Editing Progressive Socialist Party

{{Short description|Lebanese political party}}
{{Distinguish|Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}{{Use British English|date=January 2025}}

{{Multiple issues|
{{Cleanup|date=January 2011}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2017}}
{{Update|date=August 2017}}}}
{{Infobox political party
| name             = Progressive Socialist Party
| logo             = PSP Lebanon logo.png
| native_name      = الحزب التقدمي الإشتراكي
| colorcode        = {{party color|Progressive Socialist Party}}
| leader           = [[Taymur Jumblatt]]
| abbreviation     = PSP
| founders         = [[Kamal Jumblatt]]<br />[[Farid Jubran]]<br />Albert Adeeb<br />Abdallah Alayli<br />Fouad Rizk<br />George Hanna
| native_name_lang = ar
| foundation       = {{start date|1949|05|01|df=y}}
| headquarters     = Jabal El Arab Street, Wata El Msaytbeh
| newspaper        = [[Al Anbaa (Lebanon)]]
| youth_wing       = [[Progressive Youth Organization (Lebanon)]]
| wing1_title      = Military wing
| wing1            = [[People's Liberation Army (Lebanon)|People's Liberation Army]] (1975–1994)
| ideology         = [[Progressivism]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://libraries.aub.edu.lb/kjoumblatt/biblio/427 |title=ميثاق الحزب التقدمي الاشتراكي |page=13}}</ref><br>[[Democratic socialism]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://libraries.aub.edu.lb/kjoumblatt/biblio/427 |title=ميثاق الحزب التقدمي الاشتراكي |page=45}}</ref><br>[[Secularism]]<br>[[Arab nationalism]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://libraries.aub.edu.lb/kjoumblatt/biblio/427 |title=ميثاق الحزب التقدمي الاشتراكي |page=64}}</ref>
| position         = [[Left-wing]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/lebanon-walid-jumblatt-resigns-head-political-party|title = Lebanon's Walid Jumblatt resigns as head of his political party}}</ref>
| national         = [[March 14 Alliance]] (2005–2009)<ref name="Reuters 2018">{{cite web | title=Factbox: Hezbollah and allies gain sway in Lebanon parliament | work=Reuters | date=2018-05-22 | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-election-parliament-factbox-idUSKCN1IN1OJ | access-date=2021-11-08}}</ref>
| international    = [[Progressive Alliance]]<br />[[Socialist International]]
| blank1_title     = [[Parliamentary group|Parliamentary bloc]]
| blank1           = [[Democratic Gathering (Lebanon)|Democratic Gathering]]
| seats1_title     = [[Parliament of Lebanon|Parliament]]
| seats1           = {{Composition bar|8|128|hex={{party color|Progressive Socialist Party}}}}
| seats2_title     = [[Council of Ministers of Lebanon|Council of Ministers]]
| seats2           = {{Composition bar|2|24|hex={{party color|Progressive Socialist Party}}}}
| flag             = Flag of the Progressive Socialist Party.svg
| website          = {{URL|https://psp.org.lb/}}
| country          = Lebanon
}}
The '''Progressive Socialist Party''' ({{langx|ar|الحزب التقدمي الاشتراكي|translit=al-Hizb al-Taqadummi al-Ishtiraki}}) is a Lebanese political party. Its confessional base is in the [[Lebanese Druze|Druze sect]] and its regional base is in [[Mount Lebanon Governorate]], especially the [[Chouf District]].<ref name="Krayem"/> Founded by [[Kamal Jumblatt]] in 1949, the party was led by his son [[Walid Jumblatt]] between 1977 and 25 May 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nna-leb.gov.lb/en/politics/616527/jumblatt-announces-his-resignation-from-psp-leader|title=JUMBLATT ANNOUNCES HIS RESIGNATION FROM PSP LEADERSHIP
}}</ref> On 25 June 2023 the son of Walid, [[Taymur Jumblatt]], was  officially consecrated as leader of the PSP.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thisisbeirut.com.lb/latest-news/152612|title=Teymour Jumblatt officially consecrated leader of the PSP|date=25 June 2023 }}</ref>

