Editing Psychedelia

{{Short description|1960s subculture related to the use of psychedelics}}
{{other uses|Psychedelic (disambiguation){{!}}Psychedelic}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2016}}
[[File:Liquid Oil Projection.jpg|thumb|right|Liquid oil projection using a powerful lamp has been used to project swirling colours onto screens since the 1960s]]
[[File:Cadillac Ranch in Texas (9313106739).jpg|thumb|[[Cadillac Ranch]], an example of psychedelic art]]
{{Psychedelic sidebar}}
'''Psychedelia''' usually refers to a [[Aesthetics|style or aesthetic]] that is resembled in the psychedelic [[subculture]] of the 1960s and the [[psychedelic experience]] produced by certain [[psychoactive]] substances. This includes [[psychedelic art]], [[psychedelic music]] and [[style of dress]] during that era. This was primarily generated by people who used [[psychedelic drug]]s such as [[LSD]], [[mescaline]] (found in [[peyote]]) and [[psilocybin]] (found in [[psilocybin mushroom|magic mushrooms]]) and also non-users who were participants and aficionados of this subculture. Psychedelic art and music typically recreate or reflect the experience of [[altered consciousness]]. Psychedelic art uses highly [[distortion|distorted]], [[Surrealism|surreal]] visuals, bright [[color]]s and full [[spectrum]]s and [[animation]] (including [[cartoon]]s) to evoke, convey, or enhance the psychedelic experience.

Psychedelic music uses [[distortion (music)|distorted]] [[electric guitar]], [[Indian music]] elements such as the [[sitar]], [[tabla]],<ref>{{Cite book|title=Immigration and American popular culture : an introduction|last=Rubin, Rachel, 1964–|date=2007|publisher=New York University Press|others=Melnick, Jeffrey Paul.|isbn=978-1-4356-0043-0|location=New York|oclc=173511775}}</ref> [[effects unit|electronic effects]], [[sound effect]]s and [[reverb effect|reverb]], and elaborate studio effects, such as playing tapes backwards or panning the music from one side to another.{{sfn|Hicks|2000}}

A [[psychedelic experience]] is characterized by the striking perception of aspects of one's mind previously unknown, or by the creative exuberance of the mind liberated from its ostensibly ordinary fetters. Psychedelic states are an array of experiences including changes of [[perception]] such as [[hallucination]]s, [[synesthesia]], altered [[Awareness|states of awareness]] or focused consciousness, variation in thought patterns, [[trance]] or [[hypnosis|hypnotic]] states, [[mystical]] states, and other mind alterations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is a "Psychedelic Experience?" {{!}} Mindbloom |url=https://www.mindbloom.com/blog/what-is-a-psychedelic-experience#:~:text=There%20are%20a%20number |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=www.mindbloom.com |language=en}}</ref>

These processes can lead some people to experience changes in mental operation defining their [[Self-concept|self-identity]] (whether in momentary acuity or chronic development) different enough from their previous normal state that it can excite feelings of newly formed understanding such as [[revelation]], [[Divine illumination|illumination]], [[confusion]], and [[psychosis]]. Individuals who use psychedelic drugs for spiritual purposes or self-discovery are commonly referred to as ''[[psychonaut]]s''.

==Etymology==
[[File:Smokingclover.png|thumb|The [[smoking clover]], a [[computer-generated image]] of psychedelic artwork]]
The term was first coined as a noun in 1956 by [[psychiatry|psychiatrist]] [[Humphry Osmond]] as an alternative descriptor for [[hallucinogen|hallucinogenic drugs]] in the context of [[psychedelic psychotherapy]].<ref>[[Nicholas Murray (biographer)|Nicholas Murray]], ''Aldous Huxley: A Biography'', 419.</ref> It is irregularly<ref>''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', 3rd edition, September 2007, ''[https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/153850 s.v.]'', Etymology</ref> derived from the [[Greek language|Greek]] words ψυχή ''psychḗ'' 'soul, mind' and δηλείν ''dēleín'' 'to manifest', with the meaning "mind manifesting," the implication being that psychedelics can develop unused potentials of the human mind.<ref>A. Weil, W. Rosen. (1993), ''From Chocolate To Morphine: Everything You Need To Know About Mind-Altering Drugs''. New York, Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 93</ref> The term was loathed by American [[ethnobotanist]] [[Richard Schultes]] but championed by American psychologist [[Timothy Leary]].<ref>W. Davis (1996), "One River: Explorations and Discoveries in the Amazon Rain Forest". New York, Simon and Schuster, Inc. p. 120.</ref>

