Editing Psychiatrist

{{Short description|Physician (M.D.) who specializes in psychiatry}}
{{Other uses}}
{{distinguish|Psychologist}}
{{Infobox Occupation
| name= Psychiatrist
| image= <!--[[File:Psi2.png|100px]]-->
| official_names= {{hlist|Psychiatrist|[[wikt:alienist#English|alienist]] ''(archaic)''}}
<!------------Details------------------->
| type= {{hlist|[[Profession]]|[[Specialty (medicine)|specialization]]}}
| activity_sector= {{hlist|[[Medicine]]|[[psychiatry]]}}
| competencies= {{hlist|Analytical mind|patience}}
| formation= [[Doctor of Medicine]] (M.D.)<br> [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery]] (MBBS/MBChB) <br> [[Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine]] (D.O.) 
| employment_field= [[Psychiatric clinic]]s
| related_occupation= {{hlist|[[Psychologist]]|[[psychotherapist]]|[[Psychiatric-mental health nurse practitioner]]}}
}}

A '''psychiatrist''' is a [[physician]] who specializes in [[psychiatry]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Liu |first=Howard |date=January 2023 |title=What is Psychiatry? |url=https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/what-is-psychiatry#:~:text=Psychiatry%20is%20the%20branch%20of,health%2C%20including%20substance%20use%20disorders. |website=Psychiatry.org}}</ref> Psychiatrists are physicians who evaluate patients to determine whether their symptoms are the result of a physical illness, a combination of physical and mental ailments or strictly mental issues. Sometimes a psychiatrist works within a multi-disciplinary team, which may comprise [[Clinical psychology|clinical psychologists]], [[social work]]ers, [[occupational therapist]]s, and [[Nursing|nursing staff]]. Psychiatrists have broad training in a [[Biopsychosocial model|biopsychosocial]] approach to the assessment and management of mental illness.

As part of the clinical assessment process, psychiatrists may employ a [[mental status examination]]; a [[physical examination]]; [[brain imaging]] such as a [[computerized tomography]], [[magnetic resonance imaging]], or [[positron emission tomography]] scan; and [[blood testing]]. Psychiatrists use [[Pharmacology|pharmacologic]], [[Psychotherapy|psychotherapeutic]], or [[Interventional Psychiatry|interventional]] approaches to treat mental disorders.

== Subspecialties ==
The field of psychiatry has many subspecialties that require additional ([[fellowship (medicine)|fellowship]]) training, which, in the US, are certified by the [[American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology]] (ABPN) and require Maintenance of Certification Program to continue. These include the following:<ref>{{Cite web|title = Taking a Subspecialty Exam - American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology|url = http://www.abpn.com/become-certified/taking-a-subspecialty-exam/|access-date = 2015-09-19|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150905061842/http://www.abpn.com/become-certified/taking-a-subspecialty-exam/|archive-date = 2015-09-05}}</ref> 
* [[Clinical neurophysiology]]
* [[Forensic psychiatry]]
* [[Addiction psychiatry]]
* [[Child and adolescent psychiatry]]
* [[Geriatric psychiatry]]
* [[Hospice and palliative medicine|Palliative care]]
* [[Pain management]]
* [[Liaison psychiatry|Consultation-liaison psychiatry]]
* [[Sleep medicine]]
* [[Brain injury medicine]]

Further, other specialties that exist include:<ref name="UKReq" />
* [[Cross-cultural psychiatry]]
* [[Emergency psychiatry]]
* [[Learning disability]]
* [[Neurodevelopmental disorder]]
* [[Cognition]] diseases, as in various forms of [[dementia]]
* [[Biological psychiatry]]
* [[Community psychiatry]]
* [[Global mental health]]
* [[Military psychiatry]]
* [[Social psychiatry]]
* [[Sports psychiatry]]

The United Council for Neurologic Subspecialties in the United States offers certification and fellowship program accreditation in the subspecialties of [[Behavioral Neurology|behavioral neurology]] and [[neuropsychiatry]], which is open to both [[Neurology|neurologists]] and psychiatrists.

Some psychiatrists specialize in helping certain age groups. [[Pediatric psychiatry]] is the area of the profession working with children in addressing psychological problems.<ref name=UKReq /> Psychiatrists specializing in [[geriatric psychiatry]] work with the elderly and are called geriatric psychiatrists or geropsychiatrists.<ref name=UKReq /> Those who practice psychiatry in the workplace are called occupational psychiatrists in the United States and [[Industrial and organizational psychology|occupational psychology]] is the name used for the most similar discipline in the UK.<ref name=UKReq /> Psychiatrists working in the courtroom and reporting to the judge and jury, in both criminal and civil court cases, are called [[forensic psychiatrist]]s, who also treat mentally disordered offenders and other patients whose condition is such that they have to be treated in secure units.<ref name=UKReq /><ref name=ABPNSubSpecial />