==Origins==
From 1951 through 1972 the party had between three and six deputies in parliament.<ref name="Krayem">{{cite web|url=http://ddc.aub.edu.lb/projects/pspa/krayem/krayem.html|title=Political Parties and Electoral Systems in Lebanon and Israel: Interactive Reinforcement|author=Hassan Krayem|publisher=[[American University of Beirut]]|access-date=27 May 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229164511/http://ddc.aub.edu.lb/projects/pspa/krayem/krayem.html|archive-date=29 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Emblem==
Source:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Joumblatt |first=Kamal |title=الحزب التقدمي الاشتراكي-الميثاق |trans-title=The Progressive Socialist Party - The Charter}}</ref>

The white color in the logo and emblem symbolizes the idea of internal collective peace and global international peace, which it aims to achieve in accordance with what was stated in its charter when explaining doctrine and work.

The blue color symbolizes that the party does not deny the spiritual phenomenon in the life of the human being and in explaining the development of the individual and the group.On the contrary, it takes into account this phenomenon, believing that it is permanent throughout the ages in the life of the individual and the group.

The globe symbolizes the manifestation of human unity and its consolidation in this comprehensive popular movement that ultimately aims to unite the countries of the world in an international union that includes the entire globe, the unity of the human race, and the brotherhood and cooperation that must prevail among all peoples, regardless of their different colors, races, and beliefs.

The connection between the pen and the pickaxe symbolizes the two basic elements that operate in the development of systems, civilization, and history, “material labor and the effort of thought.” In the union of the social groups that belong to them, victory is guaranteed in the cause of socialist progressivism.

The red color symbolizes the idea of a comprehensive revolution in systems and mentalities, as stated in the party’s charter.

The triangle symbolizes the party’s adoption of moral force, that means the direct action, and the principle of sacrifice as an approach and goal for its struggle.

==The PSP in the Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990)==
Under Kamal Jumblatt's leadership, the PSP was a major element in the [[Lebanese National Movement]] (LNM), which supported Lebanon's Arab identity and sympathised with the Palestinians.<ref name="Krayem"/> Despite Jumblatt's initial reluctance to engage in [[paramilitarism]], it built its own military wing, the [[People’s Liberation Army (Lebanon)|People's Liberation Army]] (PLA) which proved to be one of the strongest private armies in the [[Lebanese Civil War]] of 1975 to 1990. It conquered much of [[Mount Lebanon]] and the [[Chouf District]]. Its main adversaries were the [[Kataeb Regulatory Forces]] militia, and later the [[Lebanese Forces (militia)|Lebanese Forces]] militia (which absorbed the Kataeb). The PSP suffered a setback in 1977, when Kamal Jumblatt was assassinated. His son [[Walid Jumblatt|Walid]] succeeded him as leader of the party.

From the Israeli withdrawal from the Chouf in 1983 to the end of the civil war, the PSP ran the [[Civil Administration of the Mountain]] in the area under its control. Tolls levied at PSP/PLA militia checkpoints provided a major source of income for the administration, which provided social and public services.

The PSP played an important role in the [[Mountain War (Lebanon)|Mountain War]] under the leadership of Walid Jumblatt: after the [[Israel Defense Forces]] (IDF) retreated from the [[Chouf District]], important battles took place there between the PSP/PLA and the Lebanese Forces militia. Both the Lebanese Forces and the PSP/PLA were accused of committing massacres and atrocities against one another as tit-for-tat (revenge killings). The PSP also systematically displaced many Christian civilians in the Chouf region by committing massacres and mass executions.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Lebanon's Legacy of Political Violence - A Mapping of Serious Violations of International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law in Lebanon, 1975-2008 | url=https://www.ictj.org/sites/default/files/ICTJ-Report-Lebanon-Mapping-2013-EN_0.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227231542/http://ictj.org/sites/default/files/ICTJ-Report-Lebanon-Mapping-2013-EN_0.pdf | archive-date=2014-02-27}}</ref>

