Editing Professor Longhair

{{short description|American blues musician (1918–1980)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox musical artist
|name = Professor Longhair
|image = New Orleans Jazz Fest 1975 - Jambalaya - Fess.jpg
|caption = Professor Longhair at the 1975 [[New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival]]
|birth_name = Henry Roeland Byrd
|alias = Fess
|birth_date = {{birth date|1918|12|19}}
|birth_place =[[Bogalusa, Louisiana]], U.S.
|death_date = {{nowrap|{{death date and age|1980|1|30|1918|12|19}}}}
|death_place = New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.
|origin = [[New Orleans]], Louisiana, U.S.
|instrument = Vocals, piano
|genre = {{Flatlist|
*[[New Orleans blues]]
*[[New Orleans R&B]]
*[[Louisiana blues]]
*[[boogie-woogie]]}}
*[[proto-funk]]
|occupation = Musician
|years_active = 1948–1980
|label = 
|associated_acts = 
}}

'''Henry Roeland Byrd''' (December 19, 1918 – January 30, 1980),<ref name="bare" /> better known as '''Professor Longhair''' or "Fess" for short, was an American singer and pianist who performed [[New Orleans blues]]. He was active in two distinct periods, first in the heyday of early [[rhythm and blues]] and later in the resurgence of interest in [[traditional jazz]] after the founding of the [[New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival]] in 1970.  His piano style has been described as "instantly recognizable, combining [[rhumba|rumba]], [[mambo (music)|mambo]], and [[calypso music|calypso]]".<ref name="bare">{{cite book| first1= Bob| last1= Eagle| first2= Eric S.| last2= LeBlanc| year= 2013| title= Blues – A Regional Experience| publisher= Praeger Publishers| location= Santa Barbara| page=108 | isbn= 978-0-313-34423-7}}</ref>

Music journalist Tony Russell (in his book ''The Blues: From Robert Johnson to Robert Cray'') wrote that "The vivacious [[rhumba]]-rhythmed piano blues and choked singing typical of Fess were too weird to sell millions of records; he had to be content with siring musical offspring who were simple enough to manage that, like [[Fats Domino]] or [[Huey "Piano" Smith]]. But he is also acknowledged as a father figure by subtler players like [[Allen Toussaint]] and [[Dr. John]]."<ref name="russell">{{cite book
| first= Tony
| last= Russell
| year= 1997
| title= The Blues: From Robert Johnson to Robert Cray
| publisher=Carlton Books
| location= Dubai
| page= 157
| isbn= 1-85868-255-X}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
 |url         = http://www.history-of-rock.com/indx.html
 |title       = Introduction
 |publisher   = www.history-of-rock.com
 |access-date  = June 23, 2008
|url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20080623203155/http://www.history-of-rock.com/indx.html
 |archive-date = June 23, 2008
|df          = mdy-all
}}</ref>

== Biography ==
[[File:CentralCityAp15 Longhair 2.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Former home of Professor Longhair, in 2015]]

Byrd was born on December 19, 1918, in [[Bogalusa, Louisiana]],<ref name="russell" /> the son of Ella Mae (née Rhodes) and James Byrd. His distinctive style of piano playing was influenced by learning to play on an instrument that was missing some keys.<ref name="russell" />

He began his career in New Orleans in 1948. Mike Tessitore, owner of the Caldonia Club, gave Longhair his stage name.<ref name="AMG" /> Longhair first recorded in a band called the Shuffling Hungarians in 1949, creating four songs (including the first version of his signature song, "Mardi Gras in New Orleans") for the Star Talent record label. Union problems curtailed their release, but Longhair's next effort for [[Mercury Records]] the same year was a winner.<ref name="AMG" />  Throughout the 1950s, he recorded for [[Atlantic Records]], [[Federal Records]] and local labels.

