Editing Psittacidae

{{Short description|Family of birds}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{Geological range|Eocene|Holocene|[[Eocene]]-[[Holocene]]}}
| name = Neotropical and Afrotropical parrots
| image = Ara macao -Fort Worth Zoo-8.jpg
| image_caption = Male [[scarlet macaw]]
| taxon = Psittacidae
| authority = [[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Rafinesque]], 1815
| subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies
| subdivision =
* [[Psittacinae]]
* [[Arinae]]
See [[#Taxonomy|text]] for genera.
}}

The [[Family (biology)|family]] '''Psittacidae''' or '''holotropical parrots''' is one of three families of [[true parrot]]s. It comprises the 12 species of subfamily [[Psittacinae]] (the [[Afrotropics|Afrotropical]] parrots) and 167 of subfamily [[Arinae]] (the New World or [[Neotropical parrot]]s) including several species that have gone extinct in recent centuries. Some of the most iconic birds in the world are represented here, such as the [[blue-and-yellow macaw]] among the New World parrots and the [[grey parrot]] among the Afrotropical parrots.

== Distribution ==
All of the parrot species in this family are found in tropical and subtropical zones and inhabit [[Mexico]], [[Central America|Central]] and [[South America]], the [[Caribbean islands]], [[sub-Saharan Africa]], the island of [[Madagascar]], the [[Arabian Peninsula]], [[Southeast Asia]], [[Australia]] and [[Oceania]]. Three parrots, one [[extinct]] and another [[Local extinction|extirpated]], once inhabited the [[United States]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Forshaw|first=J.|title=Parrots of the World, 3rd Ed.|year=2000|publisher=Lansdowne|location=Australia|pages=303, 385}}</ref>

== Evolutionary history ==
This family probably had its origin early in the [[Paleogene]] period, 66–23&nbsp;million years ago (Mya), after the western half of [[Gondwana]] had separated into the continents of Africa and South America, before the divergence of African and New World lineages around 30–35&nbsp;Mya.<ref name="multilocus"/> The New World parrots, and by implication Old World parrots, last shared a common ancestor with the Australian cockatoos in the family  the [[Cacatuidae]] approximately 33&nbsp;Mya.<ref name=smith/>

The data place most of the diversification of psittaciformes around 40&nbsp;Mya, after the separation of Australia from West Antarctica and South America.<ref name="multilocus">{{cite journal|last=Schweizer|first=M.|author2=Seehausen O |author3=Hertwig ST |title=Macroevolutionary patterns in the diversification of parrots: effects of climate change, geological events and key innovations|pmc=2727385|journal=Journal of Biogeography|year=2011|volume=38|issue = 11|pages=2176–2194|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02555.x|pmid = 18653733|bibcode=2011JBiog..38.2176S }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Wright |display-authors=etal |first=T.|title=A Multilocus Molecular Phylogeny of the Parrots (Psittaciformes): Support for a Gondwanan Origin during the Cretaceous|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|date=Oct 2008|volume=25|issue=10|pages=2141–2156|doi=10.1093/molbev/msn160|pmid=18653733|pmc=2727385}}</ref> Divergence of the Psittacidae from the ancestral parrots resulted from a common radiation event from what was then West Antarctica into South America, then Africa, via late [[Cretaceous]] land bridges that survived through the Paleogene.<ref>{{cite web|last=Remsen|first=Van|title=Proposal (599) to South American Classification Committee: Revise classification of the Psittaciformes|url=http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCprop599.htm|access-date=17 December 2013}}</ref>

== Taxonomy ==
The family Psittacidae was introduced (as Psittacea) by French [[polymath]] [[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque]] in 1815.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Rafinesque | first=Constantine Samuel | author-link=Constantine Samuel Rafinesque | year=1815 | title=Analyse de la nature ou, Tableau de l'univers et des corps organisés | volume=1815 | publisher=Self-published | place=Palermo | language=fr | page=64 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48310142 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Bock | first=Walter J. | year=1994 | title=History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names | series=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History | volume= 222 | publisher=American Museum of Natural History | place=New York | pages=140, 252 | hdl=2246/830 }}<!--Linked page allows download of the 48MB pdf--></ref> The recently revised taxonomy of the family Psittacidae, based on molecular studies, recognizes the sister clade relationship of the Old World [[Psittacini]] and New World [[Arini (tribe)|Arini]] tribes of subfamily Psittacinae,<ref>{{cite book|last=Collar|first=N.|title=Birds of the World, Vol.4|year=1997|publisher=del Hoyo|page=241}}</ref> which have been raised to subfamily ranking and renamed Psittacinae and Arinae.  Subfamily [[Loriinae]] and the other tribes of subfamily [[Psittacinae]] are now placed in superfamily [[Psittacoidea]] of all true parrots, which includes family Psittacidae.<ref name=joseph>{{Cite journal | last1=Joseph | first1=L. | last2=Toon | first2=A. | last3=Schirtzinger | first3=E.E. | last4=Wright | first4=T.F. | last5=Schodde | first5=R. | date=2012 | title=A revised nomenclature and classification for family-group taxa of parrots (Psittaciformes) | journal=Zootaxa | volume=3205 | issue=1 | pages=26–40 | doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3205.1.2}}</ref>