Seeking a name for the experience induced by [[lysergic acid diethylamide|LSD]], Osmond contacted [[Aldous Huxley]], a personal acquaintance and advocate for the therapeutic use of the substance. Huxley coined the term "phanerothyme," from the Greek terms for "manifest" (φανερός) and "spirit" (θύμος). In a letter to Osmond, he wrote: 
{{blockquote|
To make this mundane world sublime,<br>
Take half a gram of phanerothyme}}

To which Osmond responded:
{{blockquote|
To fathom Hell or soar angelic,<br>
Just take a pinch of psychedelic<ref>{{cite journal|pmc=381240|title=Humphry Osmond|author=Janice Hopkins Tanne | page=713|volume=328|issue=7441|journal=BMJ: British Medical Journal|doi=10.1136/bmj.328.7441.713|year=2004}}</ref>
}}

It was on this term that Osmond eventually settled, because it was "clear, euphonious and uncontaminated by other associations."<ref>{{cite news|author=Martin, Douglas|title=Humphry Osmond, 86, Who Sought Medicinal Value in Psychedelic Drugs, Dies|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=February 22, 2004|page=1001025}}</ref> This mongrel spelling of the word 'psychedelic' was loathed by American [[ethnobotanist]] [[Richard Evans Schultes]], but championed by Timothy Leary, who thought it sounded better.<ref>W. Davis (1996), ''One River: Explorations and Discoveries in the Amazon Rain Forest''. New York, [[Simon & Schuster]], Inc. p. 120.</ref> Due to the expanded use of the term "psychedelic" in pop culture and a perceived incorrect verbal formulation, [[Carl A.P. Ruck]], Jeremy Bigwood, [[Danny Staples]], [[Jonathan Ott]], and [[R. Gordon Wasson]] proposed the term "[[entheogen]]" to describe the religious or spiritual experience produced by such substances.<ref>[[R. Gordon Wasson]], [[Albert Hofmann]], and, [[Carl A.P. Ruck]], ''The Road to Eleusis: Unveiling the Secret of the Mysteries'' (North Atlantic Books, 2008), pgs. 138–139</ref>

==History==
{{Missing information|section|the origins of psychedelic culture available for copy at [[Acid rock#Origins and ideology]]|date=January 2017}}

From the second half of the 1950s, [[Beat Generation]] writers like [[William Burroughs]], [[Jack Kerouac]] and [[Allen Ginsberg]]<ref>J. Campbell, ''This is the Beat Generation: New York, San Francisco, Paris'' (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2001), {{ISBN|0-520-23033-7}}.</ref> wrote about and took drugs, including [[cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] and [[Benzedrine]], raising awareness and helping to popularise their use.<ref>R. Worth, ''Illegal Drugs: Condone Or Incarcerate?'' (Marshall Cavendish, 2009), {{ISBN|0-7614-4234-0}}, p. 30.</ref> In the same period [[Lysergic acid diethylamide]], better known as LSD, or "acid" (at the time a legal drug), began to be used in the US and UK as an experimental treatment, initially promoted as a potential cure for mental illness.<ref>D. Farber, "The Psychologists Psychology:The Intoxicated State/Illegal Nation – Drugs in the Sixties Counterculture", in P. Braunstein and M. W. Doyle (eds), ''Imagine Nation: The Counterculture of the 1960s and '70s'' (New York: Routledge, 2002), {{ISBN|0-415-93040-5}}, p. 21.</ref>