Professor Longhair had only one national commercial hit, "Bald Head", in 1950, under the name Roy Byrd and His Blues Jumpers.<ref name="AMG" /> He also recorded his favorites, "[[Tipitina]]" and "[[Go to the Mardi Gras]]".<ref name="russell" /> He lacked [[Crossover music|crossover]] appeal among white and wide audiences.<ref name="russell" /> Yet, he is regarded (and was acknowledged) as being a musician who was highly influential for other prominent musicians, such as [[Fats Domino]], [[Allen Toussaint]] and [[Dr. John]].<ref>"Almost every musical history contains at least one crucial forebear whose inventions were too bold to translate to a broad audience, but who was nonetheless a profound influence on subsequent generations, and therefore changed the culture at an odd remove—a musician's musician". In the nineteen-forties and fifties, that was Fess's stature. See {{cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/the-still-burning-piano-genius-of-professor-longhair|title=The Still-Burning Piano Genius of Professor Longhair|author=[[Amanda Petrusich]]|date=May 10, 2018|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|access-date=September 9, 2018}}</ref><ref>"It's echoed in my songs, whether you could hear it or not – as for the licks themselves, but my heart always have some Professor Lonhair in it, in probably everything I do ..." [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=afPrC0H0vNI Allen Toussaint explains (and demonstrates) to Sound Opinions the influence of Professor Longhair on his music], Published at the official YouTube channel of [[Sound Opinions]]</ref><ref>for the "most exalted influence" Professor Longhair have had on Dr. John's seminal album [[Dr. John's Gumbo|Gumbo]], see [https://bestclassicbands.com/dr-john-gumbo-review-12-16-18/ Dr. John's 'Gumbo': A New Orleans Master's Thesis], a second look album review by Sam Sutherland of December 16, 2018, retrieved December 18, 2018</ref>

After suffering a stroke, Professor Longhair recorded "No Buts – No Maybes" in 1957.<ref name="AMG" /> He re-recorded "Go to the Mardi Gras" in 1959.<ref name="AMG" /> He first recorded "[[Big Chief]]" with its composer, [[Earl King]], in 1964. In the 1960s, Professor Longhair's career faltered.<ref name="russell" /> He became a janitor to support himself and fell into a gambling habit.<ref name=recordedblues>{{cite book|editor-last=Oliver|editor-first=Paul|editor-link=Paul Oliver|title=The Blackwell Guide to Recorded Blues|publisher=Blackwell Publisher|year=1989|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|pages=280–281|isbn=0-631-18301-9}}</ref>

After a few years during which he disappeared from the music scene, Professor Longhair's musical career finally received "a well deserved renaissance" and wide recognition. He was invited to perform at the [[New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival]] in 1971 and at the [[Newport Jazz Festival]] and the [[Montreux Jazz Festival]] in 1973.<ref name="russell" /> His album ''The London Concert'' showcases work he did on a visit to the United Kingdom. That significant career resurrection saw the recording of the album ''[[Live on the Queen Mary]]'',<ref>{{AllMusic|class=album|id=mw0000618920|title=''Professor Longhair – Live on the Queen Mary''}}</ref> which was recorded on March 24, 1975, during a private party hosted by [[Paul McCartney]] and [[Linda McCartney]] on board the retired {{RMS|Queen Mary}}.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Professor-Longhair "Professor Longhair"], short biography, ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''</ref><ref>In an interview of February 2019, given in view of a forthcoming reissue of a newly-restored version of the ''Professor Longhair – Live on the Queen Mary'' album, McCartney recalled how that recording came about: [https://www.paulmccartney.com/news-blogs/news/you-gave-me-the-answer-professor-longhair-special "&thinsp;'You Gave Me The Answer' – Professor Longhair Special"], February 28, 2019 (retrieved on March 6, 2019)</ref>

