Editing Pope Vigilius

{{ref improve|date=June 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Short description|Head of the Catholic Church from 537 to 555}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Pope
| honorific-prefix = [[List of popes|Pope]]
| name = Vigilius
| title = [[Bishop of Rome]]
| church = [[Chalcedonian Christianity]]
| image = 
| term_start = 29 March 537
| term_end = 7 June 555
| predecessor = [[Pope Silverius|Silverius]]
| successor = [[Pelagius I]]
| birth_date = {{Circa|497}}
| birth_place = [[Rome]], [[Ostrogothic Kingdom]]
| death_date = 7 June 555 (aged 57–58)
| death_place = [[Syracuse, Sicily|Syracuse]], [[Sicily]], [[Eastern Roman Empire]]
}}

'''Pope Vigilius''' (died 7 June 555) was the [[bishop of Rome]] from 29 March 537 to his death. He is considered the first pope of the [[Byzantine papacy]]. Born into Roman aristocracy, Vigilius served as a [[deacon]] and [[Papal apocrisiarius|papal ''apocrisiarius'']] in [[Constantinople]]. He allied with [[Theodora (wife of Justinian I)|Empress Theodora]], who sought his help to establish [[Monophysitism]], and was [[papal selection before 1059|made pope]] after the deposition of [[Pope Silverius|Silverius]]. After he refused to sign Emperor [[Justinian I]]'s edict [[Three-Chapter Controversy|condemning the Three Chapters]], Vigilius was arrested in 545 and taken to Constantinople. He died in Sicily while returning to [[Rome]].

==Early life==
Vigilius belonged to an aristocratic family from [[Rome]]; his father, John, is identified as a [[Roman consul|consul]] in the ''[[Liber pontificalis]]'', having received that title from the emperor in [[Constantinople]].<ref>Raymond Davis, translator, ''The Book of Pontiffs (Liber Pontificalis)'' (Liverpool: University Press, 1989), p. 56</ref> According to [[Procopius]], his brother [[Reparatus (praetorian prefect)|Reparatus]] was one of the [[Roman Senate|senator]]s taken hostage by [[Witigis]], but managed to escape before the Ostrogothic king ordered their slaughter in 537.<ref>Procopius, ''De bello gothico'' I (V).26; translated by H.B. Dewing, ''Procopius'' (Cambridge: Loeb Classical Library, 1979), vol. 3 pp. 247f</ref>

Vigilius entered the service of the Church and was [[ordained]] a [[deacon]] in 531. That year, the Roman clergy agreed to a decree empowering the [[pope]] to determine the succession to the [[Holy See]], now considered invalid.<ref>Fanning, William (1911). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160408034115/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11456a.htm Papal Elections]. ''[[The Catholic Encyclopedia]]''. Vol. 11. Robert Appleton Company. [[New York City|New York]]. Online transcript by Robert A. Orosco (31 August 2016). ''New Advent''. Knight, Kevin (editor). Archived on 8 April 2016. "It is commonly held also that he is prohibited from doing so by Divine law".</ref> Vigilius was chosen by [[Pope Boniface II]] as his successor and presented to the clergy assembled in [[Old St. Peter's Basilica]]. The opposition to such a procedure led Boniface in the following year to withdraw his designation of a successor and to burn the decree respecting it.<ref name="ce-vigilius" />

The successor of Boniface, [[Agapetus I]] (535–536), appointed Vigilius ''[[Papal apocrisiarius|apocrisiarius]]'' at [[Constantinople]]. [[Theodora (wife of Justinian I)|Empress Theodora]] sought to win him as a confederate to revenge the deposition of the [[Monophysite]] [[Patriarch Anthimus I of Constantinople]] by Agapetus and also to gain aid for her efforts in behalf of the Monophysites.<ref>Davis, ''The Book of Pontiffs (Liber Pontificalis)'', p. 55</ref> Vigilius is said to have agreed to the plans of the intriguing empress who promised him the [[Holy See]] and 700 pounds of gold.<ref name="ce-vigilius" />

==Rise to papacy==
While Vigilius was in Constantinople, Pope Agapetus died on 22 April 536, and [[Pope Silverius|Silverius]] was [[papal selection before 1059|made pope]] through the influence of the king of the [[Goths]]. Soon after Silverius was ordained, the Byzantine general [[Belisarius]] occupied Rome, which was then [[Siege of Rome (537–538)|besieged]] by the Goths. Although the Goths were unable to encircle the city completely, both the Byzantine soldiers and the inhabitants feared they would be destroyed. Soon after the siege began, for example, Belisarius ordered the women, children, and unnecessary servants of Rome to leave for [[Naples]], as well as his own army's camp followers.<ref>Procopius, ''De bello gothico'' I (V).25.1–4; translated by Dewing, vol. 3 p. 239</ref> Around the same time, Silverius was accused of offering to betray Rome to the Goths. Belisarius had him deposed, put in a monk's habit and exiled to Greece. Several other senators were also banished from Rome on the same charges.<ref name=Procopius-243>Procopius, ''De bello gothico'' I (V).25.13–14; translated by Dewing, vol. 3 p. 243</ref>

