Editing Pope Urban IV

{{Short description|Head of the Catholic Church from 1261 to 1264}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Pope
| honorific-prefix = [[List of popes|Pope]]
| name = Urban IV
| title = [[Bishop of Rome]]
| image = 
| caption = 
| birth_name = Jacques Pantaléon
| church = [[Catholic Church]]
| term_start = 29 August 1261
| term_end = 2 October 1264
| predecessor = [[Pope Alexander IV|Alexander IV]]
| successor = [[Clement IV]]
| consecration = 4 September 1261
| previous_post = {{Indented plainlist|
* [[Bishop of Verdun]] (1253–1255)
* [[Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem]] (1255–1261)
}}
| birth_date = c. 1195
| birth_place = [[Troyes]], [[Champagne, France|Champagne]], [[France in the Middle Ages|Kingdom of France]]
| death_date = 	2 October 1264 (aged 68–69)
| death_place = [[Perugia]], [[Papal States]]
| coat_of_arms = C o a Urbanus IV.svg
| other = Urban
}}
{{Ordination
| denomination = Catholic Church
| ordained deacon by = 
| date of diaconal ordination = 
| place of diaconal ordination = 
| ordained priest by = 
| date of priestly ordination = 
| place of priestly ordination = 
| consecrated by = 
| co-consecrators = 
| date of consecration = 
| place of consecration = 
| elevated by = 
| elevation date = 
| bishop 1 = [[Archbishop Leonardo]]
| consecration date 1 = 28 December 1261
| bishop 2 = [[Ottone Visconti]]
| consecration date 2 = 22 July 1262
| bishop 3 = [[John Gervais|John Gervais (Gernsay)]]
| consecration date 3 = 10 September 1262
| bishop 4 = [[Engelbert von Falkenburg]]
| consecration date 4 = 31 December 1262
| bishop 5 = [[Bishop Guillaume]], [[Order of Friars Minor|O.F.M.]]
| consecration date 5 = ?? ???? 1263
| bishop 6 = [[Archbishop Maurin]]
| consecration date 6 = ?? ???? 1263
| bishop 7 = [[Bishop Thurgot]]
| consecration date 7 = 13 January 1264
| bishop 8 = [[Guillaume de La Roue]], [[O.S.B.]]
| consecration date 8 = 22 February 1264
| bishop 9 = [[Benvenuto Scotivoli]]
| consecration date 9 = ?? ???? 1264
}}

'''Pope Urban IV''' ({{langx|la|Urbanus IV}}; c. 1195 – 2 October 1264), born '''Jacques Pantaléon''',<ref name="Runciman54">{{cite book|first1=Steven|last1=Runciman|title=The Sicilian Vespers: A History of the Mediterranean Word in the Later Thirteenth Century|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2000|page=54|isbn=978-0521437745}}</ref> was head of the [[Catholic Church]] and ruler of the [[Papal States]] from 29 August 1261 to his death three years later. He was elected pope without being a [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinal]]; he was the first to be elected in such a way, and this would occur for only 5 more popes afterwards ([[Gregory X]], [[Celestine V]], [[Urban V]], [[Clement V]], and [[Urban VI]]).

==Early career==
Pantaléon was the son of a cobbler of [[Troyes]], [[France]].<ref name="Runciman54" /> He studied theology and [[common law]] in Paris and was appointed a canon of [[Laon]] and later [[Prince-Bishopric of Liège|Archdeacon of Liège]]. At the [[First Council of Lyon]] (1245), he attracted the attention of [[Pope Innocent IV]], who sent him twice on missions to [[Germany]].<ref name="Runciman54" /> In one of these missions, he negotiated the [[Treaty of Christburg]] between the pagan [[Old Prussians|Prussians]] and the [[Teutonic Knights]]. He became [[Bishop of Verdun]] in 1253. In 1255, [[Pope Alexander IV]] made him [[Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem]].<ref name="Runciman54" />

