalis MHNT.BOT.2010.6.39.jpg|thumb|Wood of ''P. officinalis'']] 
'''''Pterocarpus''''' is a [[pantropical]] tree [[genus]] in the [[Fabaceae]] family. It belongs to the subfamily [[Faboideae]], and was recently assigned to the informal [[monophyly|monophyletic]] ''Pterocarpus'' clade within the [[Dalbergieae]].<ref name="Lavin" /><ref name="Cardoso" /> Most species of ''Pterocarpus'' yield valuable timber traded as '''padauk''' (or padouk), usually pronounced {{IPAc-en|p|ə|'|d|u:|k|}} or {{IPAc-en|'|p|æ|d|,|oʊ|k|}};<ref>{{cite web |title=African Padauk {{!}} The Wood Database (Hardwood) |url=https://www.wood-database.com/african-padauk/ |website=www.wood-database.com |language=en-US |access-date=27 July 2023}}</ref> other common names are '''mukwa''' or '''narra'''. 

The west African species may be traded as '''African rosewood'''.<ref>The Rosewood Trade: An Illicit Trail from Forest to Furniture Authors: Sandy Ong / Andy Carver, Date: 29 January 2019, URL: https://e360.yale.edu/features/the-rosewood-trade-the-illicit-trail-from-forest-to-furniture (Yale School of Environment)</ref> ''[[Pterocarpus santalinus|P. santalinus]]'' also yields the most precious red sandalwood in China known as Zitan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wood-database.com/zitan/|title=Zitan {{!}} The Wood Database - Lumber Identification (Hardwood)|website=www.wood-database.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-05-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url= http://www.dyhmjjxhw.com/file/upload/201212/22/16-31-55-12-1.pdf |title=Chinese National Standard for Rosewood Furniture - QB/T 2385-2008 |date=3 July 2024 }}</ref> The wood from the narra tree (''[[Pterocarpus indicus|P. indicus]]'') and the Burmese padauk tree (''[[Pterocarpus macrocarpus|P. macrocarpus]]'') is marketed as '''amboyna''' when it has grown in the [[burl]] form.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wood-database.com/amboyna/ | title = The Wood Database | author = Meier E. }}</ref> The [[scientific name]] is [[Latin]]ized [[Ancient Greek]] and means "wing fruit", referring to the unusual shape of the [[legume|seed pods]] in this genus.

==Uses==
Padauk wood is obtained from several [[species]] of ''Pterocarpus''. All padauks are of African or Asian origin. Padauks are valued for their toughness, stability in use, and decorativeness, most having a reddish wood. Most ''[https://onetotree.org/narra/ Pterocarpus]''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Narra|url=https://onetotree.org/narra/|access-date=2021-12-03|website=OneToTree|language=en}}</ref> woods contain either water- or alcohol-soluble substances and can be used as [[dye]]s.

The padauk found most often is African padauk from ''[[Pterocarpus soyauxii|P. soyauxii]]'' which, when freshly cut, is a very bright red/orange but when exposed to sunlight fades over time to a warm brown. Its colour makes it a favourite among woodworkers. Burmese padauk (ပိတောက်) is ''[[Pterocarpus macrocarpus|P. macrocarpus]]'' while Andaman padauk is ''[[Pterocarpus dalbergioides|P. dalbergioides]]''. Padauks can be confused with true [[Rosewood (timber)|rosewoods]] to which they are somewhat related, but as a general rule padauks are coarser and less decorative in figure. Like rosewood, padauk is sometimes used to make [[xylophone]], [[Organ (music)|organ]] and [[marimba]] keys, and guitars. It is an important material in traditional [[Chinese furniture]].