During the war years, the PSP controlled the seaport at [[Jieh]]. In March 1989 General [[Michel Aoun]] established a blockade of the port which resulted in artillery exchanges between his forces and a combination of PSP, [[Lebanese Resistance Regiments|Amal]] and the [[Syrian Army]] in which at least 90 people were killed and several hundred wounded.<ref>[[Middle East International]] No 346, 17 March 1989, Publishers [[Christopher Mayhew|Lord Mayhew]], [[Dennis Walters|Dennis Walters MP]]; [[Jim Muir]] pp.6,7</ref><ref>Middle East International No 347, 31 March 1989, Publishers [[Christopher Mayhew|Lord Mayhew]], [[Dennis Walters|Dennis Walters MP]]; [[Jim Muir]] pp.3,4</ref>

==The post-war years==
After the restoration of constitutional rule in 1989, the PSP was the major ally of Syria in Lebanon and its leader Walid Jumblatt was in close relations with the Syrian Army and intelligence generals in Lebanon, such as [[Ghazi Kanaan]], and also with the Syrian Vice President [[Abdul Halim Khaddam]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aawsat.com/details.asp?section=4&article=104563&issueno=8576|title=خدام: مواقف دمشق وجنبلاط واحدة في المحطات الرئيسية وستبقى كذلك, أخبــــــار|newspaper=Asharq Alawsat|access-date=17 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212021404/http://www.aawsat.com/details.asp?section=4&article=104563&issueno=8576|archive-date=12 February 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the [[1992 Lebanese general election|1992 general election]] it won four seats.<ref name="Krayem"/>

In the post-Civil War period, Jumblatt was known for switching allegiances and acting as a kingmaker in deals between factions.<ref name="Jazeera">{{cite web | title=Lebanon - At the Crossroads | publisher=Al Jazeera | url=https://interactive.aljazeera.com/aje/2015/lebanoncrossroads/ | access-date=2021-11-08 | archive-date=8 November 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108152321/https://interactive.aljazeera.com/aje/2015/lebanoncrossroads/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> The PSP participated in a number of governments, but, after the [[Syria Accountability Act]] and the UN Resolution 1559 and the change of the balance of powers in the region after the occupation of Iraq, joined the opposition and took up a position opposed to the role of Syria in Lebanon's politics. Unlike some opponents of the Syrian presence, Jumblatt did not oppose the presence of the Syrian army per se, but contended that the Syrian intelligence services were exerting undue influence.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

Following the passage of [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1559]] in September 2004, calling for a Syrian withdrawal from Lebanon, Jumblatt was particularly prominent in the opposition. However, he was opposed to the demand that [[Hezbollah]] be disarmed, and insisted on maintaining relations with the [[Shia Islam|Shia]] [[Islamism|Islamist]] party. Later, he has drifted into sharp opposition towards the group, and has decided to support their disarmament, claiming that Syria and Iran are trying to take over Lebanon through Hezbollah. After the [[assassination of Rafic Hariri]] in February 2005, Jumblatt joined the anti-Syria camp, despite his long support to Syria.<ref name=are2005>{{cite journal|last=Knudsen|first=Are|title=Precarious peacebuilding: Post-war Lebanon, 1990-2005|journal=CMI Working Paper|year=2005|volume=2|url=http://bora.cmi.no/dspace/bitstream/10202/103/1/Working%20paper%20WP%202005-12.pdf|access-date=17 March 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213221743/http://bora.cmi.no/dspace/bitstream/10202/103/1/Working%20paper%20WP%202005-12.pdf|archive-date=13 December 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> As part of the [[March 14 Alliance]], the PSP won 16 seats in [[2005 Lebanese general election|the general elections]] held in 2005.<ref name=safa06jan>{{cite journal|last=Safa|first=Oussama|title=Lebanon springs forward|journal=Journal of Democracy|date=January 2006 |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=22–37 |doi=10.1353/jod.2006.0016|s2cid=143710565|url=http://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/gratis/Safa-17-1.pdf|access-date=17 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110227090433/http://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/gratis/Safa-17-1.pdf|archive-date=27 February 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> It won eleven seats in the [[2009 Lebanese general election]]<ref name="step down"/> and had three ministers in the 2009 [[First Cabinet of Saad Hariri]] ([[Ghazi Aridi]], [[Akram Chehayeb]], and [[Wael Abou Faour]], all Druze). However, after the [[March 8 Alliance]] regained power in 2011, the PSP positioned itself in the political centre,<ref name="Reuters 2018"/> and gave allegiance to the new government. Under the banner of the [[Democratic Gathering bloc]], had three ministers ([[Alaaeddine Terro]], Sunni, plus Aridi and Faour) in the 2011 [[Second Cabinet of Najib Mikati]].

