Editing Primož Trubar

{{short description|Carniolan writer, Protestant reformer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
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| name                      = Primož Trubar
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| image                     = Primoz-Trubar.jpg
| alt                       = Primož Trubar, woodcut by Jacob Lederlein, 1578
| caption                   = Primož Trubar, woodcut by Jacob Lederlein, 1578
| birth_name                = 
| birth_date                = 8 June 1508{{#tag:ref|| name="birth note" |group="nb" }}
| birth_place               = [[Rašica, Velike Lašče|Rašica]], [[Duchy of Carniola]]<br>(now [[Slovenia]])
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| death_place               = [[Tübingen|Derendingen]], [[Duchy of Württemberg]]<br>(now [[Germany]])
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'''Primož Trubar''' or '''Primus Truber'''{{#tag:ref| Primož Trubar used the version ''Primus Truber'' throughout his life, except in 1550, when he used ''Trubar''.<ref name="Voglar I" /> |group="nb"}} ({{Audio|Sl-Primož Trubar.oga|pronunciation}}) (1508{{#tag:ref|The exact date of Trubar's birth is unknown. In different encyclopedias and lexicons, it is given as 8 June 1508 or 9 June 1508, as June 1508 or simply as 1508, the last being the only reliable information.<ref name="Voglar I" /> | group="nb"|name="birth note" }} – 28 June 1586)<ref name="Voglar I">{{cite news |url=http://www.locutio.si/index.php?no=42&clanek=990 |title=Primož Trubar v enciklopedijah in leksikonih I |language=sl |trans-title=Primož Trubar in Encyclopedias and Lexicons I |journal=Locutio |volume=11 |issue=42 |date=30 May 2008 |first=Dušan |last=Voglar |access-date=7 February 2011 |publisher=Maribor Literary Society}}</ref> was a [[Slovenes|Slovene]] [[Protestant Reformers|Protestant Reformer]] of the [[Lutheran]] tradition, mostly known as the author of the first [[Slovene language]] [[Printing press|printed]] book,<ref name="SBL">{{cite news |url=http://nl.ijs.si:8080/fedora/get/sbl:3985/VIEW/ |work=Slovenian Biographical Lexicon |title=Trubar Primož |publisher=[[Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts]] |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104121353/http://nl.ijs.si:8080/fedora/get/sbl:3985/VIEW/ |archive-date=4 November 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the founder and the first superintendent of the Protestant Church of the [[Duchy of Carniola]], and for consolidating the [[Slovenian language]]. Trubar introduced [[The Reformation]] in Slovenia, leading the [[Habsburg monarchy|Austrian Habsburgs]] to wage the [[Counter-Reformation]], which a small Protestant community survived. Trubar is a key figure of Slovenian history and in many aspects a major historical personality.<ref name="Voglar I" /><ref name="Father">{{cite news |url=http://www.sta.si/vest.php?s=s&id=1246035&pr=1 |title=Trubar Year Dedicated to Father of Slovenian Written Word (feature) |date=2 January 2008 |access-date=7 February 2011}}</ref>