Pantaléon returned from Jerusalem, which was in dire straits,<ref name="Runciman54" /> and was at [[Viterbo]] seeking help for the oppressed Christians in the East when Alexander IV died. After a [[Sede Vacante|three-month vacancy]], the eight cardinals of the [[Sacred College]] chose him to succeed Alexander IV in a [[Papal election, 1261|papal election]] on 29 August 1261. He chose the regnal name of Urban IV, and was crowned in the church of [[Santa Maria a Gradi, Viterbo|Santa Maria a Gradi]] on September 4.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=SdRaAAAAcAAJ Brevi Notizie della città di Viterbo e degli uomini illustri dalla medesima]; by Gaetano Coretini, Stamperia di San Michele a Ripa Grande, presso paolo Giunchi, (1774), page 59</ref>

==Pontificate==
A month before Urban's election, the [[Latin Empire of Constantinople]], founded during the ill-fated [[Fourth Crusade]] against the Byzantines, fell to the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]] led by Emperor [[Michael VIII Palaiologos]]. Urban IV endeavoured without success to stir up a [[crusade]] to restore the Latin Empire.<ref>Norwich 1995, pp. 218, 219</ref> [[Georgius Pachymeres]] reports that Urban flayed one of Michael's envoys alive.<ref>Norwich 1995, pp. 217–218</ref>

Urban initiated the construction of the [[Basilica of St. Urbain, Troyes]], in 1262.<ref>{{cite web|title=Basilique Saint-Urbain de Troyes – Sites Religieux|work=Visiter la Champagne|language=fr|url=http://www.visiter-la-champagne-ardenne.com/fr/aube/troyes/sites-religieux/basilique-st-urbain-troyes/description#.VnA1ZfmDGko|access-date=15 December 2015|archive-date=22 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222095705/http://www.visiter-la-champagne-ardenne.com/fr/aube/troyes/sites-religieux/basilique-st-urbain-troyes/description#.VnA1ZfmDGko|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Taddeo di bartolo, s. tommaso d'aquino presenta la sua liturgia del corpus christi a urbano IV, 1403 ca. (cropped).JPG|thumb|''[[Saint Thomas Aquinas]] Submitting His Office of Corpus Domini to Pope Urban IV'' by [[Taddeo di Bartolo]] (1403)]]
He instituted the festival of [[Corpus Christi (feast)|Corpus Christi]] ("the Body of Christ") on 11 August 1264, with the publication of the papal bull ''Transiturus.''<ref>{{cite book|title=Saint Thomas Aquinas|first1=Jean-Pierre|last1=Torrell|publisher=Catholic University of America Press|year=1996|page=130|isbn=978-0813208527}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Transiturus de Mundo|language=la|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/urbanus-iv/la/documents/bulla-transiturus-de-mundo-11-aug-1264.html|access-date=24 December 2019}}</ref> Urban asked [[Thomas Aquinas]], the Dominican theologian, to write the texts for the Mass and Office of the feast.<ref>{{cite book|title=Saint Thomas Aquinas|first1=Jean-Pierre|last1=Torrell|publisher=Catholic University of America Press|year=1996|pages=129–136|isbn=978-0813208527}}</ref> This included such famous hymns as the ''Pange lingua, Tantum ergo,'' and ''Panis angelicus''.

Urban became involved in the affairs of [[Denmark]]. [[Jakob Erlandsen]], [[Archbishop of Lund]], wanted to make the Danish Church independent of the Royal power – which put him in direct confrontation with the Dowager Queen [[Margaret Sambiria]], acting as regent for her son, King [[Eric V of Denmark]]. The Queen imprisoned the Archbishop, who responded by issuing an [[interdict]]. Both sides sought the Pope's support. The Pope agreed to several requests from the Queen. He issued a [[Papal dispensation|dispensation]] to alter the terms of the Danish succession to allow women to inherit the Danish throne. However, the main reasons of the conflict remained unsolved by Urban's death, with the case continuing at the papal court in Rome. The exiled Archbishop Erlandsen come personally to Italy seeking a solution.

However, the convoluted affairs of Denmark were a minor concern to the Pope. His attention was focussed on Italian affairs. During the previous pontificate, the long confrontation between the pope and the late [[Hohenstaufen]] [[Holy Roman Emperor|German Emperor]] [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]] had fed clashes between cities dominated by pro-Imperial [[Ghibellines]] and those dominated by pro-papal [[Guelfs|Guelf factions]]. Frederick II's heir [[Manfred of Sicily|Manfred]] was absorbed in these confrontations.

