Editing Pope Urban II

{{Short description|Head of the Catholic Church from 1088 to 1099}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type                = Pope
| honorific-prefix    = [[List of popes|Pope]] [[List of canonised popes|Blessed]]
| name                = Urban II
| title               = [[Bishop of Rome]]
| church              = [[Catholic Church]]
| birth_name          = Odo
| image               = Urbano II in consacrazione de l'altare del monastero di Cluny (detail) (crop).png
| caption             = Pope Urban II depicted in a {{circa|late 12th century – early 13th century}} miniature, now at the [[National Library of France]]
| term_start          = 12 March 1088
| term_end            = 29 July 1099
| predecessor         = [[Pope Victor III|Victor III]]
| successor           = [[Pope Paschal II|Paschal II]]
| ordination          = {{circa|1068}}
| consecration        = 20 July 1085
| cardinal            = 1073
| created_cardinal_by = [[Pope Gregory VII|Gregory VII]]
| birth_date          = {{circa|1035}}<ref>''Key Figures in Medieval Europe: An Encyclopedia'': "Urban II, Pope (c. 1035–1099, r. 1088–1099)"</ref>
| birth_place         = [[Lagery]], [[County of Champagne]], [[France in the Middle Ages|Kingdom of France]]
| death_date          = 29 July 1099 (aged 63–64)
| death_place         = [[Rome]], [[Papal States]], [[Holy Roman Empire]]
| previous_post       = {{unbulleted list|[[Cardinal-Bishop of Ostia]] (1078–1088)|[[Cardinal-Bishop of Velletri]] (1080–1088)|Legate in Germany (1084–1085)}}
| feast_day           = 29 July
| venerated           = [[Catholic Church]]
| beatified_date      = 14 July 1881
| beatified_place     = [[Rome]]
| beatified_by        = [[Pope Leo XIII]]
| attributes          = {{unbulleted list|Papal vestments|[[Papal tiara]]|Staff}}
| other               = Urban
}}

'''Pope Urban II''' ({{langx|la|Urbanus II}}; {{circa|1035}} – 29 July 1099), otherwise known as '''Odo of Châtillon''' or '''Otho de Lagery''',{{sfn|Celli-Fraentzel|1932|p=97}}{{efn-ua|Alternatively, '''Otto''', '''Odo''', or '''Eudes'''.}} was the head of the [[Catholic Church]] and ruler of the [[Papal States]] from 12 March 1088 to his death. He is best known for convening the [[Council of Clermont]], which ignited the series of [[Christianity and violence|Christian military expeditions]] known as the [[Crusades]].<ref>Richard Urban Butler (1912), "[[wikisource:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope Bl. Urban II|Pope Bl. Urban II]]", in ''[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]'', '''15''', New York, Robert Appleton Company.</ref><ref>Theodore Freylinghuysen Collier (1911), [[wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Urban (popes)|Urban (popes)]]", in Chisholm, Hugh (ed.), ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'', '''27''', (11th ed.), [[Cambridge University Press]], pp. 789–792.</ref>

Pope Urban was a native of [[France]] and a descendant of a noble family from the French commune of [[Châtillon-sur-Marne]].<ref>Key Figures in Medieval Europe: An Encyclopedia, p. 641</ref><ref>Kleinhenz, Ch. Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia</ref> Before his papacy, Urban was the grand prior of [[Cluny Abbey|Cluny]] and [[bishop of Ostia]].{{sfn|Becker|1988|page=1:24–90}} As pope, he dealt with [[Antipope Clement III]], the infighting of various [[Christian nations]], and the [[Byzantine–Seljuk wars|Turkish invasions into Anatolia]]. In 1095, he started preaching for the start of the [[First Crusade]] (1096–1099).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Munro |first=Dana Carleton |date=1906 |title=The Speech of Pope Urban II - at Clermont, 1095 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1834642 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=231–242 |doi=10.2307/1834642 |jstor=1834642 |issn=0002-8762}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chevedden |first=Paul E. |date=2013 |title=Crusade Creationism "versus" Pope Urban Ii's Conceptualization of the Crusades |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24455961 |journal=[[The Historian (journal)|The Historian]] |volume=75 |issue=1 |pages=1–46 |doi=10.1111/hisn.12000 |jstor=24455961 |issn=0018-2370}}.</ref> He promised forgiveness and pardon for all of the past sins of those who would fight to reclaim the [[Holy Land]] from [[Muslims]] and free the [[Eastern churches]].{{sfn|Peters|1971|p=16}} This pardon would also apply to those fighting the [[Muslims in Spain]]. While the First Crusade resulted in the occupation of [[Jerusalem]] and expulsion of the [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimids]], Pope Urban II died before he could receive the news.

