Editing Psychoanalytic film theory

{{Short description|School of academic thought}}
'''Psychoanalytic film theory''' is a school of academic thought that evokes the concepts of psychoanalysts [[Sigmund Freud]] and [[Jacques Lacan]]. The theory is closely tied to [[Critical theory]], [[Marxist film theory]], and [[Apparatus theory]]. 
The theory is separated into two waves. The first wave occurred in the 1960s and 70s. The second wave became popular in the 1980s and 90s.{{sfn|McGowan|2011}}

==Precursors==
At the end of the nineteenth century, psychoanalysis was created, and film happened to follow shortly afterward.{{sfn|Creed|1998|pp=1}} [[André Breton]], the founder of the [[Surrealist]] movement, saw film as a means of engaging the unconscious. Since films had the ability to tell a story using techniques such as superimposition, and slow motion, the Surrealists saw this as mimicking dreams.{{sfn|Creed|1998|pp=2}}

Early applications of psychoanalysis to cinema concentrated on unmasking latent meanings behind screen images, before moving on to a consideration of film as a representation of [[Fantasy (psychology)|fantasy]].{{sfn|Lapsley|Westlake|1988|pp=67 and 91}} From there, a wider consideration of the [[Subject (philosophy)|subject position]] of the viewer led to wider engagements with critical theory - to psychoanalytic film theory proper.{{sfn|Lapsley|Westlake|1988|pp=92-95}}

From 1969, as a reaction to the unrest in Paris in [[May 68]], a theoretical examination of the medium of cinema developed, starting in France, more precisely on the part of French film criticism, the basis of which was a mixture of psychoanalysis, semiotics, structuralism and Marxism . The formation of psychoanalytic film theories reached its peak in 1975: the articles "Le Dispositif: approches métapsychologiques de l'impression de réalité" by Jean Louis Baudry and "Le film de fiction et son spectateur (Étude métapsychologique)" by Christian Metz advanced to the most influential and effective texts.<ref>Kügle, p. 206–222</ref>

The focus of this theoretical film debate was the viewer subject and its relationship to cinema. The starting point was formed by the considerations of the French theorist Jean Louis Baudry and the writings on film theory by Christian Metz, whose Le signifiant imaginaire. Psychoanalyse et cinéma (1977, dt.: The imaginary signifier. Psychoanalyse and cinema) really opened the discussion. Metz makes an attempt to transfer psychoanalytic terms - in particular the theory of Jacques Lacan - to the field of cinematography.

Psychoanalytic film theory primarily tries to work out how the unconscious supports the reception of film events, or how film and cinema trigger unconscious, irrational processes in the viewer and thus turn film watching into a pleasurable experience. If film, as has always been claimed, can be brought close to the dream, then it must be possible to approach it with the means of psychoanalysis (analogous to the interpretation of a dream).

Freud's concepts of the Oedipus complex, narcissism, castration, the unconscious, the return, and hysteria are all utilized in film theory.{{sfn|Creed|1998|pp=2}}
The 'unconscious' of a film are examined; this is known as [[subtext]].{{sfn|Creed|1998|pp=2-3}}

==Gaze==

In the early 1970s, [[Christian Metz (critic)|Christian Metz]] and [[Laura Mulvey]] separately explored aspects of the "[[gaze]]" in the cinema, Metz stressing the viewer's [[Identification (psychology)|identification]] with the camera's vision,<ref>Lapsley, p. 82-4</ref> - an identification largely "constructed" by the film itself<ref>Childers, p. 173-4</ref> - and Mulvey the [[Sexual fetishism|fetishistic]] aspects of (especially) the male viewer's regard for the onscreen female body.<ref>Lapsley, p. 77-8</ref>

The viewing subject may be offered particular identifications (usually with a leading male character) from which to watch. The theory stresses the subject's longing for a completeness which the film may appear to offer through identification with an image, although Lacanian theory also indicates that identification with the image is never anything but an illusion and the subject is always split simply by virtue of coming into existence ([[aphanisis]]).<ref>Jacques Lacan, ''The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis'' (1994) p. 207-8</ref>

==Second wave==

A second wave of psychoanalytic film criticism associated with [[Jacqueline Rose]] emphasised the search for the missing [[Objet petit a|object of desire]] on the part of the spectator: in [[Elizabeth Cowie]]'s words, "the pleasure of fantasy lies in the setting out, not in the having of the objects".<ref>Quoted in Lapsley, p. 93</ref>