==Life and work==
Trubar was born in the village of [[Rašica, Velike Lašče|Rašica]]<ref name="dlib.si">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dlib.si/v2/Preview.aspx?URN=URN:NBN:SI:DOC-EL7XWPP2|title = Digitalna knjižnica Slovenije - dLib.si}}</ref> (now in the [[Municipality of Velike Lašče]]) in the [[Duchy of Carniola]], then under the [[House of Habsburg|Habsburgs]]. In the years 1520–1521 he attended school in [[Rijeka]],<ref name="dlib.si"/> in 1522–1524 he continued his education in [[Salzburg]]. From there he went to [[Trieste]] under the tutorship of the Roman Catholic bishop [[Pietro Bonomo]], where he got in touch with the [[Renaissance humanism|Humanist]] writers, in particular [[Erasmus of Rotterdam]].<ref name="Jugoslovenski književni leksikon">{{cite book |author1=Stanko Janež |editor = Živan Milisavac |date=1971 |title=Jugoslovenski književni leksikon |trans-title=Yugoslav Literary Lexicon |publisher=[[Matica srpska]] |location= [[Novi Sad]] ([[Socialist Autonomous Province of Vojvodina|SAP Vojvodina]], [[Socialist Republic of Serbia|SR Serbia]] |pages=543–544 }}</ref> In 1527 the bishop Pietro Bonomo assigned Trubar a priest position in [[Loka pri Zidanem Mostu]].<ref name="Jugoslovenski književni leksikon"/> In 1528 he enrolled at the [[University of Vienna]], but did not complete his studies. In 1530 he returned to the Slovenian Lands and became a preacher in [[Ljubljana]], where he lived up until 1565. While in Ljubljana, he lived in a house, on today's Fish Square (''Ribji trg''), in the oldest part of the city. Living in Ljubljana had profound impact on his work, he considered Ljubljana the capital of all [[Slovenes]] because of its central position in the heart of the [[Slovene lands]] and because its residents spoke Slovene as their first language, unlike several other towns in today's [[Slovenia]]. It is estimated that in Trubar's period around 70% of Ljubljana's 4000 inhabitants attended mass in Slovene.<ref name="Osnove Trubarjevega jezika">{{cite journal |last1=Rigler |first1=Jakob |title=Osnove Trubarjevega jezika |journal=Jezik in Slovstvo |date=1965 |volume=10 |issue=6–7}}</ref> It was the language of Ljubljana that Trubar took as a foundation of what later became standard [[Slovene language|Slovene]], with small addition of his native speech, that is [[Lower Carniolan dialect]].<ref name="Osnove Trubarjevega jezika"/> Trubar considered Ljubljana's speech most suitable, since it sounded much more noble, than his own, simple dialect of his hometown [[Rašica, Velike Lašče|Rašica]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rigler |first1=Jakob |title=Začetki slovenskega knjižnega jezika. The Origins of the Slovene Literary Language, Ljubljana: Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti |journal=Razred Za Filoloske in Literarne Vede |date=1968 |volume=22}}</ref> His decision to write in Ljubljana's variety was later adopted also by other Protestant writers, who also lived in Ljubljana during Trubar's time.  He gradually leaned towards Protestantism and was expelled from [[Ljubljana]] in 1547.

In 1550, while a Protestant preacher in [[Rothenburg ob der Tauber|Rothenburg]], he wrote the first two books in Slovene, ''[[Catechismus]]'' and ''[[Abecedarium (Trubar)|Abecedarium]]'', which were then printed that year in [[Schwäbisch Hall]] by Peter Frentz.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.srl.si/sql_pdf/SRL_2013_4_01.pdf |title=Nova odkritja o slovenski protestantiki |language=sl, en|trans-title=New Discoveries About the Slovene Protestant Literature |first=Kozma |last=Ahačič |journal=Slavistična revija |volume=61 |year=2013 |issue=4 |pages=543–555}}</ref> ''Catechismus'' also contained the first Slovene musical manuscript in print.

Altogether, Trubar authored 22 books in Slovene and two books in German. He was the first to translate parts of the Bible into Slovene. After the exhortation by [[Pier Paolo Vergerio]], he translated the [[Gospel of Matthew]] in 1555 and until 1577 in three parts published the translation of the entire [[New Testament]].<ref name="dlib.si"/> In period between 1561 and 1565 Trubar was the manager and supervisor of the [[South Slavic Bible Institute]].{{Sfn|Society|1990|p=243}} Eschatologically minded, he also endeavored to proselytize Muslims in Turkey with his books.<ref>Werner Raupp (Ed.): Mission in Quellentexten. Geschichte der Deutschen Evangelischen Mission von der Reformation bis zur Weltmissionskonferenz Edinburgh 1910, Erlangen/Bad Liebenzell 1990 (ISBN 3-87214-238-0 / 3-88002-424-3), p. 49 (including source text).</ref>

Trubar died in [[Tübingen|Derendingen]], [[Holy Roman Empire]] (now part of the city of [[Tübingen]], Germany), where he is also buried.<ref name="SBL"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Simoniti |first1=Primož |title=Auf den Spuren einer Aristophanes-Handschrift |journal=Linguistica |date=1980 |volume=20 |page=21 |doi=10.4312/linguistica.20.1.21-33 |url=https://www.dlib.si/stream/URN:NBN:SI:DOC-60BAV40A/753e006d-5315-4f47-84f8-892182dd1a70/PDF |access-date=June 27, 2018|doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Commemoration==
[[File:Kip-Trubar.JPG|thumb|The monument to Primož Trubar by [[Franc Berneker]]. White marble, 1910. The statue stands in [[Trubar Park]] opposite the [[Museum of Modern Art (Ljubljana)|Museum of Modern Art]] in Ljubljana.]]
On June 4, 1952, the street ''Šentpeterska cesta'' in Ljubljana was renamed ''Trubarjeva cesta'' after Trubar. It is one of the oldest roads in the city, first mentioned in 1802, and starts in ''Prešernov trg'' (Prešeren Square), named after Slovenia's national poet. The street is currently known for its high concentration of ethnic restaurants.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.total-slovenia-news.com/travel/4008-trubarjeva-cesta-ljubljana-s-ethnic-food-centre|title=Trubarjeva Cesta, Ljubljana's Ethnic Food Centre|website=www.total-slovenia-news.com|language=en-gb|access-date=2019-07-08}}</ref>

In 1986, Slovene television produced a TV series, directed by Andrej Strojan with the screenplay written by [[Drago Jančar]], in which Trubar was played by the Slovene actor [[Polde Bibič]].