In late January 2011, Jumblatt declared not to support the disarming of Hezbollah.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}} In 2013, it endorsed the 15 March alliance-led [[Cabinet of Tammam Salam]] (it had two ministers in this government, Faour and [[Akram Chehayeb]]). By 2015, the PLP was allied with the [[Future Movement]]<ref name="Jazeera"/> and it had two ministers ([[Marwan Hamadeh]] and [[Ayman Shkeir]]) in the 2016 [[Second Cabinet of Saad Hariri]], led by the Future Movement and two ministers again (Chehayeb and Faour) in the 2019 [[Third Cabinet of Saad Hariri]].

With the onset of the [[Syrian civil war]] in 2011, Jumblatt and the PSP clearly showed their support for the Syrian opposition, and urged the Syrian Druze community to stand against the Assad government, and join the rebels.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

At the ceremony marking the 40th anniversary of the killing of Kamal Jumblatt in [[Moukhtara]] on 19 February 2017, Walid Jumblatt symbolically gave his ''[[keffiyeh]]'' to his son [[Taymour Jumblatt]], symbolically marking the generational shift in the party leadership.<ref>Reuters. ''[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-politics-jumblatt-idUSKBN16Q0NA Lebanon's Jumblatt affirms son as political heir]''</ref> That year, Jumblatt again refrained from saying Hezbollah should be disarmed.<ref name="Reuters 2018"/> In the [[2018 Lebanese general election]], the Democratic Gathering bloc, the PSP's parliamentary platform, fielded 10 candidates across the country. For the first time since 1992, Walid Jumblatt did not stand as a candidate, with Taymour taking over as the party leader. The party fielded candidates for 3 out of 4 Druze seats in Mount Lebanon IV, keeping with the tradition of leaving a seat uncontested to help [[Lebanese Democratic Party]] chief [[Talal Arslan]] get elected.<ref name="step down">''Daily Star''. ''[http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2018/Feb-19/438471-jumblatt-to-step-down-as-psp-announces-candidates.ashx Jumblatt to step down as PSP announces candidates] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108153746/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2018/Feb-19/438471-jumblatt-to-step-down-as-psp-announces-candidates.ashx |date=8 November 2021 }}''</ref> PSP joined joint lists with the Future Movement in Beirut II, Bekaa II and Mount Lebanon IV, and with Lebanese Forces in Mount Lebanon III and Mount Lebanon IV.<ref name=watch>''Daily Star''. ''[http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-Elections/2018/Apr-25/446658-what-to-watch-for-in-every-electoral-region-in-lebanon.ashx What to watch for in every electoral region in Lebanon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108153746/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-Elections/2018/Apr-25/446658-what-to-watch-for-in-every-electoral-region-in-lebanon.ashx |date=8 November 2021 }}''</ref> It dropped to just nine seats in the 2018 election.<ref name="Ajroudi 2018">{{cite web | last=Ajroudi | first=Asma | title=Unpicking the results of Lebanon's elections - Elections News | publisher=Al Jazeera| date=2018-05-10 | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/5/10/unpicking-the-results-of-lebanons-elections | access-date=2021-11-08}}</ref> The party served in the opposition to the short-lived 2019 [[Cabinet of Hassan Diab]], returning to power as part of the [[Third Cabinet of Najib Mikati]] in 2021, with just one minister, [[Abbas Halabi]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Abbas Al-Halabi: It is not possible leave the students at home for another year {{!}} Sawt Beirut International |url=https://english.sawtbeirut.com/lebanon/abbas-al-halabi-it-is-not-possible-leave-the-students-at-home-for-another-year/ |date=13 September 2021}}</ref>