[[File:African Padauk wood.jpg|thumb|African padauk wood]]

Some padauks, e.g. ''P. soyauxii'', are used as [[herbal medicine]]s, for example to treat skin parasites and fungal infections.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/Sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=17977 | title = AgroForestryTree Database entry for ''Pterocarpus soyauxii'' | author = <!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> | website = AgroForestryTree Database | publisher = World Agroforestry Centre (WAC) | access-date = 1 November 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090213121119/http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/Sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=17977 | archive-date = 13 February 2009 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Padauk wood is also used as a [[spice]], for example in [[Sweden|Swedish]] [[soused herring]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bohusmatjes |url=https://www.abba.se/produkt/bohusmatjes/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202154420/https://www.abba.se/produkt/bohusmatjes/ |archive-date=2 December 2023 |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=[[Abba_Seafood|Abba]] |language=en-US |quote=Ingredienser: Sill i bitar, socker, salt, kryddor (bland andra kanel, muskotblomma, padoukträ) |trans-quote=Ingredients: Herring in pieces, sugar, salt, spices (among others cinnamon, mace, padauk wood)}}</ref>

==Chemistry==
[[Pterocarpin]] is a [[pterocarpan]] found in ''Pterocarpus'' spp.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://kanaya.naist.jp/knapsack_jsp/information.jsp?mode=r&word=C00009616&key=5 |title=Pterocarpin at knapsack_jsp |access-date=5 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222201449/http://kanaya.naist.jp/knapsack_jsp/information.jsp?mode=r&word=C00009616&key=5 |archive-date=22 February 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Species==
A total of 35 [[species]] is currently accepted:<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb?version~10.01&genus~Pterocarpus&species~ | title = ILDIS LegumeWeb entry for ''Pterocarpus'' | author = <!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> | website = International Legume Database & Information Service | publisher = Cardiff School of Computer Science & Informatics | access-date = 11 February 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?10084 | title = GRIN species records of ''Pterocarpus'' | author = USDA | author-link = USDA | author2 = ARS | author2-link = Agricultural Research Service | author3 = National Genetic Resources Program | website = [[Germplasm Resources Information Network]]—(GRIN) [Online Database] | publisher = [[Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center|National Germplasm Resources Laboratory]], Beltsville, Maryland | access-date = 11 February 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924075154/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?10084 | archive-date = 24 September 2015 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=300px}}
<!-- Pterocarpus abyssinicus was reclassified as Pterocarpus lucens. -->
* ''[[Pterocarpus acapulcensis]]'' <small>Rose</small>
<!-- Pterocarpus advenus was reclassified as Pterocarpus dalbergioides. -->
* ''[[Pterocarpus albopubescens]]'' <small>Hauman</small>
<!-- Pterocarpus amazonicus was reclassified as Pterocarpus santalinoides. -->
* ''[[Pterocarpus amazonum]]'' <small>(Benth.) Amshoff</small>
<!-- Pterocarpus amphymenium was reclassified as Pterocarpus orbiculatus. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus ancylocalyx was reclassified as Pterocarpus amazonum. -->
* ''[[Pterocarpus angolensis]]'' <small>DC.</small>—[[kiaat]]
* ''[[Pterocarpus antunesii]]'' <small>(Taub.) Harms</small>
<!-- Pterocarpus apalatoa was reclassified as Pterocarpus rohrii. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus aphyllus was reclassified as Pterocarpus orbiculatus. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus aptera was reclassified as Machaerium lunatum. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus ateleia was reclassified as Ateleia pterocarpa. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus australis was reclassified as Callerya australis. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus belizensis was reclassified as Pterocarpus officinalis. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus bilobus was reclassified as Pterocarpus marsupium. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus blancoi was reclassified as Pterocarpus indicus. -->
* ''[[Pterocarpus brenanii]]'' <small>Barbosa & Torre</small>
<!-- Pterocarpus cambodianus was reclassified as Pterocarpus macrocarpus. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus carolinensis was reclassified as Pterocarpus indicus. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus casteelsii was reclassified as Pterocarpus tessmannii. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus chrysothrix was reclassified as Pterocarpus tinctorius. -->