In the early 1960s, the use of LSD and other hallucinogens was advocated by proponents of the new "consciousness expansion", such as [[Timothy Leary]], [[Alan Watts]], [[Aldous Huxley]] and [[Arthur Koestler]],<ref>[[Anne Applebaum]], [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/01/26/did-the-death-of-communis_n_435939.html "Did The Death Of Communism Take Koestler And Other Literary Figures With It?]", ''[[The Huffington Post]]'', 26 January 2010.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pages.cthome.net/tobelman/The_Out-Of-Sight_SMiLE_Site.html|title=''Out-Of-Sight!'' SMiLE Timeline|access-date=30 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100201234435/http://pages.cthome.net/tobelman/The_Out-Of-Sight_SMiLE_Site.html|archive-date=1 February 2010}}</ref> their writings profoundly influenced the thinking of the new generation of youth.<ref>L. R. Veysey, ''[[The Communal Experience: Anarchist and Mystical Communities in Twentieth-Century America]]'' (Chicago IL, University of Chicago Press, 1978), {{ISBN|0-226-85458-2}}, p. 437.</ref> There had long been a culture of drug use among [[jazz]] and [[blues]] musicians, and use of drugs (including cannabis, [[peyote]], [[mescaline]] and LSD<ref>T. Albright, ''[[Art in the San Francisco Bay Area (book)|Art in the San Francisco Bay area, 1945–1980: an Illustrated History]]'' (University of California Press, 1985), {{ISBN|0-520-05193-9}}, p. 166.</ref>) had begun to grow among folk and rock musicians, who also began to include drug references in their songs.<ref>J. Shepherd, ''Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World: Media, Industry and Society'' (New York, NY: Continuum, 2003), {{ISBN|0-8264-6321-5}}, p. 211.</ref>{{refn|group=nb|New York folk musician [[Peter Stampfel]] claimed to be the first to use the word "psychedelic" in a song lyric ([[The Holy Modal Rounders]]' version of "[[Hesitation Blues]]", 1963).{{sfn|DeRogatis|2003|p=8}}}} In the UK rock scene, some notable users were groups such as the [[Rolling Stones]], [[the Beatles]] and [[the Moody Blues]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Gilmore |first=M |date=25 August 2016 |title=Beatles' Acid Test: How LSD Opened the Door to 'Revolver' |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/feature/beatles-acid-test-how-lsd-opened-the-door-to-revolver-251417/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203211257/https://www.rollingstone.com/feature/beatles-acid-test-how-lsd-opened-the-door-to-revolver-251417/ |archive-date=3 December 2020 |access-date=12 December 2024 |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]}}</ref>

By the mid-1960s, the psychedelic life-style had already developed in California, and an entire [[subculture]] developed. This was particularly true in San Francisco, due in part to the first major underground LSD factory, established there by [[Owsley Stanley]].{{sfn|DeRogatis|2003|pp=8–9}} There was also an emerging music scene of folk clubs, coffee houses and independent radio stations catering to a population of students at nearby [[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]], and to free thinkers that had gravitated to the city.<ref name="Unterberger2003pp11-13">R. Unterberger, ''Eight Miles High: Folk-Rock's Flight from Haight-Ashbury to Woodstock'' (London: Backbeat Books, 2003), {{ISBN|0-87930-743-9}}, pp.&nbsp;11–13.</ref>

From 1964, the [[Merry Pranksters]], a loose group that developed around novelist [[Ken Kesey]], sponsored the [[Acid Tests]], a series of events based around the taking of LSD (supplied by Stanley), accompanied by light shows, film projection and discordant, improvised music known as the ''psychedelic symphony''.<ref name="pc41">{{cite web|url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc19800/m1/|title=Show 41 – The Acid Test: Psychedelics and a sub-culture emerge in San Francisco. [Part 1&#93; : UNT Digital Library|author=Gilliland, John|year=1969|author-link=John Gilliland|work=[[Pop Chronicles]]|publisher=Digital.library.unt.edu|format=audio|access-date=6 May 2011}}</ref>{{sfn|Hicks|2000|p=60}} The Pranksters helped popularize LSD use through their road trips across America in a psychedelically decorated school bus, which involved distributing the drug and meeting with major figures of the beat movement, and through publications about their activities such as [[Tom Wolfe]]'s ''[[The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test]]'' (1968).<ref name="Mann2009p87">J. Mann, ''Turn on and Tune in: Psychedelics, Narcotics and Euphoriants'' (Royal Society of Chemistry, 2009), {{ISBN|1-84755-909-3}}, p. 87.</ref>