Urban's military captain was the [[condottiere]] Azzo d'[[House of Este|Este]], who led a loose league of cities including [[Mantua]] and [[Ferrara]].  The Hohenstaufen in Sicily had claims over the cities of [[Lombardy]]. To counter the influence of  Manfred, Urban supported [[Charles of Anjou]] in seizing the [[Kingdom of Sicily]], because he was amenable to papal control. Charles was [[Count of Provence]] due to marriage and was very powerful.

Urban negotiated with Manfred over two years to seek his support to regain Constantinople in exchange for the papal recognition of his Kingdom. At the same time, the pope promised ships and men to Charles through a crusading [[tithe]]. In exchange, Charles's promised not to lay claims on Imperial lands in northern Italy, nor in the [[Papal States]]. Charles also promised to restore the annual ''census'' or feudal tribute due the Pope as overlord, some 10,000 ounces of gold being agreed upon, while the Pope would work to block [[Conradin]]'s election to [[King of the Germans]].

Urban IV died in Perugia on 2 October 1264, before Charles' arrival in Italy. His successor, [[Pope Clement IV]], provided continuity to his agreements.

==Legend of Tannhäuser==
[[Tannhäuser]], a prominent German [[Minnesang|Minnesänger]] and poet, was a contemporary of Urban. Two centuries after the respective deaths, Pope Urban IV became a major character in a legend about the Minnesänger, which was first attested to exist in 1430 and became established in ballads from 1450.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Feast of Corpus Christi|last=Barbara|first=Walters|publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0271076386|page=105}}</ref>

According to this account, Tannhäuser was a knight and poet who discovered [[Venusberg (mythology)|Venusberg]], the underground home of [[Venus (goddess)|Venus]], and spent a year there worshipping the goddess. After leaving Venusberg, Tannhäuser was filled with remorse and traveled to [[Rome]] seeking Pope Urban IV's absolution of his sins. Urban replied that forgiving him would be as impossible as the papal staff growing leaves. Three days after Tannhäuser's departure, Urban's staff began growing leaves. The pope sent messengers seeking the knight, but he had already returned to Venusberg, never to be seen again. <ref name="Morris2002">{{cite book|last=Morris|first=William|title=The Earthly Paradise|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_uHAQAbRrjUC&pg=PA714|access-date=6 September 2012|year=2002|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0415941518|page=714}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography|Christianity|History}}
*[[Cardinals created by Urban IV]]
*[[List of popes]]
*[[Exultavit cor nostrum]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* [[David Abulafia]], 1988. ''Frederick II'', pp 413ff.
* {{cite book|author=Richard, Jean|author-link=Jean Richard (historian)|isbn= 978-0-521-62566-1|year=1999|title=The Crusades: c. 1071 – c. 1291|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
* {{cite book|author=Norwich, J.J.|author-link=John Julius Norwich|title=Byzantium: The Decline and Fall|publisher=Viking|location=London|year=1995|isbn=978-0-670-82377-2}}

==External links==
*{{commonscat-inline|Urbanus IV|Pope Urban IV}}
*{{wikisource author-inline}}
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15212a.htm ''Catholic Encyclopedia'':] Pope Urban IV

{{S-start}}
{{s-rel|ca}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Robert of Nantes]]}} 
{{s-ttl|title= [[Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem]]|years=1255–1261}} 
{{s-aft|after=[[William II of Agen]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Pope Alexander IV|Alexander IV]]}} 
{{s-ttl|title= [[List of Popes|Pope]]|years=1261–1264}} 
{{s-aft|after=[[Clement IV]]}}
{{S-end}}
{{Popes}}
{{Catholicism}}
{{History of the Catholic Church}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Urban 04}}
[[Category:Pope Urban IV| ]]
[[Category:1195 births]]
[[Category:1264 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Troyes]]
[[Category:French popes]]
[[Category:Latin Patriarchs of Jerusalem]]
[[Category:13th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in the Kingdom of Jerusalem]]
[[Category:13th-century French Roman Catholic bishops]]
[[Category:Non-cardinals elected pope]]
[[Category:Bishops of Verdun]]
[[Category:Apostolic Envoys to Poland]]
[[Category:Viterbo Papacy]]
[[Category:Christians of the Prussian Crusade]]
[[Category:Popes]]
[[Category:13th-century popes]]