In late May 2023, Walid Jumblatt declared his resignation as leader of the Progressive Socialist Party after a 46-year tenure. Around 2,000 supporters gathered in [[Ain Zhalta]], a Druze town in the [[Chouf Mountains|Chouf mountains]], where members of the Progressive Socialist Party named political heir, [[Taymur Jumblatt|Taymour Jumblatt]], as their new leader.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=AFP |title=Lebanon's main Druze party names new leader, son of longtime party chief |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/lebanons-main-druze-party-names-new-leader-son-of-longtime-party-chief/ |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=www.timesofisrael.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Taymour was the sole contender.<ref name=":1" />

In February 2025, Lebanese Prime Minister [[Nawaf Salam]] announced his government, which consists of 24 ministers; the Progressive Socialist Party controls two portfolios: the  Public Works and Transport Ministry, headed by Fayez Rasamny, and Agriculture Ministry, under Nizar Hani.<ref>{{cite web |title=One Day After U.S. Draws 'Red Line' Over Hizbullah Participation In Lebanese Government, Triggering Threats Against It And Its Representative, Lebanon Announces New Government That Includes Hizbullah, And U.S. Gives In And Welcomes It |url=https://www.memri.org/reports/one-day-after-us-draws-red-line-over-hizbullah-participation-lebanese-government-triggering |website=MEMRI |language=en}}</ref>

== Electoral summary ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Election year
!# of
overall votes
!% of
overall vote
!# of
overall seats won
!+/–
! colspan="2" |Bloc Leader
|-
![[1951 Lebanese general election|1951]]
|
|
|{{Composition bar|2|77|hex={{party color|Progressive Socialist Party}}}}
|{{center|{{Increase}} 2}}
| rowspan="7" |[[Kamal Jumblatt]]
| rowspan="7" |[[File:Kamal Jumblatt (1917 - 1977 ) (Cropped).jpg|frameless|169x169px]]
|-
![[1953 Lebanese general election|1953]]
|
|
|{{Composition bar|1|44|hex={{party color|Progressive Socialist Party}}}}
|{{center|{{Decrease}} 1}}
|-
![[1957 Lebanese general election|1957]]
|
|
|{{Composition bar|2|66|hex={{party color|Progressive Socialist Party}}}}
|{{center|{{Increase}} 1}}
|-
![[1960 Lebanese general election|1960]]
|
|
|{{Composition bar|5|99|hex={{party color|Progressive Socialist Party}}}}
|{{center|{{Increase}} 3}}
|-
![[1964 Lebanese general election|1964]]
|
|
|{{Composition bar|6|99|hex={{party color|Progressive Socialist Party}}}}
|{{center|{{Increase}} 1}}
|-
![[1968 Lebanese general election|1968]]
|
|
|{{Composition bar|5|99|hex={{party color|Progressive Socialist Party}}}}
|{{center|{{Decrease}} 1}}
|-
![[1972 Lebanese general election|1972]]
|
|
|{{Composition bar|8|100|hex={{party color|Progressive Socialist Party}}}}
|{{center|{{Increase}} 3}}
|-
![[1992 Lebanese general election|1992]]
|
|
|{{Composition bar|10|128|hex={{party color|Progressive Socialist Party}}}}
|{{center|{{Increase}} 2}}
| rowspan="7" |[[Walid Jumblatt]]
| rowspan="7" |[[File:Walid Jumblatt 6C2.jpg|153x153px]]
|-
![[1996 Lebanese general election|1996]]
|
|3.90% (#4)
|{{Composition bar|9|128|hex={{party color|Progressive Socialist Party}}}}
|{{center|{{Decrease}} 1}}
|-
![[2000 Lebanese general election|2000]]
|
|4.68% (#4)
|{{Composition bar|12|128|hex={{party color|Progressive Socialist Party}}}}
|{{center|{{Increase}} 3}}
|-
![[2005 Lebanese general election|2005]]
|
|12.50% (#2)
|{{Composition bar|16|128|hex={{party color|Progressive Socialist Party}}}}
|{{center|{{Increase}} 4}}
|-
![[2009 Lebanese general election|2009]]
|
|
|{{Composition bar|11|128|hex={{party color|Progressive Socialist Party}}}}
|{{center|{{Decrease}} 5}}
|-
![[2018 Lebanese general election|2018]]
|80,894 (#6)
|4.60%
|{{Composition bar|9|128|hex={{party color|Progressive Socialist Party}}}}
|{{center|{{Decrease}} 2}}
|-
![[2022 Lebanese general election|2022]]
|75,485 (#5)
|4.18%
|{{Composition bar|8|128|hex={{party color|Progressive Socialist Party}}}}
|{{center|{{Decrease}} 1}}
|}