Leary was a well-known proponent of the use of psychedelics, as was [[Aldous Huxley]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Al Hubbard furnishes Aldous Huxley with LSD on December 24, 1955. |url=https://www.historylink.org/File/23062 |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=www.historylink.org}}</ref> However, both advanced widely different opinions on the broad use of psychedelics by [[State (polity)|state]] and [[civil society]]. Leary promulgated the idea of such substances as a [[Panacea (medicine)|panacea]], while Huxley suggested that only the cultural and intellectual elite should partake of entheogens systematically.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Evans |first=Jules |date=2023-11-15 |title=Happy 70th anniversary of your first trip, Aldous Huxley |url=https://julesevans.medium.com/happy-70th-trip-anniversary-aldous-huxley-fca7bacc52d1 |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=Medium |language=en}}</ref>

In the [[counterculture of the 1960s|1960s]], the use of psychedelic drugs became widespread in modern [[Western culture]], particularly in the [[United States]] and [[United Kingdom|Britain]]. The movement is credited to [[Michael Hollingshead]] who arrived in America from London in 1965. He was sent to the U.S. by other members of the psychedelic movement to get their ideas exposure.<ref>{{cite book|author=Wilson, Andrew|title=Summer of Love: Psychedelic Art, Social Crisis and Counterculture in the 1960s|year=2007|publisher=[[Liverpool University Press]]|location=Liverpool|edition=8|chapter=Spontaneous Underground: An Introduction to Psychedelic Scenes, 1965–1968|editor=Christopher Grunenberg, Jonathan Harris|pages=63–98}}</ref> The [[Summer of Love]] of 1967 and the resultant popularization of the [[hippie]] culture to the mainstream popularized psychedelia in the minds of [[popular culture]], where it remained dominant through the 1970s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theconversation.com/the-summer-of-love-was-more-than-hippies-and-lsd-it-was-the-start-of-modern-individualism-77212|title=The Summer of Love was more than hippies and LSD – it was the start of modern individualism|website=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]]|date=July 6, 2017|access-date=September 27, 2019}}</ref>

==Modern usage==
[[Image:PsychedelicVACHulaHoop.JPG|thumb|A [[retro]] example of psychedelia; the dancer combines 1960s fashion with modern LED lighting.]]
The impact of psychedelic drugs on western culture in the 1960s led to [[semantic drift]] in the use of the word "psychedelic", and it is now frequently used to describe anything with abstract decoration of multiple bright colours, similar to those seen in drug-induced hallucinations. In objection to this new meaning, and to what some{{Who|date=June 2011}} consider [[pejorative]] meanings of other synonyms such as "[[hallucinogen]]" and "[[psychotomimetic]]", the term "entheogen" was proposed and is seeing increasing use. However, many consider the term "entheogen" best reserved for religious and spiritual usage, such as certain Native American churches do with the peyote sacrament, and "psychedelic" left to describe those who are using these drugs for recreation, psychotherapy, physical healing, or creative problem solving. In science, [[hallucinogen]] remains the standard term.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://informationisbeautiful.net/visualizations/drugs-world/|title=Drugs World |publisher=Informationisbeautiful.net|access-date=September 27, 2019}}</ref>

==Visual art==
{{Main|Psychedelic art}}
{{multiple issues|section=yes|
{{Summary too long|Psychedelic art|date=January 2017}}
{{unreferenced section|date=January 2017}}
}}

[[File:The Fool guitar (replica).jpg|thumb|upright|Replica of [[Eric Clapton]]'s "[[The Fool (guitar)|The Fool]]", a guitar design which became symbolic of the [[psychedelic era]]]]

Advances in printing and photographic technology in the 1960s saw the traditional [[lithography]] printing techniques rapidly superseded by the [[offset printing]] system. This and other technical and industrial innovations gave young artists access to exciting new graphic techniques and media, including photographic and mixed media collage, metallic foils, and vivid new fluorescent "[[DayGlo]]" inks. This enabled them to explore innovative new illustrative styles including highly distorted visuals, cartoons, and lurid colors and full [[spectrum]]s to evoke a sense of altered consciousness; many works also featured idiosyncratic and complex new fonts and lettering styles (most notably in the work of San Francisco-based poster artist Rick Griffin). Many artists in the late 1960s and early 1970s attempted to illustrate the psychedelic experience in [[paintings]], [[drawings]], [[illustration]]s, and other forms of graphic design.