What part Vigilius played in the deposition of Silverius is unclear in the primary sources. The authors of the ''Liber Pontificalis'', who are hostile to Vigilius, state he delivered to Belisarius the imperial orders to depose Silverius, yet are circumspect about how Silverius was elected and ordained.<ref>Davis, ''The Book of Pontiffs (Liber Pontificalis)'', pp. 55ff</ref> [[Procopius]], on the other hand, states that Belisarius appointed Vigilius shortly after Silverius was deposed.<ref name=Procopius-243/> Vigilius was [[episcopal consecration|consecrated]] and enthroned as pope on 29 March 537. After the death of Silverius, Vigilius was recognized as pope by all the Roman clergy, even though the manner of his elevation was not regular.<ref name="ce-vigilius" />

==Pontificate==
Empress Theodora soon learned that she had been deceived. After Vigilius had attained the object of his ambition and been made pope, he maintained the same position as his predecessor against the Monophysites and the deposed Anthimus. A letter purported to be from the pope to the deposed Monophysite patriarchs Anthimus, Severus, and Theodosius seems to indicate that Pope Vigilius accepted the Monophysitism. This letter, however, is not regarded as genuine by most investigators and bears all the marks of forgery.<ref>cf. Duchesne in ''Revue des quest. history.'' (1884), II, 373; Chamard, ibid., I (1885), 557; Grisar in ''Analecta romana'', I, 55 sqq.; Savio in ''Civilta catt''., II (1910), 413–422].</ref> The pope did not restore Anthimus to his office.<ref name="ce-vigilius" />

In the year 540 Vigilius took a stand in regard to Monophysitism, in two letters sent to Constantinople. One of the letters is addressed to [[Emperor Justinian I]], the other to the [[Patriarch Menas]]. In both letters the pope supports positively the [[Synods]] of [[First Council of Ephesus|Ephesus]] and [[Council of Chalcedon|Chalcedon]], the decisions of his predecessor [[Pope Leo I]], and the deposition of the Patriarch Anthimus. Several other letters written by the pope in the first years of his pontificate give information respecting his interposition in the ecclesiastical affairs of various countries.  On 6 March 538, he wrote to Bishop [[Caesarius of Arles]] concerning the penance of the Austrasian King [[Theudebert I]] on account of his marriage to his brother's widow.<ref>Letter translated in William E. Klingshirn, ''Caesarius of Arles: Life, Testament, Letters'' (Liverpool: University Press, 1994), pp. 118f</ref> On 29 June 538, a decretal was sent to Bishop Profuturus of Braga containing decisions on various questions of church discipline. Bishop [[Auxanius]] and his successor, [[Aurelian of Arles]], entered into communication with the pope respecting the granting of the [[pallium]] as a mark of the dignity and powers of a [[papal legate]] for [[Gaul]]; the pope sent suitable letters to the two bishops. In the meantime new dogmatic difficulties had been developing at Constantinople that were to give the pope many hours of bitterness. In 543 Emperor Justinian issued a decree which condemned the various heresies of the [[Origen]]ists; this decree was sent for signature both to the Eastern patriarchs and to Vigilius.<ref name="ce-vigilius" />

===Three Chapters controversy===
In order to draw Justinian's thoughts from [[Origenism]], Theodore Askidas, [[bishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia]], called his attention to the fact that the condemnation of various representatives of the [[Antiochene school]], who were said to have inspired [[Nestorianism]], would make union with the Monophysites much easier. The emperor, who laid much stress upon winning over the Monophysites, agreed to this, and in 543 or 544 he issued a new edict [[Three-Chapter Controversy|condemning the Three Chapters]]. The "Three Chapters" concerned writings of Theodore of Mopsuestia, Theodoret of Cyrus, and a letter of Ibas of Edessa. While all three were, indeed, in error, this was due in some part to a misunderstanding of language used by [[Cyril of Alexandria]] against the Nestorians. Both Ibas and Theodoret had been deprived of their bishoprics by heretics, and had been restored by the Holy See and the Council of Chalcedon on anathematizing Nestorius. There were no good precedents for thus dealing harshly with the memory of men who had died in the peace of the Church. Such a condemnation at this point was seen by many of the bishops as potentially undermining the Council of Chalcedon itself.<ref name=Bacchus/>

The Eastern patriarchs and bishops signed the condemnation of these Three Chapters, although many signed under duress.<ref name=Bacchus>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14707b.htm Bacchus, Francis Joseph. "Three Chapters." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 11 Oct. 2017]</ref>  In Western Europe, however, the procedure was considered unjustifiable and dangerous, because it was feared that it would detract from the importance of the [[Council of Chalcedon]]. Vigilius refused to acknowledge the imperial edict and was called to Constantinople by Justinian, in order to settle the matter there with a synod. According to the ''Liber pontificalis'' on 20 November 545, while the pope was celebrating the Feast of [[St. Cecilia]] in the [[Santa Cecilia in Trastevere|Church of St. Cecilia]] in [[Trastevere]], and before the service was fully ended, he was ordered by the imperial official Anthimus to start at once on the journey to Constantinople.  The pope was taken immediately to a ship that waited in the [[Tiber]] in order to be carried to the eastern capital while a part of the populace cursed the pope and threw stones at the ship. Rome was now besieged by the Goths under [[Totila]] and the inhabitants fell into the greatest misery. Vigilius sent ships with grain to Rome, but these were captured by the enemy.<ref>Davis, ''The Book of Pontiffs (Liber Pontificalis)'', pp. 57ff</ref> If the story related by the ''Liber pontificalis'' is essentially correct, the pope probably left Rome on 22 November 545. He remained for a long time in [[Sicily]] and reached Constantinople about the end of 546 or in January 547.<ref name="ce-vigilius" />