The following phylogeny shows how the family Psittacidae relates to the three other families in the order [[Psittaciformes]]. The tree is based on the work by Leo Joseph and collaborators published in 2012 but with the choice of families and the number of species in each family taken from the list maintained by [[Frank Gill (ornithologist)|Frank Gill]], [[Pamela Rasmussen]] and David Donsker on behalf of the International Ornithological Committee (IOC), now the [[International Ornithologists' Union]].<ref name=joseph/><ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela C. Rasmussen | date=February 2025 | title=Parrots, cockatoos | work=IOC World Bird List Version 15.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/parrots/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=11 March 2025 }}</ref>
{{clade | style=font-size:90%;line-height:90%
|label1=[[Psittaciformes]]
|1={{clade
   |1=[[Strigopidae]] – New Zealand parrots (4 species)
   |2={{clade
      |1=[[Cacatuidae]] – Cockatoos (22 species)
      |2={{clade
         |1='''Psittacidae''' – African and New World parrots (178 species)
         |2=[[Psittaculidae]] – Old World parrots (202 species)
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}

The family contains 179 species and is divided into 37 genera. Included are four species that have become extinct in historical times: the [[glaucous macaw]], the [[Carolina parakeet]], the [[Cuban macaw]] and the [[Puerto Rican parakeet]]. The following [[cladogram]] is based on a phylogenetic study by Brian Smith and collaborators that was published in 2023. In the analysis the genera ''[[Nannopsittaca]]'', ''[[Bolborhynchus]]'' and ''[[Psilopsiagon]]'' were found not to be [[monophyletic]].<ref name=smith>{{Cite journal | last1=Smith | first1=B.T. | last2=Merwin | first2=J. | last3=Provost | first3=K.L. | last4=Thom | first4=G. | last5=Brumfield | first5=R.T. | last6=Ferreira | first6=M. | last7=Mauck | first7=W.M.I. | last8=Moyle | first8=R.G. | last9=Wright | first9=T.F. | last10=Joseph | first10=L. | date=2023 | title=Phylogenomic analysis of the parrots of the world distinguishes artifactual from biological sources of gene tree discordance | journal=Systematic Biology | volume=72 | issue=1 | pages=228–241 | doi=10.1093/sysbio/syac055 | doi-access=free| pmid=35916751 }}</ref> The number of species in each genus is taken from the IOC list.<ref name=ioc/>