Urban II also set up the modern-day [[Roman Curia]] in the manner of a royal ecclesiastical court to help run the church.{{sfn|McBrien|2000|p=182}} He was [[Beatification|beatified]] by [[Pope Leo XIII]] on 14 July 1881.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Urban II {{!}} Biography, Legacy, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Urban-II |access-date=3 March 2025 |website=britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Bishop of Ostia ==
Urban, baptized Eudes (Odo), was born to a family of Châtillon-sur-Marne.{{sfn|McBrien|2000|p=190}}{{sfn|Kleinhenz|2004|p=1112}} In 1050, he began his studies at the nearby [[cathedral school of Reims]].{{sfn|Gabriele|2012|p=796}} He was prior of the [[Cluny Abbey|abbey of Cluny]],{{sfn|McBrien|2000|p=190}} and [[Pope Gregory VII]] later named him [[cardinal-bishop of Ostia]] {{circa|lk=no|1080}}. He was one of the most prominent and active supporters of the [[Gregorian reform]]s, especially as [[papal legate|legate]] in the Holy Roman Empire in 1084. He was among the three whom Gregory VII nominated as ''[[papabile]]'' (possible successors). [[Pope Victor III|Desiderius]], the abbot of [[Monte Cassino]], was chosen to follow Gregory VII in 1085 but, after his short reign as Victor III, Odo was [[Papal election, 1088|elected]] by acclamation at a small meeting of cardinals and other [[prelate]]s held in [[Terracina]] in March 1088.

== Papacy ==
=== Struggle for authority ===
{{Main|Investiture Controversy|Gregorian Reforms|Anselm of Canterbury|Bertrade de Montfort}}
[[Image:Quimper - Cathédrale Saint-Corentin - PA00090326 - 040.jpg|thumb|left|200px|A 19th century stained-glass depiction of Urban receiving [[Anselm of Canterbury|St Anselm]], exiled from [[Kingdom of England|England]] by [[William the Red]] amid the [[Investiture Controversy]].]]

From the outset, Urban had to reckon with the presence of [[Antipope Clement III|Guibert]], the former [[bishop of Ravenna]] who held [[Rome]] as the [[antipope]] Clement III. [[Pope Gregory VII]] had repeatedly clashed with the [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry IV]] over [[papal authority]]. Despite the [[Walk to Canossa]], Gregory had backed the rebel [[Rudolf of Rheinfelden]], the duke of [[Swabia]], and again [[Excommunication|excommunicated]] the emperor. Henry finally took Rome in 1084 and installed Clement III in Gregory's place.

Urban took up Gregory's policies and, while pursuing them with determination, showed greater flexibility and diplomatic finesse. Usually kept away from Rome,{{sfn|Peters|1971|p=33}} Urban toured northern Italy and France. A series of well-attended [[synod]]s held in [[Rome]], [[Amalfi]], [[Benevento]], and [[Troia, Italy|Troia]] supported him in renewed declarations against [[simony]], [[Investiture Controversy|lay investitures]], [[clerical celibacy|clerical marriages]] (partly via the ''[[cullagium]]'' tax), and the emperor and his antipope. He facilitated the marriage of [[Matilda of Tuscany|Matilda]], countess of Tuscany, with [[Welf II, Duke of Bavaria|Welf II]], [[list of Bavarian monarchs|duke of Bavaria]]. He supported the rebellion of Prince [[Conrad of Italy]] against his father and bestowed the office of groom on Conrad at [[Cremona]] in 1095.<ref name=rob>{{citation |last=Robinson |first=I.S. |title=Henry IV of Germany, 1056–1106 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QP8fNo5UNIYC&pg=PA291 |page=291 |isbn=9780521545907 |date=2003 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]}}.</ref> While there, he helped arrange the marriage between Conrad and [[Maximilla of Sicily|Maximilla]], the daughter of Count [[Roger I of Sicily]], which occurred later that year in [[Republic of Pisa|Pisa]]; her large [[dowry]] helped finance Conrad's continued campaigns.<ref name="rob"/> Empress [[Eupraxia of Kiev|Adelaide]] was encouraged in her charges of sexual coercion against her husband, Henry IV. He supported the theological and ecclesiastical work of [[Anselm of Canterbury]], negotiating a solution to the cleric's impasse with King [[William II of England]] and finally receiving England's support against the imperial antipope in Rome.