The [[Counterculture of the 1960s|counterculture]] music scene frequently used psychedelic designs on posters during the [[Summer of Love]], leading to a popularization of the style. The most productive and influential centre of psychedelic art in the late 1960s was [[San Francisco]]; a scene driven in large measure by the patronage of the popular local music venues of the day like the [[Avalon Ballroom]] and [[Bill Graham (promoter)|Bill Graham]]'s [[Fillmore West]], which regularly commissioned young local artists like [[Robert Crumb]], [[Stanley Mouse]], [[Rick Griffin]] and others. They produced a wealth of distinctive psychedelic promotional [[poster]]s and handbills for concerts that featured emerging psychedelic bands like [[Big Brother and the Holding Company]],<ref>{{cite web| publisher=[[AllMusic]]| author=Mark Deming| title=Big Brother & the Holding Company: ''Sex, Dope & Cheap Thrills''| url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/sex-dope-cheap-thrills-mw0003211577| access-date=10 March 2022}}</ref> [[The Grateful Dead]] and [[Jefferson Airplane]]. Many of these works are now regarded as classics of the poster genre, and original items by these artists command high prices on the collector market today.

Contemporary with the burgeoning San Francisco scene, a smaller but equally creative psychedelic art movement emerged in London, led by expatriate Australian pop artist [[Martin Sharp]], who created many striking psychedelic posters and illustrations for the influential underground publication [[Oz magazine]], as well as the famous album covers for the [[Cream (band)|Cream]] albums ''[[Disraeli Gears]]'' and ''[[Wheels of Fire]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Organ|first=Michael|date=2018-07-03|title=Confrontational continuum: modernism and the psychedelic art of Martin Sharp|url=https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1710&context=asdpapers|journal=The Sixties|volume=11|issue=2|pages=156–182|doi=10.1080/17541328.2018.1532169|s2cid=149680436 |issn=1754-1328|url-access=|url-status=|archive-url=|archive-date=}}</ref>

Other prominent London practitioners of the style included: design duo [[Hapshash and the Coloured Coat]], whose work included numerous famous posters, as well as psychedelic "makeovers" on a piano for [[Paul McCartney]] and a car for doomed [[Guinness]] heir [[Tara Browne]], and design collective [[The Fool (design collective)|The Fool]], who created clothes and album art for several leading UK bands including [[The Beatles]], Cream, and [[The Move]]. The Beatles loved psychedelic designs on their albums, and designer group called The Fool created psychedelic design, art, paint at the short-lived [[Apple Boutique]] (1967–1968) in Baker St, London.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.strawberrywalrus.com/applestore.html |title=Beatles APPLE BOUTIQUE |access-date=2019-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060818095857/http://www.strawberrywalrus.com/applestore.html |archive-date=2006-08-18 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Janis Joplin's Porsche - Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (2014-12-30 11.13.10 by Sam Howzit).jpg|thumb|right|Joplin's [[Porsche 356]]C in "[[Summer of Love]] – Art of the Psychedelic Era" at the [[Whitney Museum]] in New York City]]