{{clade | style=font-size:85%;line-height:85%
|label1='''Psittacidae'''
|1={{clade
   |label1=[[Psittacinae]]
   |1={{clade
      |1=''[[Psittacus]]'' – African grey parrots (2 species)
      |2=''[[Poicephalus]]'' – ''Poicephalus'' parrots (10 species)
      }}
   |label2=[[Arinae]]
   |2={{clade
      |label1=Amoropsittacini
      |1={{clade
         |1=''[[Touit]]'' – parrotlets (8 species)
         |2=''[[Nannopsittaca]]'', ''[[Bolborhynchus]]'', ''[[Psilopsiagon]]'' – parrotlets, parakeets (7 species)
         }}
      |2={{clade
         |label1=Forpini
         |1=''[[Forpus]]'' – parrotlets (9 species)
         |2={{clade
            |label1=[[Androglossini]]
            |1={{clade
               |1={{clade
                  |1=''[[Myiopsitta]]'' – Quaker parakeets (2 species)
                  |2=''[[Brotogeris]]'' – parakeets (8 species)
                  }}
               |2={{clade
                  |1=''[[Pionopsitta]]'' – pileated parrot
                  |2={{clade
                     |1=''[[Triclaria]]'' – blue-bellied parrot
                     |2={{clade
                        |1={{clade
                           |1=''[[Hapalopsittaca]]'' – parrots (4 species)
                           |2=''[[Pyrilia]]'' – parrots (7 species)
                           }}
                        |2={{clade
                           |1=''[[Amazona]]'' – Amazon parrots (31 species)
                           |2={{clade
                              |1=''[[Pionus]]'' – ''Pionus'' parrots (8 species)
                              |2={{clade
                                 |1=''[[Graydidascalus]]'' – short-tailed parrot
                                 |2=''[[Alipiopsitta]]'' - yellow-faced parrot
                                 }}
                              }}
                           }}
                        }}
                     }}
                  }}
               }}
            |label2=[[Arini (tribe)|Arini]]
            |2={{clade
               |1={{clade
                  |1=''[[Deroptyus]]'' – red-fan/hawk-headed parrot
                  |2=''[[Pionites]]'' – caiques (2 species)
                  }}
               |2={{clade
                  |1=''[[Rhynchopsitta]]'' – thick-billed parrots (2 species)
                  |2={{clade
                     |1=''[[Pyrrhura]]'' – parakeets (24 species)
                     |2={{clade
                        |1={{clade
                           |1=''[[Cyanoliseus]]'' – burrowing parrot/Patagonian conure
                           |2=''[[Enicognathus]]'' – parakeets (2 species)
                           }}
                        |2={{clade
                           |1=''[[Anodorhynchus]]'' – blue macaws (3 species)
                           |2={{clade
                              |1={{clade
                                 |1={{clade
                                    |1=''[[Conuropsis]]'' – † Carolina parakeet
                                    |2=''[[Aratinga]]'' – parakeets, sun conure (6 species)
                                    }}
                                 |2={{clade
                                    |1=''[[Cyanopsitta]]'' – Spix's macaw
                                    |2={{clade
                                       |1=''[[Orthopsittaca]]'' – red-bellied macaw
                                       |2={{clade
                                          |1=''[[Primolius]]'' – mini-macaws (3 species)
                                          |2=''[[Ara (bird)|Ara]]'' – macaws (9 species)
                                          }}
                                       }}
                                    }}
                                 }}
                              |2={{clade
                                 |1=''[[Eupsittula]]'' – parakeets (5 species)
                                 |2={{clade
                                    |1=''[[Psittacara]]'' – parakeets (12 species)
                                    |2={{clade
                                       |1={{clade
                                          |1=''[[Ognorhynchus]]'' – yellow-eared parrot
                                          |2=''[[Leptosittaca]]'' – golden-plumed parakeet
                                          }}
                                       |2={{clade
                                          |1=''[[Thectocercus]]'' – blue-crowned parakeet
                                          |2={{clade
                                             |1=''[[Guaruba]]'' – golden parakeet/Queen of Bavaria's conure
                                             |2=''[[Diopsittaca]]'' – red-shouldered/Hahn's/noble macaw
                                             }}
                                          }}
                                       }}
                                    }}
                                 }}
                              }}
                           }}
                        }}
                     }}
                  }}
               }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}

* Subfamily [[Psittacinae]]
** Genus ''[[Psittacus]]'' – African grey parrots (two species)
** Genus ''[[Poicephalus]]''
** Genus ''[[Bavaripsitta]]''†
* Subfamily [[Arinae]]
** Tribe [[Arini (tribe)|Arini]] – macaws and parakeets
*** Genus ''[[Anodorhynchus]]''
*** Genus ''[[Cyanopsitta]]''
*** Genus ''[[Ara (genus)|Ara]]''
*** Genus ''[[Orthopsittaca]]''
*** Genus ''[[Primolius]]''
*** Genus ''[[Diopsittaca]]''
*** Genus ''[[Rhynchopsitta]]''
*** Genus ''[[Ognorhynchus]]''
*** Genus ''[[Guaruba]]''
*** Genus ''[[Leptosittaca]]''
*** Genus ''[[Psittacara]]''
*** Genus ''[[Aratinga]]''
*** Genus ''[[Eupsittula]]''
*** Genus ''[[Thectocercus]]''
*** Genus ''[[Cyanoliseus]]''
*** Genus ''[[Pyrrhura]]''
*** Genus ''[[Enicognathus]]''
*** Genus ''[[Conuropsis]]''†
** Tribe [[Androglossini]] – Amazon and related parrots
*** Genus ''[[Pyrilia]]''
*** Genus ''[[Pionopsitta]]''
*** Genus ''[[Graydidascalus]]''
*** Genus ''[[Alipiopsitta]]''
*** Genus ''[[Pionus]]''
*** Genus ''[[Amazona]]''
*** Genus ''[[Triclaria]]''
** Clade (proposed tribe Amoropsittacini)
*** Genus ''[[Nannopsittaca]]''
*** Genus ''[[Psilopsiagon]]''
*** Genus ''[[Bolborhynchus]]''
*** Genus ''[[Touit]]''
** Clade (proposed tribe Forpini) – parrotlets
*** Genus ''[[Forpus]]''
** Clade including Arini
*** Genus ''[[Pionites]]'' – caiques (four species)
*** Genus ''[[Deroptyus]]'' – red-fan parrot
** Clade including Androglossini
*** Genus ''[[Hapalopsittaca]]''
*** Genus ''[[Brotogeris]]''
*** Genus ''[[Myiopsitta]]''

== References ==
{{reflist|25em}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q8327}}
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[[Category:Parrots]]
[[Category:Taxa described in 1815]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque]]