However, Urban maintained vigorous support for his predecessors' reforms and did not shy from supporting Anselm when the new archbishop of Canterbury fled England. Likewise, despite the importance of French support for his cause, he upheld his legate [[Hugh of Die]]'s [[excommunication]] of King [[Philip I of France]] over his doubly bigamous marriage with [[Bertrade de Montfort]], wife of the [[Fulk IV, Count of Anjou|Count of Anjou]]. (The ban was repeatedly lifted and reimposed as the king promised to forswear her and then repeatedly returned to her. A public penance in 1104 ended the controversy,<ref>''Philip I of France and Bertrade'', ''Dissolving Royal Marriages: A Documentary History, 860–1600'', ed. David d'Avray, [[Cambridge University Press]], 2014, 47.</ref> although Bertrade remained active in attempting to see her sons succeed Philip instead of [[Louis VI of France]].<ref>[[Orderic Vitalis]].</ref>) Urban further authorised [[itinerant preacher]]s such as [[Robert of Arbrissel]] to spread the knowledge of Christian faith and promote the ideas of the reform movement, contributing to the mass phenomenon of spirituality at the end of the 11th century.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Müller |first1=Annalena |title=From the Cloister to the State: Fontevraud and the Making of Bourbon France, 1642–1100 |date=2021 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9781000436297 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zk85EAAAQBAJ |page=42 |access-date=6 March 2023}}.</ref>

=== First Crusade ===
{{Main|First Crusade}}
[[File:Urban2 a.jpg|thumb|Urban at Clermont (14th century miniature)]]
[[File:B Urban II2.jpg|thumb|200px|Pope Urban II preaching the [[First Crusade]] at the [[Council of Clermont]]]]

Urban II's movement took its first public shape at the [[Council of Piacenza]], where, in March 1095,<ref>The synod took place on 1–7 March 1095; the Pope stayed in Piacenza until the second week in April: P. Jaffé, ''Regesta pontificum Romanorum'', editio secunda, I (Leipzig 1885), p. 677.</ref> Urban II received an ambassador from the [[Byzantine Emperor]] [[Alexios I Komnenos]] asking for help against the Turkish tribes who had taken over most of formerly Byzantine [[Anatolia]].{{sfn|Peters|1971|p=xiv}} The [[Council of Clermont]] met, attended by numerous Italian, [[Kingdom of Burgundy|Burgundian]], and French [[Bishop (Catholic Church)|bishops]]. All of the sessions except the final one took place either in the [[Clermont-Ferrand Cathedral]] or in the suburban church of Notre-Dame-du-Port.

Though the council was primarily focused on reforms within the church hierarchy, Urban II gave a speech on 27 November 1095 at the conclusion of the council to a broader audience.{{sfn|Peters|1971|p=1}} The speech was made outside in the open air to accommodate the vast crowd that had come to hear him.<ref>Blumenthal, Utah-Renata, ''The Crusades – An Encyclopedia'', pp. 263-265.</ref>

Urban II's sermon proved highly effective, as he summoned the attending nobility and the people to wrest the [[Holy Land]], and the eastern churches generally, from the domination of the Seljuks.{{sfn|Peters|1971|pp=xvi, 1-15}} This was the speech that triggered the [[Crusades]].

No exact transcription exists of the speech that Urban delivered at the Council of Clermont. The five extant versions of the speech were written down sometime later and differ widely.{{sfn|Peters|1971|pp=1-15}} All versions of the speech except that by [[Fulcher of Chartres]] were probably influenced by the chronicle account of the First Crusade called the ''[[Gesta Francorum]]'' (written c. 1101), which includes a version of it.{{sfn|Peters|1971|pp=2-10}} Fulcher of Chartres was present at the council, though he did not start writing his history of the crusade, including a version of the speech until c. 1101.{{sfn|Peters|1971|p=23}} [[Robert the Monk]] may have been present,{{sfn|Peters|1971|p=2}} but his version dates from about 1106.

