Editing Pope Urban III

{{Short description|Head of the Catholic Church from 1185 to 1187}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=May 2014}}
{{lead too short|date=June 2016}}
}}

{{Infobox Christian leader
| type=Pope
| honorific-prefix= [[List of popes|Pope]]
| name=Urban III
| title= [[Bishop of Rome]]
| church= [[Catholic Church]]
| image= Urban2 lat.jpg
| caption= Urban III in a 13th-century miniature 
| birth_name=Uberto Crivelli
| term_start=25 November 1185
| term_end=20 October 1187
| predecessor=[[Lucius III]]
| successor=[[Gregory VIII]]
| consecration=1182
| cardinal= September 1173
| created_cardinal_by=[[Pope Alexander III|Alexander III]]
| birth_date=1120
| birth_place=[[Cuggiono]], [[Holy Roman Empire]]
|death_date= 20 October 1187 (aged 66–67)
| death_place=[[Ferrara]], [[Holy Roman Empire]]
| previous_post={{unbulleted list|[[Bishop of Vercelli]] (1182–85)|[[San Lorenzo in Damaso|Cardinal-Priest of San Lorenzo in Damaso]] (1182–85)|[[Archbishop of Milan]] (1185)}}
| other=Urban
}}

'''Pope Urban III''' ({{langx|la|Urbanus III}}; died 20 October 1187), born '''Uberto Crivelli''', reigned from 25 November 1185 to his death in 1187.<ref>{{cite book |last=Duffy |first=Eamon |title=Saints & sinners: A History of the Popes |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2001 |page=392 |isbn=0-300-09165-6 }}</ref>

==Early career==
{{main|Papal election, 1185}}
Crivelli was born in [[Cuggiono]], Italy as the son of Guala Crivelli and had four brothers: Pietro, Domenico, Pastore and Guala. It is often said that the future [[Pope Celestine IV]] was the son of Urban's sister, but this claim is without foundation.<ref>[http://www.genealogie-mittelalter.de/paepste/coelestin_4_papst_+_1241.html Genealogie-Mittelalter] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051023135046/http://www.genealogie-mittelalter.de/paepste/coelestin_4_papst_+_1241.html |date=2005-10-23 }}</ref> He studied in [[Bologna]].

In 1173, Crivelli was made a [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|cardinal]] by [[Pope Alexander III]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of September 1173|url=https://cardinals.fiu.edu/bios1173.htm#Crivelli|access-date=2022-01-15|website=cardinals.fiu.edu}}</ref> His original title is unknown, but he opted to be the Cardinal-Priest of San Lorenzo in Lucina in 1182. Lucius appointed him [[Archbishop of Milan]] in 1185. Lucius III died on 25 November 1185; Cardinal Crivelli was elected that same day.<ref>{{cite book |last=Coulombe |first=Charles A. |title=Vicars of Christ: A History of the Popes |publisher=Citadel Press |year=2003 |page=249 |isbn=0-8065-2370-0 }}</ref> The haste was probably due to fear of imperial interference.<ref name=Webster>{{CE1913  |inline=1 |last=Webster |first=Douglas Raymund |wstitle=Pope Urban III|volume=15}}</ref>

==Pontificate==
[[File:The 'verso' side of a cast lead papal bulla of Urban III dating from 1185-7 AD. (FindID 81923).jpg|thumb|left|[[Bulla (seal)|Bulla]] of Urban III]]
Urban III vigorously took up his predecessor's quarrels with [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Frederick I Barbarossa]], including the standing dispute about the disposal of the territories of the countess [[Matilda of Tuscany]]. This was embittered by personal enmity, for at the sack of Milan in 1162 the emperor had caused several of the pope's relatives to be proscribed or mutilated. Even after his [[Papal election, 1185|elevation to the papacy]], Urban III continued to hold the archbishopric of Milan, and in this capacity refused to crown as King of Italy Frederick I's son [[Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry]], who had married [[Constance I of Sicily|Constance]], the heiress of the [[kingdom of Sicily]]. By this marriage/bond the papacy lost that Norman support on which it had so long relied in its contests with the emperor.<ref name=Webster/>

Urban exerted himself to bring about peace between England and France, and on 23 June 1187, his legates by threats of [[excommunication]] prevented a [[pitched battle]] between the armies of the rival kings near [[Châteauroux]], and brought about a two years' truce.<ref name=Webster/>

While Henry in the south cooperated with the rebel [[Roman Senate|Senate]] of Rome, his father Frederick blocked the passes of the Alps and cut off all communication between the Pope, then living in [[Verona, Italy|Verona]], and his German adherents. Urban III now resolved on [[excommunicating]] Frederick I, but the Veronese protested against such a proceeding being resorted to within their walls. He accordingly withdrew to [[Ferrara]], but died before he could give effect to his intentions. He was succeeded by [[Gregory VIII]]. According to the chroniclers [[Ernoul]] and [[Benedict of Peterborough]], Urban III died of shock and grief after [[Joscius, Archbishop of Tyre]] brought him news of the Christian defeat at the [[Battle of Hattin]]. It is also commonly stated that Urban's death was caused by the news of the [[Siege of Jerusalem (1187)|fall of Jerusalem]], but [[William of Newburgh]] assures us that the report of the disaster of Hattin (3-4 July) did not even reach the [[Holy See]] till after the election of Gregory VIII, so it is hardly probable that Urban III ever heard of the surrender of the Holy City, which took place on 2 October.<ref name=Webster/>

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography|Christianity|History|Catholicism|Italy}}
*[[List of popes]]
*[[Cardinals created by Urban III]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|ca}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Lucius III]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Pope]]|years=1185–87}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Gregory VIII]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Popes}}
{{Catholicism}}
{{History of the Catholic Church}}
{{Bishops and Archbishops of Milan}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Urban 03}}
[[Category:1187 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Cuggiono]]
[[Category:Popes]]
[[Category:Italian popes]]
[[Category:Cardinals created by Pope Alexander III]]
[[Category:Archbishops of Milan]]
[[Category:12th-century popes]]
[[Category:12th-century Italian Roman Catholic archbishops]]
[[Category:1120 births]]