Other psychiatrists may also specialize in [[psychopharmacology]], [[psychotherapy]], [[psychiatric genetics]], [[neuroimaging]], [[dementia]]-related disorders such as [[Alzheimer's disease]], [[attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]], [[sleep medicine]], [[pain medicine]], [[palliative medicine]], [[eating disorder]]s, [[Sexual dysfunction|sexual disorders]], [[women's health]], [[global mental health]], [[early intervention in psychosis|early psychosis intervention]], [[mood disorders]] and [[anxiety disorders]] such as [[obsessive–compulsive disorder]] and [[post-traumatic stress disorder]].<ref name=UKReq /><ref name="ABPNSubSpecial">American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology, Inc. (5 March 2007).  ''ABPN Certification - Subspecialties''.  Retrieved March 25, 2007, from [https://web.archive.org/web/20060209140719/http://www.abpn.com/cert_subspecialties.htm]</ref>

Psychiatrists work in a wide variety of settings. Some are full-time [[medical research]]ers, many see patients in private medical practices, and [[Liaison psychiatry|consult liaison psychiatrists]] see patients in hospital settings where psychiatric and other medical conditions interact.

== Professional requirements ==
While requirements to become a psychiatric physician differ from country to country, all require a [[medical degree]].<ref name=UKReq>The Royal College of Psychiatrists. (2005). ''Careers info for School leavers''.  Retrieved March 25, 2007, from {{cite web |url=http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/training/careersinpsychiatry/careerbooklet.aspx |title=Your training &#124; Royal College of Psychiatrists |access-date=2007-03-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070709051515/http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/training/careersinpsychiatry/careerbooklet.aspx |archive-date=2007-07-09 }}</ref><ref name=USReq>Psychiatry.com (Unknown last update). ''Student Information''.  Retrieved March 25, 2007, from {{cite web |url=http://www.psychiatry.com/student.php |title=Psychiatry.com - Student Information |access-date=2007-09-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101023095258/http://www.psychiatry.com/student.php |archive-date=2010-10-23 }}</ref>

===India===
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2017|small=yes}}
In [[India]], a [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery]] (MBBS) degree is the basic qualification needed to do psychiatry. After completing an MBBS (including an internship), they can attend various PG medical entrance exams and get a [[Doctor of Medicine]] (M.D.) in psychiatry, which is a 3-year course. Diploma course in psychiatry or DNB psychiatry can also be taken to become a psychiatrist.

===Netherlands===
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2017|small=yes}}
In the [[Netherlands]], one must complete [[Medical school#Netherlands and Belgium|medical school]] after which one is certified as a medical doctor. After a strict selection program, one can specialize for 4.5-years in psychiatry. During this specialization, the resident has to do a 6-month residency in the field of social psychiatry, a 12-month residency in a field of their own choice (which can be child psychiatry, forensic psychiatry, somatic medicine, or medical research). To become an adolescent psychiatrist, one has to do an extra specialization period of 2 more years. In short, this means that it takes at least 10.5 years of study to become a psychiatrist which can go up to 12.5 years if one becomes a children's and adolescent psychiatrist.

===Pakistan===
In [[Pakistan]], one must complete basic medical education, an MBBS, then get registered with the [[Pakistan Medical and Dental Council]] (PMDC) as a [[general practitioner]] after a one-year mandatory internship, house job. After registration with PMDC, one has to take the FCPS-I exam. After that, they pursue four additional years of training in psychiatry at the [[College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan]].<ref>[http://cpsp.edu.pk/index.php?code=cHJvZ3JhbXxwcm9ncmFtLnBocHxwcm9nX2luZm8ucGhwfDF8MA== Training Programs] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912060834/http://www.cpsp.edu.pk/index.php?code=cHJvZ3JhbXxwcm9ncmFtLnBocHxwcm9nX2luZm8ucGhwfDF8MA== |date=2015-09-12 }}</ref> Training includes rotations in general medicine, neurology, and [[clinical psychology]] for three months each, during the first two years. There is a mid-exam intermediate module and a final exam after four years.

=== Hong Kong ===
In the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR), psychiatrists are required to obtain a medical degree, followed by a minimum of six years of specialized training. Then, they must achieve fellowship at the Hong Kong College of Psychiatrists and attain the qualification of 'specialist in psychiatry' from the Medical Council. Certified psychiatrists are included in the registry.<ref>{{Cite web|last=The Hong Kong College of Psychiatrists|date=2023-08-20|title=香港精神科醫生名單|url=https://www.hkcpsych.org.hk/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=3854&Itemid=465&lang=tw|website=www.hkcpsych.org.hk |language=en, zh}}</ref>

The fees charged by specialist psychiatrists vary. In private clinics, the cost of a consultation starts from HK$1,500.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-05-27|title=兒童精神科醫生邊個好？即睇收費及公私營選擇- 香港兒科醫學資訊網|url=https://hkchildhealth.info/%e5%85%92%e7%ab%a5%e7%b2%be%e7%a5%9e%e7%a7%91%e9%86%ab%e7%94%9f/|access-date=2023-09-02|website=hkchildhealth.info|language=zh-TW}}</ref> Compared to private clinics, the fees for specialist outpatient services of the Hospital Authority are lower, but the waiting time can be as long as two years.<ref>{{Cite web|title=醫院管理局精神科門診新症輪候時間|url=https://www.ha.org.hk/visitor/sopc_waiting_time.asp?id=7&lang=CHIB5|access-date=2023-09-03|website=www.ha.org.hk}}</ref> For Eligible Persons, the first consultation fee is HK$135, and each subsequent consultation fee is HK$80. Additionally, the cost for each type of medication is HK$15.