Trubar was commemorated on the [[Slovenian tolar#Banknotes|10 tolar banknote]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bsi.si/en/description-banknotes-and-coins.asp?MapaId=528|title = Banka Slovenije}}</ref> in 1992, and on the [[Slovenian euro coins|Slovene 1 euro coin]] in 2007. In 2008, the [[Government of Slovenia]] proclaimed the Year of Primož Trubar and the 500th anniversary of Trubar's birth was celebrated throughout the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.trubar2008.si/eng/ |title=The Year of Trubar 2008 |publisher=Coordinating Committee for State Celebrations, Government of Slovenia. Protocol of the Government of the Republic of Slovenia. Government of the Republic of Slovenia Communication Office |access-date=7 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111029064320/http://www.trubar2008.si/eng/ |archive-date=29 October 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A [[€2 commemorative coins|commemorative €2 coin]] and a postage stamp were issued.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dbs.si/obanki/kontaktniobrazec/kovanci.asp |title=Kovanci - DBS d.d. |access-date=26 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003170040/http://www.dbs.si/obanki/kontaktniobrazec/kovanci.asp |archive-date=3 October 2011  }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | date=22 May 2008 | url=http://www.ibiblio.org/theeuro/InformationWebsite.htm?http://www.ibiblio.org/theeuro/files/files.c2e/2e.2008.06.slovenia.htm | title=The Euro – €2 Commemorative Design 2008 – Slovenia | access-date=22 May 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.posta.si/postage-stamp/4139/Prominent-Slovenes?nodeid=1106 |title=Prominent Slovenes |date=22 May 2008 |publisher=Post of Slovenia |access-date=7 February 2011}}</ref> An exhibition dedicated to the life and work of Primož Trubar, and the achievements of the Slovene [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation Movement]] was on display at the [[National Museum of Slovenia]] from 6 March to 31 December 2008.

In 2009, the Trubar Forum Association printed Trubar's Catechism and Abecedarium in modern Slovene, in a scholarly edition that includes both the Trubar-era Slovene and the modern Slovene translation with scholarly notes.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://sta.si/1440630 |title=First Slovenian Book Available in Modern Slovenian |publisher=Slovenian Press Agency |date=23 October 2009}}</ref>
The "Sermon on Faith", a portion of the Catechism, is available in modern Slovene, English, German and Esperanto.{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}}

Since 2010, 8 June is commemorated in Slovenia as Primož Trubar Day.<ref name="STA Trubar Day">{{cite news |url=http://www.sta.si/vest.php?s=a&t=0&id=1524945 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325094937/http://www.sta.si/vest.php?s=a&t=0&id=1524945 |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 March 2012 |title=Slovenia Gets Primoz Trubar Day |publisher=Slovenia Press Agency |date=18 June 2010 |access-date=7 February 2011 }}</ref> [[Google]] celebrated his 505th birthday anniversary with a dedicated [[Google Doodle]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://doodles.google/ |title= Doodles/2013 |access-date=8 June 2013 |work=Google inc. }}</ref>

[[File:Bista Primoža Trubara u Lendavi.jpg|thumb|Primož Trubar bust in [[Lendava]]]]