By the 1980s his albums, such as ''[[Crawfish Fiesta]]'' on [[Alligator Records]] and ''[[New Orleans Piano]]'' on [[Atlantic Records]], had become readily available across America.<ref name="recordedblues" /> In 1974 he appeared on the [[PBS]] series ''Soundstage'' (with Dr. John, Earl King, and [[The Meters]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I09FChrTDJw |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/I09FChrTDJw| archive-date=December 11, 2021 |url-status=live|title=Big Chief with Professor Longhair & The Meters|last=Dr. John|date=January 6, 2016|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In 1980 he co-starred (with [[Tuts Washington]] and [[Allen Toussaint]]) in the film documentary ''Piano Players Rarely Ever Play Together'' which was produced and directed by filmmaker Stevenson Palfi.<ref name="AMG" /> That documentary (which aired on public television in 1982 and was rarely seen since), plus a long interview with Fess (which was recorded two days before his sudden death), were included in the 2018 released project "Fess Up".<ref>[https://palfifilms.com/ "Fess Up"] – Information, excerpts and reviews from the film maker's website</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.louisianamusicfactory.com/shop/dvd/professor-longhair-fess-up-2-dvd-set-w-38-pg-book/|title=Professor Longhair – Fess Up (2-DVD Set w 38-page book)|website=Louisiana Music Factory}}</ref>

Professor Longhair died in his sleep of a heart attack while the filming of the documentary was under way (and before the live concert, which was planned to be its climax).<ref name="AMG">{{AllMusic|class=artist|id=mn0000369270|tab=biography|author=Bill Dahl}}</ref><ref name=recordedblues /> Footage from his funeral was included in the documentary.<ref name="AMG" /> He was interred at Mount Olivet Cemetery in New Orleans.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.lahistory.org/resources/dictionary-louisiana-biography/dictionary-louisiana-biography-b/ |title=Dictionary of Louisiana Biography – Dictionary B |website=Louisiana Historical Association |access-date=July 19, 2021}}</ref>

Professor Longhair's manager through those renaissance years of his career was [[Allison Miner]], of which jazz producer [[George Wein]] was quoted saying: "Her devotion to Professor Longhair gave him the best years of his life."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://palfifilms.com/The-Interview-with-Professor-Longhair|title=The Interview with Professor Longhair — Fess Up|website=palfifilms.com}}</ref><ref>Miner talked about Professor Lonhair's enormous contribution to R&B and musicians in the 1940s and 50s, in the short documentary "Reverence: A Tribute to Allison Miner" (produced and directed by Amy Nesbitt), saying: "...He developed a style that became the New Orleans sound, and everyone, you know, played it ... the essence of what New Orleans music is, is what Professor Longhair brought to it ...". In that documentary Miner also recalled how the resurrection of Fess's career came about: "...Professor Longhair had not played publicly for over ten years, he just had not played at all, and he came out of retirement for the festival. Quint [Davis, her co-producer of the New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival] found him at the one-stop record shop on Rampart Street ... We had four stages then, in the corners of Congress Square, and Fess started playing and everything stopped and everyone went over to the stage where he was ... everything just stopped—and the whole festival moved over to that stage."</ref><ref>See also [https://www.theadvocate.com/new_orleans/entertainment_life/festivals/article_6e00fccc-48a4-11e8-88c8-8fd73bb70c41.html "Professor Longhair at 100: New Orleans Jazz Fest, new DVD celebrate piano legend's legacy"], by Keith Spera, April 28, 2018, ''[[The New Orleans Advocate]]'' (retrieved September 10, 2018)</ref>

== Accolades ==
Professor Longhair was inducted into the [[Blues Hall of Fame]] in 1981.<ref>[https://blues.org/blues_hof_inductee/professor-longhair/ Professor Longhair], in the list of BHOF inductees at the [[Blues Foundation]] website</ref> In 1987, he was awarded a posthumous [[Grammy Award]] for a collection of recordings produced by Quint Davis in 1971 and 1972 released as ''[[House Party New Orleans Style]]''.<ref>[https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/professor-longhair Professor Longhair] at the Grammy Award website</ref> He was inducted into the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]] in 1992.<ref>[https://www.rockhall.com/inductees/professor-longhair Professor Longhair] at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame website</ref>

Professor Longhair was inducted into the Louisiana Music Hall of Fame in 2016 at his former home in New Orleans.