===United Kingdom and Ireland===
In the [[United Kingdom]], psychiatrists must hold a medical degree.<ref>[http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/training/careersinpsychiatry/careerinfoforschoolleavers.aspx Careers info for School leavers] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080207103939/http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/training/careersinpsychiatry/careerinfoforschoolleavers.aspx |date=2008-02-07 }}</ref> Following this, the individual will work as a [[Foundation House Officer|foundation house officer]] for two additional years in the UK, or one year as an [[intern]] in [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] to achieve registration as a basic medical practitioner. Training in psychiatry can then begin and it is taken in two parts: three years of basic specialist training culminating in the [[Member of the Royal College of Psychiatrists|MRCPsych]] exam, followed by three years of higher specialist training referred to as "ST4-6" in the UK and "Senior Registrar Training" in Ireland. Candidates with MRCPsych degree and complete basic training must reinterview for higher specialist training. At this stage, the development of special interests such as forensic or child/adolescent takes place. At the end of 3 years of higher specialist training, candidates are awarded a [[Certificate of Completion of Training|Certificate of Completion of (Specialist) Training]] (CC(S)T). At this stage, the psychiatrist can register as a specialist, and the qualification of CC(S)T is recognized in all EU/EEA states. As such, training in the UK and Ireland is considerably longer than in the US or Canada and frequently takes around 8–9 years following graduation from medical school. Those with a CC(S)T will be able to apply for consultant posts. Those with training from outside the EU/EEA should consult local/native medical boards to review their qualifications and eligibility for equivalence recognition (for example, those with a US residency and ABPN qualification).

=== United States and Canada ===
In the United States and Canada, one must first attain the degree of [[Doctor of Medicine|M.D.]] or [[Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine]], followed by practice as a [[Residency (medicine)|psychiatric resident]] for another four years (five years in Canada). This extended period involves comprehensive training in psychiatric diagnosis, psychopharmacology, medical care issues, and psychotherapies. All accredited psychiatry residencies in the United States require proficiency in cognitive behavioral, [[Brief psychotherapy|brief]], [[Psychodynamic psychotherapy|psychodynamic]], and [[Supportive psychotherapy|supportive psychotherapies]]. Psychiatry residents are required to complete at least four post-graduate months of internal medicine or pediatrics, plus a minimum of two months of neurology during their first year of residency, referred to as an "internship".<ref name=USReq /> After completing their training, psychiatrists are eligible to take a specialty board examination to become board-certified.<ref name=USReq /> The total amount of time required to complete educational and training requirements in the field of psychiatry in the United States is twelve years after high school. Subspecialists in child and adolescent psychiatry are required to complete a two-year fellowship program, the first year of which can run concurrently with the fourth year of the general psychiatry residency program. This adds one to two years of training. The average compensation for psychiatrists in the U.S. in 2023 was $309,000.<ref name="Koval 2023">{{cite web |last1=Koval |first1=Mary |title=Your Income vs Your Peers': Medscape Psychiatrist Compensation Report 2023 |url=https://www.medscape.com/slideshow/2023-compensation-psychiatrist-6016375 |website=Medscape |access-date=21 January 2024 |date=24 May 2023}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=20em|content=
*[[List of psychiatrists]]
*[[List of fictional psychiatrists]]
*[[Antipsychiatry]]
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author=American Psychiatric Association |author-link=American Psychiatric Association |date=2013 |title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders |edition=5th |location=Arlington, VA |publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing |isbn=978-0-89042-554-1 |oclc=830807378 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse }}
* {{cite book |last1=Frances |first1=Allen |author1-link=Allen Frances |last2=First |first2=Michael B. |author2-link=Michael First |date=1999 |title=Your Mental Health: A Layman's Guide to the Psychiatrist's Bible |location=New York |publisher=Scribner |isbn=978-0-684-83720-8 |oclc=605729701 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/yourmentalhealth00fran }}
* {{Cite journal | last=Hafner |first=H. |date=January 2002 |title=Psychiatrie als Beruf |trans-title=Psychiatry as a profession |language=de |journal=Der Nervenarzt | volume = 73 | issue = 1|pmid = 11975061 | pages = 33–40|doi=10.1007/s115-002-8144-1 |s2cid=42786753 }}
* {{cite book |last=Stout |first=Chris E. |author-link=Chris Stout (psychologist) |date=1993 |title=From the Other Side of the Couch: Candid Conversations with Psychiatrists and Psychologists |location=Westport, CT |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0-313-27765-8 |oclc=27897880 }}
{{refend}}

{{Psychiatry}}

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[[Category:Psychiatrists| ]]
[[Category:Mental health occupations]]