As a better means of evaluating Urban's true motives in calling for a crusade to the Holy Lands, there are four extant letters written by Pope Urban himself: one to the [[Flanders|Flemish]] (dated December 1095);{{sfn|Peters|1971|pp=15-16}} one to the [[Bologna|Bolognese]] (dated September 1096); one to [[Vallombrosa]] (dated October 1096); and one to the counts of [[Catalonia]] (dated either 1089 or 1096–1099).<ref name="Strack">{{Cite journal |last=Strack |first=Georg |date=2016 |title=Pope Urban II and Jerusalem: a re-examination of his letters on the First Crusade |url=https://www.mag.geschichte.uni-muenchen.de/downloads/strack_letters.pdf |journal=[[The Journal of Welsh Religious History|Journal of Religious History, Literature and Culture]] |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=51–70 |access-date=7 March 2022}}.</ref> However, whereas the three former letters were concerned with rallying popular support for the Crusades and establishing the objectives, his letters to the Catalonian lords instead beseech them to continue the fight against the [[Moors]], assuring them that doing so would offer the same divine rewards as a conflict against the Seljuks.<ref>H.E.J. Cowdrey, "Pope Urban II's Preaching of the First Crusade", ''History'', 55 (1970), pp. 185–187.</ref> Urban II's letters, rather than the paraphrased versions of his speech at Clermont, reveal his thinking about crusading.<ref name="Strack"/> Nevertheless, the versions of the speech have had a significant influence on popular conceptions and misconceptions about the Crusades, so it is worth comparing the five composed speeches to Urban's actual words.<ref name="Strack"/> Fulcher of Chartres has Urban saying that the Lord and Christ beseech and command the Christians to fight and reclaim their land.<ref name="autogenerated1">Fulcher of Chartres' account of Urban's speech, [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/urban2-5vers.html Urban II: Speech at Council of Clermont, 1095, Five versions of the Speech] (available as part of the [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook.html Internet Medieval Sourcebook]).</ref>

The chronicler Robert the Monk put this into the mouth of Urban II:
<blockquote> This land which you inhabit, shut in on all sides by the seas and surrounded by the mountain peaks, is too narrow for your large population; nor does it abound in wealth, and it furnishes scarcely food enough for its cultivators. Hence, it is that you murder one another, that you wage war, and that frequently you perish by mutual wounds. Let, therefore, hatred depart from among you, let your quarrels end, let wars cease, and let all dissensions and controversies slumber. Enter upon the road to the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre|Holy Sepulchre]]; wrest that land from the wicked race, and subject it to yourselves [...] God has conferred upon you above all nations great glory in arms. Accordingly, undertake this journey for the remission of your sins, with the assurance of the imperishable glory of the [[Kingdom of God|Kingdom of Heaven]].</blockquote>

Robert continued:
<blockquote>When Pope Urban had said these ... things in his urbane discourse, he so influenced to one purpose the desires of all who were present that they cried out, "It is the will of God! It is the will of God!". When the venerable Roman pontiff heard that, [he] said: "Most beloved brethren, today is manifest in you what the Lord says in the Gospel, 'Where two or three are gathered together in my name there am I in the midst of them.' Unless the Lord God had been present in your spirits, all of you would not have uttered the same cry. For although the cry issued from numerous mouths, yet the origin of the cry was one. Therefore, I say to you that God, who implanted this in your breasts, has drawn it forth from you. Let this then be your war cry in combats because this word is given to you by God. When an armed attack is made upon the enemy, let this one cry be raised by all the soldiers of God: It is the will of God! It is the will of God!"<ref>Robert the Monk's account of Urban's speech, [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/urban2-5vers.html Urban II: Speech at Council of Clermont, 1095, Five versions of the Speech] (available as part of the [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook.html Internet Medieval Sourcebook]).</ref>

</blockquote>Within Fulcher of Chartres's account of Pope Urban's speech, there was a promise of remission of sins for whoever took part in the crusade.<blockquote>All who die by the way, whether by land or by sea, or in battle against the pagans, shall have immediate remission of sins. This I grant them through the power of God with which I am invested.<ref name="autogenerated1"/></blockquote>

It is disputed whether the famous slogan [[deus vult|"God wills it"]] or "It is the will of God" (''deus vult'' in Latin, ''Dieu le veut'' in French) in fact was established as a rallying cry during the council. While Robert the Monk says so,{{sfn|Peters|1971|p=xix}} it is also possible that the slogan was created as a catchy [[propaganda]] motto afterward.