Blues rock singer Janis Joplin had a psychedelic car, a Porsche 356.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-10-05 |title=Janis Joplin's Porsche |url=https://newsroom.porsche.com/en/christophorus/porsche-356-sc-janis-joplin-12303.html |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=Porsche Newsroom |language=en}}</ref> The trend also extended to motor vehicles. The earliest, and perhaps most famous of all psychedelic vehicles was the famous "[[Further (bus)|Further]]" bus, driven by [[Ken Kesey]] and [[The Merry Pranksters]], which was painted inside and out in 1964 with bold psychedelic designs (although these were executed in primary colours, since the DayGlo colours that soon became ''de rigueur'' were then not widely available).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Institution |first=Smithsonian |title=Ken Kesey and the Pranksters aboard his bus, "Further", in the Great Bus Race {{!}} Smithsonian Institution |url=https://www.si.edu/object/ken-kesey-and-pranksters-aboard-his-bus-further-great-bus-race:nmah_892568 |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=Smithsonian Institution |language=en}}</ref> Another very famous example is [[John Lennon's psychedelic Rolls-Royce]] – originally black, he had it repainted in 1967 in a vivid psychedelic gypsy caravan style, prompting bandmate George Harrison to have his [[Mini Cooper]] similarly repainted with logos and devices that reflected his burgeoning interest in Indian spirituality.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Peek |first=Jeff |date=2016-04-26 |title=George Harrison's psychedelic Mini made a big impression |url=https://www.hagerty.com/media/archived/george-harrison-mini/#:~:text=George%20Harrison,%20considered%20the%20%E2%80%9Cquiet,its%2050th%20anniversary%20in%202009. |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=Hagerty Media |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Psychedelia design ==
The Psychedelia movement in the 1960s had a large impact on graphic design and architecture during the movement. During this time period, it was all about taking creative risks. This movement was experimental and colorful. There was a political unrest because of Black and Indigenous groups trying to get their rights. With African Americans, it was the [[civil rights movement]]. Michael Parke-Taylor includes Native Americans in the conversation. For Indigenous or Native Americans, they "represented the perfect symbol of those marginalized and persecuted in contemporary American society."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Parke-Taylor |first=Michael |date=October 2020 |title=Images of Native Americans in Rick Griffin's Early Psychedelic Posters |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jpcu.12962 |journal=The Journal of Popular Culture |language=en |volume=53 |issue=5 |pages=1105–1134 |doi=10.1111/jpcu.12962 |issn=0022-3840}}</ref>

Graphic design during this era was playful and colorful. This was because of the drug known as [[LSD]]. The Hippies took over the psychedelic designs. Jeffrey Meikle understood what the Hippies wanted to create. He knew that the "Hippie artists energized American visual culture with rock concert posters, record jackets, extravagant, and underground newspapers."<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Meikle |first=Jeffrey L. |title=Design in the USA |date=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-284219-0 |series=Oxford history of art |location=Oxford; New York}}</ref> Milton Glaser has a poster design of [[Bob Dylan]]. The poster is colorful and playful. Glaser wanted to get away from the black and white designs of posters and trade that in for a more experimental design. These designs were usually hand painted and printed. The typography was the same as the poster which was playful and colorful. Juliana Duque mentions the typography was "organic patterns, kaleidoscopic textures, and waving (nearly encrypted) lettering combined with intense colors."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Duque |first=Juliana F. |date=2019-07-01 |title=Spaces in Time: The Influence of Aubrey Beardsley on Psychedelic Graphic Design |journal=H-ART. Revista de historia, teoría y crítica de arte |issue=5 |pages=15–38 |doi=10.25025/hart05.2019.02 |issn=2590-9126|doi-access=free }}</ref>

There were a few architecture designs that came out during this period. The graphic design elements on buses were just as colorful as the posters. They employed psychedelic elements to craft immersive environments and foster an interactive space. Luke Dickens explores the overlooked architecture in the 1960s. He mentions The Fifth Dimension as being "highly inventive, utopian “fun palace” used advanced modular technologies... and deployed psychedelic sensibilities as a novel form of disruptive politics to induce critical dispositions towards the built environment."<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dickens |first1=Luke |last2=Edensor |first2=Tim |date=September 2021 |title=Entering the Fifth Dimension: modular modernities, psychedelic sensibilities, and the architectures of lived experience |url=https://rgs-ibg.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/tran.12440 |journal=Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers |language=en |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=659–674 |doi=10.1111/tran.12440 |bibcode=2021TrIBG..46..659D |issn=0020-2754}}</ref> The theme of bright colors was evident in this fiber glass domed-shaped building. This building was meant to trigger psychedelic responses.<ref>https://theplayethic.typepad.com/files/5thdimension.pdf</ref> Similar to The Fifth Dimension, there was a geodesic [[Geodesic dome|dome]] and a [[dymaxion car]] made by Buckminster Fuller. The geodesic dome was complex. Meikle explained that Fuller followed the psychedelia era by wanting to speak "to a counterculture claiming to reject American Materialism."<ref name=":0" />

==Music==
{{Main|Psychedelic music}}

The fashion for psychedelic drugs gave its name to the style of psychedelia, a term describing a category of [[rock music]] known as [[psychedelic rock]], as well as [[visual art]], [[fashion]], and [[culture]] that is associated originally with the high 1960s, hippies, and the [[Haight-Ashbury]] neighborhood of [[San Francisco]], [[California]].<ref>M. Campbell, ''Popular Music in America: And the Beat Goes on'' (Boston, MA: [[Cengage Learning]], 3rd edn., 2008), {{ISBN|0-495-50530-7}}, pp. 212–3.</ref> It often used new recording techniques and effects while drawing on [[Music of Asia|Eastern sources]] such as the [[raga]]s and [[Drone (music)|drones]] of [[Music of India|Indian music]].

