Editing Powell Doctrine

{{short description|1990s U.S. military doctrine named for General Colin Powell}}
{{also|Lewis F. Powell Jr.#Powell Memorandum, 1971}}
The "'''Powell Doctrine'''" is a term named after General [[Colin Powell]], for a military doctrine that Powell created in the run-up to the 1990–1991 [[Gulf War]]. The doctrine poses questions emphasizing national security interests, overwhelming strike capabilities with an emphasis on ground forces, and widespread public support,<ref name=mont>{{cite journal|last=Monten|first=Jonathan|author2=Andrew Bennett|title=Models of Crisis Decision Making and the 1990–91 Gulf War|journal=[[Security Studies (journal)|Security Studies]]|year=2010|volume=19|issue=3|pages=486–520|doi=10.1080/09636412.2010.505129|s2cid=143710322}}</ref> all of which have to be answered affirmatively before military action is taken. Powell's doctrine is based in large part on the [[Weinberger Doctrine]], devised by [[Caspar Weinberger]] during his tenure as [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]] (at which time Powell was Weinberger's senior military assistant).

==Summary==
The Powell Doctrine states that a list of questions all have to be answered affirmatively before military action is taken by the United States:<ref name="DuBrin">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/extra/teachers/lessonplans/iraq/powelldoctrine.html|title=The Powell Doctrine: Background, Application and Critical Analysis|first=Doug|last=DuBrin|publisher=NewsHour Extra|date=2003|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130116194223/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/extra/teachers/lessonplans/iraq/powelldoctrine.html|archive-date = January 16, 2013|access-date=April 19, 2015}}</ref><ref name="preble21">{{cite news |last1=Preble |first1=Christopher |title=The Powell Doctrine's wisdom must live on |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/the-powell-doctrines-wisdom-must-live-on/ |publisher=Atlantic Council |date=18 October 2021}}</ref>
# Is a vital [[national security]] interest threatened?
# Do we have a clear attainable objective?
# Have the risks and costs been fully and frankly analyzed?
# Have all other non-violent policy means been fully exhausted?
# Is there a plausible [[exit strategy]] to avoid endless entanglement?
# Have the consequences of our action been fully considered?
# Is the action supported by the American people?
# Do we have genuine broad international support?

As Powell said in an April 1, 2009, interview on ''[[The Rachel Maddow Show]]'', it denotes a nation's exhausting of all "political, economic, and diplomatic means", which, only if all were futile, would result in the condition that the nation should resort to military force. Powell has also asserted that when a nation is engaging in war, every resource and tool should be used to achieve decisive force against the enemy, minimizing casualties, and ending the conflict quickly by forcing the weaker force to capitulate.<ref>Rachel Maddow, "[https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna30002070 Colin Powell Talks Rachel Maddow] ", ''MSNBC'', 1 April 2009.</ref>

==Analysis and commentary==
The Powell Doctrine has been reported as an emerging legacy from the wars in [[Korean War|Korea]] and [[Vietnam War|Vietnam]] and the "Never Again vs. Limited War" policy debates (either win or don't start versus value of limited war)<ref>{{cite news| title = The Powell Doctrine's Enduring Relevance| url = http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/4100/the-powell-doctrines-enduring-relevance| date = 22 July 2009| access-date = 20 June 2013| archive-date = 12 December 2013| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131212125623/http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/4100/the-powell-doctrines-enduring-relevance| url-status = live}}</ref> and Caspar Weinberger's Six Tests described in his 1984 speech "The Uses of Military Power".<ref>{{cite news| title = Weinberger's Six Tests| url = http://www.airforcemag.com/MagazineArchive/Pages/2004/January%202004/0104keeper.aspx| access-date = 2013-06-20| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131212123627/http://www.airforcemag.com/MagazineArchive/Pages/2004/January%202004/0104keeper.aspx| archive-date = 2013-12-12| url-status = dead}}</ref> It has been used to compare the Vietnam War, the Gulf War, and the [[Iraq War]].<ref name="DWSUWF2007">{{cite web|url=http://www.dailykos.com/story/2007/09/08/382402/-Is-Iraq-like-Vietnam-Lessons-learned|title=Is Iraq like Vietnam? Lessons learned|author=DWSUF|publisher=Daily Kos|date=September 8, 2007|access-date=April 19, 2015|archive-date=March 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050355/http://www.dailykos.com/story/2007/09/08/382402/-Is-Iraq-like-Vietnam-Lessons-learned|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Bush Doctrine]]
* [[Just war theory]]
* [[Pottery Barn rule]]
* [[Reagan Doctrine]]
* [[Shock and awe]]
* [[Weinberger Doctrine]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Campbell, Kenneth J. "Once Burned, Twice Cautious: Explaining the Weinberger-Powell Doctrine." ''Armed Forces & Society'' 24#3 (1998): 357–74.
* LaFeber, Walter. "The rise and fall of Colin Powell and the Powell Doctrine." ''Political Science Quarterly'' 124.1 (2009): 71–93. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25655610 online]
* MacMillan, John. "After Interventionism: A Typology of United States Strategies." ''Diplomacy & Statecraft'' 30.3 (2019): 576–601. [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09592296.2019.1641927?af=R online]
* Meiertöns, Heiko. ''The Doctrines of US Security Policy: An Evaluation under International Law'', Cambridge University Press (2010), {{ISBN|978-0-521-76648-7}}.
* Middup, Luke. ''The Powell Doctrine and US Foreign Policy'' (Ashgate, 2015) [https://books.google.com/books?id=8TKrCwAAQBAJ&dq=Powell&pg=PP1 online].
* O'Sullivan, Christopher D. ''Colin Powell: American Power and Intervention From Vietnam to Iraq'', New York: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, (2009)
* Record, Jeffrey. "Back to the Weinberger-Powell Doctrine?" ''Strategic Studies Quarterly,'' no. Fall (2007): 79–95.
* Walt, Stephen. "Applying the 8 Questions of the Powell Doctrine to Syria." ''Foreign Policy'' (September 13, 2013). [http://foreignpolicy.com/2013/09/03/applying-the8-questions-of-the-powell-doctrine-to-syria/ online]
* Yeatman, Scott T. "Modifying the Weinberger-Powell Doctrine for the Modern Geo-Strategic Environment." (''NDU/JFSC Joint Advanced Warfighting School,'' 2017) [https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/1032137.pdf online].

===Primary sources===
* Powell, Colin L.  "U.S. Forces: Challenges Ahead." ''[[Foreign Affairs]]''; Winter 1992, Vol. 71 Issue 5, 32–45, 14p [https://web.archive.org/web/20050925233910/http://www.foreignaffairs.org/19921201faessay5851/colin-l-powell/u-s-forces-challenges-ahead.html  online]
* Powell, Colin L. and Joseph E. Persico. ''My American Journey''  (1995), autobiography.

{{Foreign relations of the United States|expanded=DPC}}

[[Category:Military doctrines]]
[[Category:Foreign policy doctrines of the United States]]
[[Category:1990 in the United States]]
[[Category:1990 in international relations]]