Urban II's own letter to the Flemish confirms that he granted "remission of all their sins" to those undertaking the enterprise to liberate the Eastern churches.{{sfn|Peters|1971|p=16}} One notable contrast with the speeches recorded by Robert the Monk, [[Guibert of Nogent]], and [[Baldric of Dol]] is the lesser emphasis on Jerusalem itself, which Urban only once mentions as his own focus of concern. In the letter to the Flemish, he writes, "They [the Turks] have seized the Holy City of Christ, embellished by his passion and resurrection, and blasphemy to say—have sold her and her churches into abominable slavery." In the letters to Bologna and Vallombrosa, he refers to the Crusaders' desire to set out for Jerusalem rather than his desire for Jerusalem to be freed from Seljuk rule. It was believed that originally that Urban wanted to send a relatively small force to aid the Byzantines, however after meeting with two prominent members of the Crusades Adhemar of Puy and Raymond of Saint-Guilles, Urban decided to rally a much larger force to retake Jerusalem.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baldwin |first=Marshall W. |date=1940 |title=Some Recent Interpretations of Pope Urban II's Eastern Policy |journal=The Catholic Historical Review |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=459–466 |jstor=25013850}}.</ref> Urban II refers to liberating the Church as a whole, or the broadly "Eastern churches" specifically, rather than reconquering Jerusalem itself. The phrases used are "churches of God in the eastern region" and "the eastern churches" (to the Flemish), "liberation of the Church" (to Bologna), "liberating Christianity [Lat. Christianitatis]" (to Vallombrosa), and "the Asian church" (to the Catalan counts). Coincidentally or not, Fulcher of Chartres's version of Urban's speech does not explicitly reference Jerusalem. Instead, it more generally refers to aiding the crusaders' Christian "brothers of the eastern shore" and to their loss of Asia Minor to the Turks.<ref>Quotes from Urban II's letters taken from "Crusades, Idea and Reality, 1095–1274"; Documents of Medieval History 4; eds. Louise and Johnathan Riley-Smith, London 1981, 37–40.</ref>

It is still disputed what Pope Urban's motives were, as evidenced by the different recorded speeches, all of which differ. Some historians believe that Urban wished for the reunification of the Eastern and Western churches, a rift caused by the [[Great Schism of 1054]]. Others believe that Urban saw this as an opportunity to gain legitimacy as the pope as, at the time, he was contending with the antipope Clement III. A third theory is that Urban felt threatened by the Seljuk conquests in Europe and saw the crusades as a way to unite the Christian world into a unified defense against them.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baldwin |first=Marshall W. |date=1940 |title=Some Recent Interpretations of Pope Urban II's Eastern Policy |journal=The Catholic Historical Review |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=462–466 |jstor=25013850}}.</ref>

The most important effect of the First Crusade for Urban himself was the removal of [[Antipope Clement III]] from Rome in 1097 by one of the French armies.{{sfn|Peters|1971|pp=33–34}} His restoration there was supported by [[Matilda of Tuscany]].{{sfn|Peters|1971|p=34}}

Urban II died on 29 July 1099, fourteen days after the [[Siege of Jerusalem (1099)|fall of Jerusalem]], but before news of the event had reached Italy; his successor was [[Pope Paschal II]].