== In popular culture ==
His song "[[Tipitina]]" was covered by [[Hugh Laurie]] on the 2011 CD album ''[[Let Them Talk (Hugh Laurie album)|Let Them Talk]]''. Laurie is a long-time fan, having used Longhair's "Go to the Mardi Gras" as the theme for the pilot episode of ''[[A Bit of Fry & Laurie]]''. Laurie used to perform these two songs regularly during his world concert tours of 2011–2014 with The Copper Bottom Band, and in March 2013 paid tribute to Professor Longhair in a special concert on board {{RMS|Queen Mary}}.<ref>see [https://www.nola.com/tv/index.ssf/2013/08/hugh_laurie_salutes_professor.html Hugh Laurie salutes Professor Longhair in PBS special 'Live on the Queen Mary], an article (which includes an interview with Laurie of his long time hero), published on August 3, 2013, in [[Nola]] website (retrieved September 11, 2018). That concert was recorded and featured as a PBS special (later on also distributed as a DVD set) under the title: "Hugh Laurie: Live on the Queen Mary" (a clear homage to the seminal live album recorded by Fess at the very same place in March 1975)</ref><ref>When Paul McCartney [https://shop.paulmccartney.com/collections/professor-longhair reissued a remastered version] of the ''Professor Lonhair: Live on the Queen Mary'' album in April 2019, it was Hugh Laurie who was asked to write its foreword. For the full text of that "fascinating and emotional foreword", in which Laurie refers to the ongoing connection and influence Fess has had on his life, including some of the aforementioned anecdotes, see [[The Big Issue]] article "[https://www.bigissue.com/culture/read-hugh-lauries-tribute-to-professor-longhair-and-live-on-the-queen-mary/ Read Hugh Laurie's tribute to Professor Longhair and 'Live on the Queen Mary']{{-"}} of April 5, 2019 (retrieved May 23, 2019)</ref>

The New Orleans music venue [[Tipitina's]] is named after one of Longhair's signature songs, and was created specifically as a venue for Longhair to perform in his aged years. A bust of Professor Longhair, sculpted by bluesman [[Coco Robicheaux]], greets visitors upon entering the venue.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140714201640/http://www.tipitinas.com/history-music Tipitina's history original web page], as reflected in the [[Internet Archive]] (retrieved October 13, 2018)</ref>

== Afro-Cuban elements ==
In the 1940s, Professor Longhair was playing with Caribbean musicians, listening a lot to [[Perez Prado]]'s [[mambo (music)|mambo]] records, and absorbing and experimenting with it all.<ref>Palmer, Robert (1979). ''A Tale of Two Cities: Memphis Rock and New Orleans Roll''. Brooklyn. p. 14.</ref> He was especially enamored with Cuban music. Longhair's style was known locally as "rumba-boogie".{{sfn|Stewart|2000|p=298}} Alexander Stewart stated that Longhair was a key figure bridging the worlds of boogie-woogie and the new style of rhythm and blues.{{sfn|Stewart|2000|p=297}} In his composition "Misery", Professor Longhair played a [[habanera (music)|habanera]]-like figure in his left hand. The deft use of triplets in the right hand is a characteristic of Longhair's style.