One of the first uses of the word in the music scene of this time was in the 1964 recording of "[[Hesitation Blues]]" by folk group the [[Holy Modal Rounders]].{{sfn|Hicks|2000|pp=69–60}} The term was introduced to rock music and popularized by the [[13th Floor Elevators]] 1966 album ''[[The Psychedelic Sounds of the 13th Floor Elevators]]''.{{sfn|Hicks|2000|pp=69–60}} Psychedelia truly took off in 1967 with the [[Summer of Love]] and, although associated with San Francisco, the style soon spread across the [[United States|US]], and worldwide.<ref name=AllmusicPsych>V. Bogdanov, C. Woodstra and [[Stephen Thomas Erlewine|S. T. Erlewine]], ''All Music Guide to Rock: the Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul'' (Milwaukee, WI: [[Backbeat Books]], 3rd edn., 2002), {{ISBN|0-87930-653-X}}, pp. 1322–3.</ref>

The [[electronic dance music]] scene is strongly linked to the consumption of psychedelic drugs, particularly [[MDMA]]. Drug usage in the EDM scene can primarily be traced to British [[Acid house party|acid house parties]] and the [[Second Summer of Love]], which marked the beginnings of [[rave culture]]; these movements, however, were distinct from and mostly unrelated to 1960s psychedelia.

==Festivals==
[[File:Rave xxxperience bh.jpg|Psychedelic Festival in [[Brazil]]|thumb]]

A psychedelic festival is a gathering that promotes [[psychedelic music]] and [[psychedelic art|art]] in an effort to unite participants in a communal [[psychedelic experience]].<ref name=StJohn /> Psychedelic festivals have been described as ''"temporary communities reproduced via personal and collective acts of transgression... through the routine expenditure of excess energy, and through self-sacrifice in acts of abandonment involving ecstatic dancing often fueled by chemical cocktails."''<ref name=StJohn>St John, Graham. [https://dj.dancecult.net/index.php/dancecult/article/view/270 "Neotrance and the Psychedelic Festival."] ''Dancecult: Journal of Electronic Dance Music Culture,'' '''1'''(1) (2009).</ref> These festivals often emphasize the ideals of [[PLUR|peace, love, unity, and respect]].<ref name=StJohn/> Notable psychedelic festivals include the biennial [[Boom Festival]] in Portugal,<ref name=StJohn/> [[Ozora Festival]] in Hungary, Universo Paralello in Brazil as well as Nevada's [[Burning Man]]<ref>Griffith, Martin. [https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=L7pEAAAAIBAJ&sjid=c7YMAAAAIBAJ&dq=psychedelic-festival&pg=4790%2C8780 "Psychedelic Festival to Attract 24,000 Fans"], ''[[The Albany Herald]],'' September 1, 2001. Accessed on July 22, 2011 from Google News Archive.</ref> and California's [[Symbiosis Gathering]] in the United States.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Querner|first=Pascal|date=2010-07-28|title=Capturing the Vision at California's Symbiosis Festival|url=https://dj.dancecult.net/index.php/dancecult/article/view/292/274|journal=Dancecult: Journal of Electronic Dance Music Culture|volume=1|issue=2|pages=105–111|issn=1947-5403|doi=10.12801/1947-5403.2010.01.02.08|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Conferences==
In recent years there has been a resurgence in interest in psychedelic research and a growing number of conferences now take place across the globe.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Labate, Beatriz Caiuby|author2=Cavnar, Clancy|year=2011|title=The expansion of the field of research on ayahuasca: Some reflections about the ayahuasca track at the 2010 MAPS "Psychedelic Science in the 21st Century" conference|journal=International Journal of Drug Policy|volume=22|issue=2|pages=174–178|doi=10.1016/j.drugpo.2010.09.002|pmid=21051213}}</ref> The psychedelic research charity Breaking Convention have hosted one of the world's largest since 2011. A biennial conference in London, UK, Breaking Convention: a multidisciplinary conference on [[Psychedelic experience|psychedelic]] [[consciousness]]<ref>Aman, Jacob. (July 9, 2015) [https://www.synergeticpress.com/breaking-convention/ "Breaking Convention: A Multidisciplinary Conference on Psychedelic Consciousness"], ''[[Breaking Convention 2015]]'' Retrieved 2019-09-27.</ref> is a multidisciplinary conference on psychedelic consciousness. In the US [[Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies|MAPS]] held their first Psychedelic Science conference,<ref>[http://2013.psychedelicscience.org/ "Psychedelic Science"], ''[[Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies: MAPS]]'' Retrieved 2019-09-27.</ref> devoted specifically to research of psychedelics in scientific and medical fields, in 2013. In Australia, Entheogenesis Australis has been hosting the world's longest ongoing conferences around psychedelics and ethnobotany since 2004.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.entheogenesis.org/history |title= History of Entheogenesis Australis|publisher= Entheogenesis Australis (EGA)}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|1960s}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Counterculture of the 1960s]]
* ''[[The Doors of Perception]]''
* [[Ego death]]
* [[Erowid]]
* ''[[God in a Pill?]]''
* [[Psychedelic era]]
* {{annotated link|Psychedelia (film)|''Psychedelia''}}
* [[Psychedelic fish]]
* [[Psychedelic literature]]
* [[Psychedelic plants]]
* [[Psychonautics]]
* [[Serotonergic psychedelic]]
* [[Timeline of 1960s counterculture]]
* [[Trip report]]
* [[Bicycle Day (psychedelic holiday)|Bicycle day]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=nb}}