* ''[[Pterocarpus claessensii]]'' <small>De Wild.</small>
<!-- Pterocarpus crispatus was reclassified as Pterocarpus officinalis. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus cultratus was reclassified as Lonchocarpus cultratus. -->
* ''[[Pterocarpus dalbergioides]]'' <small>DC.</small>—[[Andaman padauk]], Andaman redwood, East Indian mahogany
<!-- Pterocarpus dekindtianus was reclassified as Pterocarpus angolensis. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus diadelphous is a misspelling of Pterocarpus diadelphus, which was reclassified as Aganope heptaphylla. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus diadelphus was reclassified as Aganope heptaphylla. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus draco was reclassified as Pterocarpus officinalis. -->
*''[[Pterocarpus dubius]]'' {{small|(Kunth) Spreng.}} – Venezuela, Guyana, and northern Brazil
<!-- Pterocarpus ecastaphyllum was reclassified as Dalbergia ecastaphyllum. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus echinata was reclassified as Pterocarpus indicus. -->
* ''[[Pterocarpus echinatus]]'' <small>Pers.</small>{{ref label|synonym1|Note 1|1}}
* ''[[Pterocarpus erinaceus]]'' <small>Poir.</small>—[[muninga]], barwood, vène
<!-- Pterocarpus esculentus was reclassified as Pterocarpus santalinoides. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus falcatus was reclassified as Poecilanthe falcata. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus flavus was reclassified as Pongamia pinnata. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus floribundus was reclassified as Pterocarpus rohrii. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus frutescens was reclassified as Dalbergia frutescens and Derris trifoliata. -->
* ''[[Pterocarpus gilletii]]'' <small>De Wild.</small>
<!-- Pterocarpus glaucinus was reclassified as Pterocarpus macrocarpus. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus gracilis was reclassified as Pterocarpus macrocarpus. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus grandis was reclassified as Pterocarpus santalinoides. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus gummifera is a misspelling of Pterocarpus gummifer, which was reclassified as Ateleia gummifera. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus gummifer was reclassified as Ateleia gummifera. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus hayesii was reclassified as Pterocarpus rohrii. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus hemipterus was reclassified as Pterocarpus officinalis. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus heterophyllus was reclassified as Pterocarpus acapulcensis. -->
* ''[[Pterocarpus hockii]]'' <small>De Wild.</small>
<!-- Pterocarpus holtzii was reclassified as Pterocarpus tinctorius. -->
* ''[[Pterocarpus homblei]]'' <small>De Wild.</small>
<!-- Pterocarpus hygrophilus was reclassified as Dalbergia hygrophila. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus indica is a misspelling of Pterocarpus indicus. -->
* ''[[Pterocarpus indicus]]'' <small>Willd.</small>—[[Pashu padauk]], Malay padauk, New Guinea rosewood
<!-- Pterocarpus klemmei was reclassified as Pterocarpus indicus. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus kuhlmanni was reclassified as Paramachaerium schomburgkii. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus leucens was reclassified as Pterocarpus lucens. -->
* ''[[Pterocarpus lucens]]'' <small>Guill. & Perr.</small>
<!-- Pterocarpus lunatus was reclassified as Machaerium lunatum. -->
* ''[[Pterocarpus macrocarpus]]'' <small>Kurz</small>—[[Burmese padauk]]
<!-- Pterocarpus magnicarpus was reclassified as Pterocarpus rohrii. -->
* ''[[Pterocarpus marsupium]]'' <small>Roxb.</small>—[[Indian kino]], Malabar kino, benga, bijiayasal (w Nepal), venkai
<!-- Pterocarpus martinii was reclassified as Pterocarpus rotundifolius. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus megalocarpus was reclassified as Pterocarpus tinctorius. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus michelii was reclassified as Pterocarpus santalinoides. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus microcarpus was reclassified as Ateleia microcarpa. -->
* ''[[Pterocarpus mildbraedii]]'' <small>Harms</small>
<!-- Pterocarpus minimus was reclassified as Pterocarpus acapulcensis. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus moutouchi was reclassified as Pterocarpus officinalis. -->
* ''[[Pterocarpus mutondo]]'' <small>De Wild.</small>
<!-- Pterocarpus niger was reclassified as Dalbergia nigra. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus obtusatus was reclassified as Pterocarpus indicus. -->
* ''[[Pterocarpus officinalis]]'' <small>Jacq.</small>