==Bibliography==
Books written or published by Trubar include:
* {{cite book|title=Catechismvs. V slouenskim Iesiku sano kratko sastopno Islago. Inu ene Molytue tar Nauuki Boshy. Vseti is zhistiga suetiga pisma|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_u2yngEACAAJ|year=1555|publisher=Državna Založba Slovenije}}
* {{cite book<!-- |last1=Trubar|first1=Primož|last2=Rupel|first2=Mirko -->|title=Ta slovenski kolendar kir vselei terpi: inu ena tabla per nim, ta kasshe inu praui try inu sedemdesset leit naprei...|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y2xAnQEACAAJ|year=1557|publisher=Cankarjeva založba}}
* {{cite book<!-- |last=Trubar|first=Primož -->|title=Catechismus, mit Außlegung, in der Syruischen Sprach|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MCYDcgAACAAJ|year=1561|publisher=Ulrich Morhardt}}
* {{cite book<!-- |last1=Trubar|first1=Primož --><!-- |last2=Berčič|first2=Branko -->|title=Ena duhovska peissen subper Turke inu vse sovrashnike te Cerque Boshye|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BWpGnQEACAAJ|year=1567|publisher=Cankarjeva založba}}
* {{cite book<!-- |last=Trubar|first=Primož -->|title=Cerkovna ordninga|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ri1cQAACAAJ|publisher=Trofenik.}}
* {{cite book|title=Kerszhanske leipe molitve sa use potreibe inu Stanuve, na usaki dan skusi ceil Tiedan, poprei v Bukovskim inu Nemshkim Jesiki, skusi Iansha Habermana pissane, Sdai pak tudi pervizh v Slovenskzhino stolmazhene, Skusi Iansha Tulszhaka|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hTUKrgEACAAJ|year=1579|publisher=Skusi Iansha Mandelza, utim Leitu}}
* ''Ta pervi deil tiga noviga testamenta'', 1557, [[doi:10.3931/e-rara-79377]] (Digitized Edition at [[E-rara]]).
* ''Katehismus. Edna malahna kniga ... : Catechismus, mit Außlegung, in der Syruischen Sprach,'' 1561, [[doi:10.3931/e-rara-79803]] (Digitized Edition at [[E-rara]]).
* ''Ta celi catehismus : Catechismus mit des Herrn Johañis Brentzij kurtzen Außlegung in Windischer und Teutscher Sprach zůsamen getruckt'', 1567, [[doi:10.3931/e-rara-79802]] (Digitized Edition at [[E-rara]]).
* (Übersetzung:) ''Artikuli ili deli prave stare krstjanske vere. Confessio oder bekanntnuß des glaubens.'' Tübingen 1562, [[doi:10.3931/e-rara-79378]] (Digitized edition at [[E-rara]]).
* ''Postila to est, kratko istlmačenǵe vsih' nedelskih' evanéliov', i poglaviteih' prazdnikov, skrozi vse leto, sada naiprvo cirulickimi slovi štampana : Kurtze auszlegung über die Sontags vnd der fürnembsten Fest Euangelia durch das gantz jar jetzt erstlich in crobatischer sprach mit Cirulischen bůchstaben getruckt.'' Tübingen 1562, [[doi:10.3931/e-rara-79379]] (Digitized edition at [[E-rara]])

==See also==
{{lutheranism|expanded=translators}}
{{Portal|Slovenia|Christianity}}
{{Commons category}}
*[[Schweipolt Fiol]]
*[[Đurađ Crnojević]]
*[[Stefan Marinović (printer)|Stefan Marinović]]
*[[Hieromonk Makarije]]
*[[Hieromonk Mardarije]]
*[[Hegumen Mardarije]]
*[[Vićenco Vuković]]
*[[Hieromonk Pahomije]]
*[[Trojan Gundulić]]
*[[Andrija Paltašić]]
*[[Jakov of Kamena Reka]]
*[[Coresi]]
*'''Bartolomeo Ginammi''' who followed Zagurović's footsteps reprinting Serbian books.
*[[Inok Sava]]
*[[Stefan Paštrović]]
*[[Jovan Maleševac]]
*[[Symon Budny]]
*[[Francysk Skaryna]]
*[[Ivan Fedorov (printer)|Ivan Fedorov]]
*[[Adam Bohorič]]
*[[Božidar Goraždanin]]
*[[Dimitrije Ljubavić]]
*[[István Küzmics]]
*[[Jurij Dalmatin]]
*[[Jovan Maleševac]]
*[[List of Glagolitic printed works]]
*[[Sebastian Krelj]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group="nb"}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite book|last=Society|title=Slovene Studies: Journal of the Society for Slovene Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yc8VAQAAMAAJ|year=1990|publisher=The Society}}

{{Velike Lašče |state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.e-rara.ch/sbs/doi/10.3931/e-rara-79378 Digitized Edition of the 'Artikuli ili deli prave stare krstjanske vere'] from 1562, at [https://www.e-rara.ch  E-rara.ch]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Trubar, Primoz}}
[[Category:1508 births]]
[[Category:1586 deaths]]
[[Category:People from the Municipality of Velike Lašče]]
[[Category:Lutheran writers]]
[[Category:16th-century Carniolan writers]]
[[Category:16th-century Christian biblical scholars]]
[[Category:16th-century Lutheran clergy]]
[[Category:Protestant Reformers]]
[[Category:Carniolan Lutherans]]
[[Category:Carniolan translators]]
[[Category:Translators of the Bible into Slovene]]
[[Category:Slovene-language culture]]
[[Category:European biblical scholars]]
[[Category:Lutheran biblical scholars]]
[[Category:Converts to Lutheranism from Roman Catholicism]]