==See also==
*[[2008 conflict in Lebanon]]
*[[Al-Mourabitoun]]
*[[Lebanese Civil War]]
*[[Lebanese Communist Party]]
*[[Lebanese National Movement]]
*[[Popular Guard]]
*[[War of the Camps]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin|30em}}
*[[Edgar O'Ballance]], ''Civil War in Lebanon, 1975-92'', Palgrave Macmillan, London 1998. {{ISBN|0-333-72975-7}}
*Farid El-Kazen, ''The Breakdown of the State in Lebanon 1967-1976'', I.B. Tauris, London 2000. {{ISBN|0-674-08105-6}}
*Fawwaz Traboulsi, ''Identités et solidarités croisées dans les conflits du Liban contemporain; Chapitre 12: L'économie politique des milices: le phénomène mafieux'', Thèse de Doctorat d'Histoire – 1993, Université de Paris VIII, 2007. (in [[French language|French]])
*Ken Guest, ''Lebanon'', in ''Flashpoint! At the Front Line of Today’s Wars'', Arms and Armour Press, London 1994, pp.&nbsp;97–111. {{ISBN|1-85409-247-2}}
*Tom Najem and Roy C. Amore, ''Historical Dictionary of Lebanon'', Second Edition, Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Lanham, Boulder, New York & London 2021. {{ISBN|9781538120439}}, 1538120437
*Walid Khalidi, ''Conflict and Violence in Lebanon: Confrontation in the Middle East'', fourth printing (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Studies in International Affairs, 1984).
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[http://psp.org.lb Progressive Socialist Party official site] (in Arabic) redirect to http://anbaaonline.com as of 8 January 2021
*[http://anbaaonline.com/ PSP Al Anbaa official newspaper site] (in Arabic)
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20171111132721/http://14march.org/ 14 March Alliance Official Site]}}

==Further reading==
*Christopher Solomon, [https://www.joshualandis.com/blog/a-look-back-at-kamal-jumblatt-and-the-progressive-socialist-party/ A look back at Kamal Jumblatt and the Progressive Socialist Party], 16 March 2019, Syria Comment
{{Lebanese political parties}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Progressive Socialist Party}}
[[Category:Progressive Socialist Party| ]]
[[Category:1949 establishments in Lebanon]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1949]]
[[Category:Political parties in Lebanon]]
[[Category:Druze political organisations]]