* ''[[Pterocarpus orbiculatus]]'' <small>DC.</small>
<!-- Pterocarpus ormosioides was reclassified as Paramachaerium ormosioides. -->
* ''[[Pterocarpus osun]]'' <small>Craib</small>
<!-- Pterocarpus pallidus was reclassified as Pterocarpus indicus. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus papuanus was reclassified as Pterocarpus indicus. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus parvifolius was reclassified as Pterocarpus macrocarpus. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus pedatus was reclassified as Pterocarpus macrocarpus. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus plumieri was reclassified as Dalbergia monetaria. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus podocarpus was reclassified as Pterocarpus acapulcensis. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus polyanthus was reclassified as Pterocarpus rotundifolius. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus pubescens was reclassified as Pterocarpus indicus and Pterocarpus orbiculatus. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus quercinus was reclassified as Dalbergia monetaria. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus reticulatus was reclassified as Pterocarpus rohrii. -->
* ''[[Pterocarpus rohrii]]'' <small>Vahl</small>
* ''[[Pterocarpus rotundifolius]]'' <small>(Sond.) Druce</small>
** subsp. ''polyanthus'' <small>(Harms) Mendonça & E. P. Sousa</small>
*** var. ''martinii'' <small>(Dunkley) Mendonça & E. P. Sousa</small>
*** var. ''polyanthus'' <small>(Harms) Mendonça & E. P. Sousa</small>
** subsp. ''rotundifolius'' <small>(Sond.) Druce</small>
<!-- Pterocarpus rufescens was reclassified as Pterocarpus rohrii. -->
* ''[[Pterocarpus santalinoides]]'' <small>DC.</small>—[[mututi]]
* ''[[Pterocarpus santalinus]]'' <small>L. f.</small>—[[red sandalwood]], red sanders
<!-- Pterocarpus sapindoides was reclassified as Andira sapindoides. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus sericeus was reclassified as Pterocarpus rotundifolius. -->
* ''[[Pterocarpus soyauxii]]'' <small>Taub.</small>—[[African padauk]], African coralwood
<!-- Pterocarpus steinbachianus was reclassified as Pterocarpus rohrii. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus stolzii was reclassified as Pterocarpus tinctorius. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus suberosus was reclassified as Pterocarpus officinalis. -->
* ''[[Pterocarpus ternatus]]'' <small>Rizzini</small>
* ''[[Pterocarpus tessmannii]]'' <small>Harms</small>
* ''[[Pterocarpus tinctorius]]'' <small>Welw.</small>
<!-- Pterocarpus ulei was reclassified as Pterocarpus amazonum. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus uliginosus was reclassified as Derris trifoliata. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus usambarensis was reclassified as Pterocarpus mildbraedii. -->
* ''[[Pterocarpus velutinus]]'' <small>De Wild.</small>
<!-- Pterocarpus vernalis was reclassified as Pterocarpus acapulcensis. -->
<!-- Pterocarpus vidalianus was reclassified as Pterocarpus indicus. -->
* ''[[Pterocarpus villosus]]'' <small>(Benth.) Benth.</small>
* ''[[Pterocarpus violaceus]]'' <small>Vogel</small>
<!-- Pterocarpus wallichii was reclassified as Pterocarpus indicus. -->
* ''[[Pterocarpus zehntneri]]'' <small>Harms</small>
* ''[[Pterocarpus zenkeri]]'' <small>Harms</small>
<!-- Pterocarpus zollingeri was reclassified as Pterocarpus indicus. -->
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
:{{note label|synonym1|Note 1|1}} Some sources treat ''P. echinatus'' as a synonym of ''P. indicus''.

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=Lavin>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lavin M, Pennington RT, Klitgaard BB, Sprent JI, de Lima HC, Gasson PE | year = 2001 | title = The dalbergioid legumes (Fabaceae): delimitation of a pantropical monophyletic clade | journal = [[American Journal of Botany|Am J Bot]] | volume = 88 | issue = 3 | pages = 503–33 | pmid = 11250829 | doi=10.2307/2657116| jstor = 2657116 }}</ref>

<ref name=Cardoso>{{cite journal |vauthors=Cardoso D, Pennington RT, de Queiroz LP, Boatwright JS, Van Wyk BE, Wojciechowskie MF, Lavin M | year = 2013 | title = Reconstructing the deep-branching relationships of the papilionoid legumes | journal = [[South African Journal of Botany|S Afr J Bot]] | volume = 89 | pages = 58–75 | doi = 10.1016/j.sajb.2013.05.001 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2013SAJB...89...58C | hdl = 10566/3193 | hdl-access = free }}</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline}}

{{WestAfricanPlants|Pterocarpus}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q132894}}
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[[Category:Pterocarpus| ]]
[[Category:Fabaceae genera]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
[[Category:Pantropical flora]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin]]
[[Category:Plant dyes]]