==References==
{{Reflist|32em}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book|first=Jim|last=DeRogatis|author-link=Jim DeRogatis|title=Turn on Your Mind: Four Decades of Great Psychedelic Rock|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U7cQmRsLgN8C|year=2003|publisher=Hal Leonard|location=Milwaukee, WI|isbn=978-0-634-05548-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Hicks|first=Michael|title=Sixties Rock: Garage, Psychedelic, and Other Satisfactions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JviHtOrIlkkC|year=2000|publisher=University of Illinois Press|location=Urbana, IL|isbn=978-0-252-06915-4}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|psychedelic}}
{{Wiktionary|psychedelia}}
{{Commons category}}

<!--======================== {{No more links}} ============================
    | PLEASE BE CAUTIOUS IN ADDING MORE LINKS TO THIS ARTICLE. Wikipedia  |
    | is not a collection of links nor should it be used for advertising. |
    |                                                                     |
    |           Excessive or inappropriate links WILL BE DELETED.         |
    | See [[Wikipedia:External links]] & [[Wikipedia:Spam]] for details.  |
    |                                                                     |
    | If there are already plentiful links, please propose additions or   |
    | replacements on this article's discussion page, or submit your link |
    | to the relevant category at the Open Directory Project (dmoz.org)   |
    | and link back to that category using the {{dmoz}} template.         |
    ======================= {{No more links}} =============================-->
*https://sagemichael.com/mysteries-of-mushrooms
*[http://www.erowid.org/ Erowid]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160201205439/http://www.sci-con.org/2003/06/the-neurochemistry-of-psychdelic-experiences/ ''Science & Consciousness Review'', The Neurochemistry of Psychedelic Experience] 
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110116195822/http://bitenergy.org/psychedelic/1279-psychedelic-skachat-besplatno.html Psychedelic History]
*[https://tapestrysite.com/trippy-tapestries/ Artists interpretation of psychedelic experiences. ]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110905135942/http://csp.org/chrestomathy/ Online archive: Religion and Psychoactive Sacraments]
*''Magic Mushrooms and Reindeer - Weird Nature''. A short video on the use of ''[[Amanita muscaria]]'' mushrooms by the [[Sami people]] and their [[reindeer]] produced by the [[BBC]]. [https://archive.today/20130102165749/http://www.forbiddenknowledgetv.com/page/446.html]

{{Hippies}}

[[Category:Psychedelia| ]]
[[Category:Subcultures]]
[[Category:Underground culture]]