From 1990 onward the Matrixial theory of artist and psychoanalyst [[Bracha L. Ettinger]]<ref>[[Bracha L. Ettinger]], ''The Matrixial Borderspace'', University of Minnesota Press, 2006</ref> revolutionized feminist film theory. Her concept [[The Matrixial Gaze]],<ref>Bracha L. Ettinger, ''The Matrixial Gaze''. Published by Leeds University, 1995. Reprinted in: ''Drawing Papers'', nº 24, 2001.</ref> that has established a feminine gaze and has articulated its differences from the phallic gaze and its relation to feminine as well as maternal specificities and potentialities of "coemergence", offering a critique of [[Sigmund Freud]]'s and [[Jacques Lacan]]'s psychoanalysis, is extensively used in analysis of films,<ref>[[Griselda Pollock]], ''After-effects - After-images''. Manchester University Press, 2013</ref><ref>[[Maggie Humm]], ''Feminism and Film''. Edinburgh University Press, 1997</ref> by female authors, like [[Chantal Akerman]],<ref>Lucia Nagib and Anne Jerslev (ends.), ''Impure Cinema''. London: I.B.Tauris.</ref> as well as by male authors, like [[Pedro Almodovar]].<ref>Julian Daniel Gutierrez-Arbilla, ''Aesthetics, Ethics and Trauma in the Cinema of [[Pedro Almodovar]]''. Edinburgh University Press, 2017</ref> The matrixial gaze offers the female the position of a subject, not of an object, of the gaze, while deconstructing the structure of the subject itself, and offers border-time, border-space and a possibility for compassion and witnessing. Ettinger's notions articulate the links between aesthetics, ethics and trauma.<ref>Griselda Pollock, ''Encounters in the Virtual Feminist Museum: Time, Space and the Archive''. Routledge, 2007.</ref>

As [[post-structuralism]] took an increasingly pragmatic approach to the possibilities Theory offered, so too [[Joan Copjec]] criticised early work around the gaze in the light of the work of [[Michel Foucault]].<ref>[http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199791286/obo-9780199791286-0052.xml Todd McGowan, 'Psychoanalytic Film Theory]</ref> The role of [[Psychological trauma|trauma]] in cinematic representation came more to the fore,<ref>[http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199791286/obo-9780199791286-0052.xml McGowan]</ref> and Lacanian analysis was seen to offer fertile ways of speaking of film rather than definitive answers or conclusive self-knowledge.<ref>Lapsley, p. 273-6</ref>

==See also==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Feminist film theory]]
* [[Scopophilia]]
* [[Screen (journal)|''Screen'']]
* [[Voyeurism]]
* [[Slavoj Žižek]]
* ''[[The Pervert's Guide to Cinema]]''
* [[Psychology of film]]
}}

==Citations==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
{{refbegin|}}
*{{cite book|last1=Creed|first1=Barbara|editor1-last=Hill|editor1-first=John|editor2-last=Church Gibson|editor2-first=Pamela|title=The Oxford Guide to Film Studies|date=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford; New York|isbn=9780198711155|url=https://ic.ucsc.edu/~vktonay/psyc179d/Psychoanalyse.pdf|access-date=2016-10-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421153517/https://ic.ucsc.edu/~vktonay/psyc179d/Psychoanalyse.pdf|archive-date=2015-04-21|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Kügle|first1=Markus|title=50 Jahre suture! Everything you always wanted to know about the beginning of psychoanalytic film theory* (* but were afraid to ask Oudart)|journal=FFK Journal|date=12 March 2020|issue=5 |pages=206–222 |doi=10.25969/mediarep/13744 |url=http://ffk-journal.de/?journal=ffk-journal&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=115.xml}}
*{{cite book|last1=Lapsley|first1=Robert|last2=Westlake|first2=Michael|title=Film theory : an introduction|date=1988|publisher=Manchester University Press|location=Manchester, UK; New York|isbn=9780719018893|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/filmtheoryintrod0000laps}}
*{{cite journal|last1=McGowan|first1=Todd|title=Psychoanalytic Film Theory|journal=Cinema and Media Studies|date=28 October 2011|doi=10.1093/OBO/9780199791286-0052|isbn=978-0-19-979128-6 |url=http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199791286/obo-9780199791286-0052.xml}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* [[Gilles Deleuze]], ''Cinema I'' (1986)
* [[Christian Metz (critic)|Christian Metz]], ''The Imaginary Signifier'' (1982)
* [[Laura Mulvey]], ''Visual and other pleasures'' (1989)
* [[Mary Ann Doane]], ''Femmes Fatales'' (1991)
* [[Todd McGowan]], ''The Real Gaze'' (2007)
* Todd McGowan, ''Psychoanalytic Film Theory and the Rules of the Game'' (2015)

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110528044613/http://www.nettonet.org/Nettonet/Film%20Program/theory/psycho_theory.htm "Psychoanalytical film theory"]
* [http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/MRC/moviepsych.html   Bibliography on film and psychoanalytic theory, film and dreams] via UC Berkeley Media Resources Center
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050722031714/http://www.psychoanalysis.org.uk/epff3/filmbibliography.htm Bibliography - from The 3rd European Psychoanalytic Film Festival]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090124165107/http://www.psychoanalysis.org.uk/cinema.htm Bibliography - European Psychoanalytic Film Festival (epff) website]

{{Filmstudies}}

[[Category:Film theory]]
[[Category:Psychology of art]]