After his transfer to Constantinople, Vigilius wrote to his captors: "Do with me what you wish.  This is the just punishment for what I have done." and "You may keep me in captivity, but the blessed Apostle Peter will never be your captive."<ref name=Carroll>{{cite book|last1=Carroll|first1=Warren H.|title=The Building of Christendom|date=1987|publisher=Christendom College Press|location=Front Royal, VA|isbn=978-0-931888-24-3}}</ref>

While in captivity, Vigilius sought to persuade the emperor to send aid to the inhabitants of Rome and Italy who were so hard pressed by the Goths. Justinian's chief interest, however, was in the matter of the Three Chapters, and as Vigilius was not ready to make concessions of this point and wavered frequently in his measures, he had much to suffer. The matter was further complicated by the fact that the Latins, Vigilius among them, were for the most part ignorant of Greek and therefore unable to judge the incriminated writings for themselves.<ref name=Bacchus/> The change in his position is to be explained by the fact that the condemnation of the writings mentioned was essentially justifiable, yet appeared inopportune and would lead to disastrous controversies with Western Europe. Finally, Vigilius acknowledged in a letter of 8 December 553 to the [[Patriarch Eutychius of Constantinople|Patriarch Eutychius]] the decisions of the [[Second Council of Constantinople]] and declared his judgment in detail in a ''Constitution'' of 26 February 554.  The Pope agreed to condemn the Three Chapters,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Michele Renee Salzman |title=The Falls of Rome Crises, Resilience, and Resurgence in Late Antiquity |date=2021 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107111424 |page=294}}</ref> and thus after a residence of eight years at Constantinople the pope was able, after coming to an understanding with the emperor, to start on his return to Rome in the spring of 555.

==Death==
While on the journey he died at [[Syracuse, Italy|Syracuse]].  His body was brought to Rome and buried in the [[San Martino ai Monti]] over the [[Catacomb of Priscilla]] on the [[Via Salaria]].<ref name="ce-vigilius">{{CathEncy|wstitle=Pope Vigilius|volume=15|author=Kirsch, Johann Peter}}</ref>

==References and sources==
{{Portal|Biography|Christianity|History}}
;References
{{reflist|2}}
{{catholic|title=Pope Vigilius}}
;Sources
*Ekonomou, Andrew J. 2007. ''Byzantine Rome and the Greek Popes: Eastern influences on Rome and the papacy from Gregory the Great to Zacharias, A.D. 590–752''. Lexington Books.
*Louise Ropes Loomis, ''The Book of Popes'' '''(Liber Pontificalis)'''. Merchantville, NJ: Evolution Publishing. {{ISBN|1-889758-86-8}} (Reprint of the 1916 edition. English translation with scholarly footnotes, and illustrations).

== Literature ==
* {{EnciclopediaDeiPapi|Verfasser=[[Claire Sotinel]]|ID=vigilio_(Enciclopedia-dei-Papi)/|Lemma=Vigilio|Band=1|SeiteVon=512|SeiteBis=529|Kommentar=|kurz=}}
* {{BBKL|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629063341/http://www.bautz.de/bbkl/v/vigilius_p.shtml |band=12|spalten=1383-1387|autor=Josef Rist|artikel=Vigilius}}
* {{Cite book|last=Meyendorff|first=John|author-link=John Meyendorff|year=1989|title=Imperial unity and Christian divisions: The Church 450-680 A.D.|series=The Church in history|volume=2|location=Crestwood, NY|publisher=St. Vladimir's Seminary Press|isbn=978-0-88-141056-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6J_YAAAAMAAJ}}

== External links ==
*{{commons category-inline|Vigilius}}
*{{wikisource author-inline}}
*[http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/01_01_0537-0555-_Vigilius.html Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia with analytical indexes] {{inlang|la}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|ca}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Pope Silverius|Silverius]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Pope]]|years=537–555}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Pope Pelagius I|Pelagius I]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Popes}}
{{Catholicism}}
{{History of the Catholic Church}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vigilius}}
[[Category:555 deaths]]
[[Category:Popes of the Byzantine Papacy]]
[[Category:Italian popes]]
[[Category:Papal Apocrisiarii to Constantinople]]
[[Category:Popes]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:6th-century popes]]
[[Category:6th-century writers in Latin]]
[[Category:6th-century Italian writers]]
[[Category:Letter writers in Latin]]
[[Category:Participants in the Second Council of Constantinople]]