: <score sound="1" override_midi="Misery piano part professor longhair.mid">
    {
      \new PianoStaff <<
        \new Staff <<
            \relative c'' {
                \clef treble \key f \major \time 4/4
                \tuplet 3/2 { r8 f f } \tuplet 3/2 { f f f } \tuplet 3/2 { f f f } \tuplet 3/2 { f f f }
                r4 r8 <e g> <d f>4 \acciaccatura { c16 d } <c e>8 <bes d>
                \tuplet 3/2 { r8 f' f } \tuplet 3/2 { f f f } \tuplet 3/2 { f d bes } \tuplet 3/2 { f g gis }
                a
                }
            >>
        \new Staff <<
            \relative c, {
                \clef bass \key f \major \time 4/4
                f4 d'8 a c4 d8 a
                bes4. d8 f4 d8 a
                bes4. d8 f4 d8 e,
                f4
                }
            >>
    >> }
</score>

[[Tresillo (rhythm)|Tresillo]], the habanera, and related African-based single-[[cell (music)|celled]] figures have long been heard in the left hand-part of piano compositions by New Orleans musicians, such as [[Louis Moreau Gottschalk]] ("Souvenirs from Havana", 1859) and [[Jelly Roll Morton]] ("The Crave", 1910). One of Longhair's great contributions was the adaptation of Afro-Cuban two-celled, [[clave (rhythm)|clave]]-based patterns in New Orleans blues. Michael Campbell stated, "Rhythm and blues influenced by Afro-Cuban music first surfaced in New Orleans. Professor Longhair's influence was&nbsp;... far reaching. In several of his early recordings, Professor Longhair blended Afro-Cuban rhythms with rhythm and blues. The most explicit is 'Longhair's Blues Rhumba', where he overlays a straightforward blues with a clave rhythm."<ref>Campbell, Michael; Brody, James (2007). ''Rock and Roll: An Introduction''. Schirmer. p. 83. {{ISBN|0-534-64295-0}}.</ref> The [[guajeo]]-like piano part for the rumba-boogie "Mardi Gras in New Orleans" (1949) employs the [[clave (rhythm)|2-3 clave]] onbeat/offbeat motif.<ref>Kevin Moore: "There are two common ways that the three-side [of clave] is expressed in Cuban popular music. The first to come into regular use, which David Peñalosa calls 'clave motif', is based on the decorated version of the three-side of the clave rhythm. By the 1940s [there was] a trend toward the use of what Peñalosa calls the 'offbeat/onbeat motif'. Today, the offbeat/onbeat motif method is much more common." Moore (2011). ''Understanding Clave and Clave Changes''. Santa Cruz, California: Moore Music/Timba.com. p. 32. {{ISBN|1466462302}}.</ref> The 2–3 clave time line is written above the piano excerpt for reference.

[[File:Mardi gras in new orleans.tif|thumb|center|upright=2.5|Piano excerpt from the rumba boogie "Mardi Gras in New Orleans" (1949) by Professor Longhair. 2–3 clave is written above for rhythmic reference.]]

According to [[Dr. John]], the Professor "put funk into music&nbsp;... Longhair's thing had a direct bearing I'd say on a large portion of the [[funk]] music that evolved in New Orleans."<ref>Dr. John, quoted by {{harvnb|Stewart|2000|p=297}}.</ref> This is the syncopated, but straight subdivision feel of Cuban music (as opposed to [[Swing (jazz performance style)|swung]] subdivisions). Alexander Stewart stated that the popular feel was passed along from "New Orleans—through [[James Brown]]'s music, to the popular music of the 1970s," adding, "The singular style of rhythm & blues that emerged from New Orleans in the years after World War II played an important role in the development of [[funk]]. In a related development, the underlying rhythms of American popular music underwent a basic, yet generally unacknowledged transition from triplet or shuffle feel to even or straight eighth notes.{{sfn|Stewart|2000|p=293}} Concerning funk motifs, Stewart stated, "This model, it should be noted, is different from a [[bell pattern|time line]] (such as clave and tresillo) in that it is not an exact pattern, but more of a loose organizing principle."{{sfn|Stewart|2000|p=306}}

== Discography ==
=== Albums ===
* ''Rock 'n' Roll Gumbo'' (1974)<ref>Discogs [https://www.discogs.com/Professor-Longhair-Rock-N-Roll-Gumbo/master/321113 Professor Longhair – ''Rock N Roll Gumbo'']</ref>
* ''[[Live on the Queen Mary]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Crawfish Fiesta]]'' (1980)
* ''The London Concert'', with [[Alfred "Uganda" Roberts]] (1981) (also known as ''The Complete London Concert'')
* ''The Last Mardi Gras'' (1982)
* ''Mardi Gras in New Orleans: Live 1975 Recording'' (1982)
* ''[[House Party New Orleans Style]]: The Lost Sessions, 1971–1972'' (1987)
* ''Ball the Wall! Live at Tipitina's 1978'' (2004)
* ''Live in Germany'' (1978)
* ''Live in Chicago'' (1976)

=== Compilations ===
* ''[[New Orleans Piano]]'' (1972) (also known as ''New Orleans Piano: Blues Originals'', Vol. 2)
* ''Mardi Gras In New Orleans 1949–1957'' (1981)
* ''Mardi Gras in Baton Rouge'' (1991)
* ''Fess: The Professor Longhair Anthology'' (1993)
* ''Fess' Gumbo'' (1996)
* ''Collector's Choice'' (1996), half an album of hits
* ''Way Down Yonder in New Orleans'' (1997)
* ''All His 78's'' (1999)
* ''The Chronological Professor Longhair 1949'' (2001)
* ''Tipitina: The Complete 1949–1957 New Orleans Recordings'' (2008)
* ''The Primo Collection'' (2009)
* ''Rockin' with Fess'' (2013)
<small>Source: Professor Longhair discography, [[AllMusic]]</small><ref>{{AllMusic|class=artist|id=mn0000369270|tab=discography|title=Professor Longhair discography}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
* ''Dr. John's New Orleans Swamp'' (1974)
* ''Piano Players Rarely Ever Play Together'' (1982), award-winning 76-minute documentary film featuring Professor Longhair, [[Tuts Washington]], and [[Allen Toussaint]]
* ''Fess Up'' (2018), the feature-length interview with Professor Longhair

== Quotation ==
{{quote|Black or white, local or out-of-town, they all had Longhair's music in common. Just that mambo-rhumba boogie thing.|[[Allen Toussaint]]<ref name="The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Music">{{cite book
| first= Paul
| last= Du Noyer
| author-link= Paul Du Noyer
| year= 2003
| title= The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Music
| publisher= Flame Tree Publishing
| location= Fulham, London
| page= 161
| isbn= 978-0-8230-7869-1}}</ref>}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== General and cited references ===
* {{cite journal|last=Stewart|first=Alexander|date=October 2000|title=Funky Drummer: New Orleans, James Brown and the Rhythmic Transformation of American Popular Music|journal=Popular Music|volume=19|number=3|pages=293–318|doi=10.1017/S0261143000000180|jstor=853638|s2cid=191476668}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://www.myspace.com/professorlonghair1 Professor Longhair at Myspace]
* {{Find a Grave|2703|Henry Roeland Byrd}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081222184558/http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/musician.php?id=10450 Professor Longhair Biography], originally published at the All About Jazz website, as reflected from the [[Internet Archive]]

{{Professor Longhair}}
{{1992 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Longhair, Professor}}
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:1980 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century African-American male singers]]
[[Category:20th-century American male singers]]
[[Category:20th-century American pianists]]
[[Category:20th-century American singers]]
[[Category:African-American pianists]]
[[Category:Alligator Records artists]]
[[Category:American blues pianists]]
[[Category:American blues singers]]
[[Category:American male pianists]]
[[Category:American street performers]]
[[Category:Atlantic Records artists]]
[[Category:Blues musicians from New Orleans]]
[[Category:Grammy Award winners]]
[[Category:JSP Records artists]]
[[Category:People from Bogalusa, Louisiana]]
[[Category:Rhythm and blues musicians from New Orleans]]
[[Category:Singers from Louisiana]]