=== Spain ===
Urban was involved in Iberia from the very beginning of his time as pontiff. Of his involvements in Iberia there were two main engagements, namely the:
*  Elevation of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Toledo|See of Toledo]] to the status of [[Primacy of the Spains#Primacy of Toledo|Primate over all Hispania]] in 1088<ref>{{cite book |last1=Migne |first1=Jaques-Paul |title=Patrologia cursus completus: Series Latina |page=Columns 7 and 8 |edition=Volume 151}}.</ref>
* Granting of an indulgence to Catalan nobles to "endeavor with all your [the Catalan nobles'] help to restore the state of the city of Tarragona."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Migne |first1=Jaques-Paul |title=Patrologia cursus completus: Series Latina |page=Column 20 |edition=Volume 151}}.</ref>

Urban here gave support to the [[Reconquista|crusades in Spain]] against the [[Moors]] there. According to Chevedden, Urban was concerned that the focus on the east and Jerusalem would neglect the fight in Spain. He saw the fight in the east and in Spain as part of the same crusade so he would offer the same remission of sin for those that fought in Spain and discouraged those that wished to travel east from Spain.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chevedden |first=Paul E. |date=2011 |title=The View of the Crusades from Rome and Damascus: The Geo-Strategic and Historical Perspectives of Pope Urban II and ʿAlī ibn Ṭāhir al-Sulamī |journal=Oriens |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=270–271 |doi=10.1163/187783711X588132 |jstor=23072750}}.</ref> A similar line is taken by Erdmann, who views the conflict in Iberia as being premeditated by the [[Mahdia campaign of 1087]] conducted by Pope Victor III<ref>{{cite book |last1=Erdmann |first1=Carl |title=The Origin of the Idea of Crusade |date=1977 |publisher=[[Princeton University]] |page=293}}.</ref> due to the granting of an indulgence.<ref name="MGH">{{cite journal |journal=Monumenta Germaniae Historica |volume=Scriptores |page=7.751 |url=https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_ss_7/index.htm#page/751/mode/1up |title=Auctores antiquissimi}}.</ref> This campaign, Erdmann argues, was considered a success because of the elevation of the see of Pisa in 1092 in which Urban acknowledges the recent "triumph" of the Pisans over Saracen forces.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Migne |first1=Jacques Paul |title=Patrologia cursus completus: Series Latina |page=Column 63 |edition=Volume 151}}.</ref>

=== Sicily ===
Urban received vital support in his conflict with the [[Byzantine Empire]], Romans and the [[Holy Roman Empire]] from the [[Italo-Normans|Norman]] of [[Campania]] and [[Sicily]]. In return he granted [[Roger I of Sicily|Roger I]] the freedom to appoint bishops (the right of [[Investiture#Ecclesiastical usage|lay investiture]]), to collect Church revenues before forwarding to the papacy, and the right to sit in judgment on ecclesiastical questions.{{sfn|Loud|2013|pp=231-232}} Roger I virtually became a [[Papal legate|legate]] of the Pope within Sicily.{{sfn|Matthew|1992|p=28}} In 1098 these were extraordinary prerogatives that Popes were withholding from temporal sovereigns elsewhere in Europe and that later led to bitter confrontations with Roger's [[Hohenstaufen]] heirs.

== Veneration ==
Pope Urban was [[beatified]] in 1881 by [[Pope Leo XIII]] with his [[feast day]] on 29 July.{{sfn|McBrien|2000|p=192}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://saints.sqpn.com/saintu05.htm |title=Patron Saints Index: Pope Urban II |access-date=22 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206025339/http://saints.sqpn.com/saintu05.htm |archive-date=6 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}.</ref>

== See also ==
* [[House of Châtillon]]
* [[Beauvais Cathedral]]
* [[Milo of Nanteuil]]
* [[Concordat of Worms]]
* [[Gregorian Reforms]]
* [[Investiture Controversy]]
* [[Cardinals created by Urban II]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist-ua}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{Cite book |last=Becker |first=Alfons |title=Papst Urban II (1088–1099) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PdBVAAAAYAAJ |date=1988 |publisher=A. Hiersemann |location=Stuttgart |isbn=9783777288024 |language=de}}
* {{Cite journal |title=Contemporary Reports on the Mediaeval Roman Climate |first=Anna |last=Celli-Fraentzel |journal=Speculum |volume=7 |issue=1 |date=January 1932 |pages=96–106 |doi=10.2307/2848328 |jstor=2848328 |s2cid=161324202}}
* Crozet, R. (1937), "Le voyage d'Urbain II et ses arrangements avec le clergé de France (1095–1096)" : ''Revue historique'', 179 (1937), 271–310.
* {{Cite journal |last=Gabriele |first=Matthew |date=11 December 2012 |title=The Last Carolingian Exegete: Pope Urban II, the Weight of Tradition, and Christian Reconquest |journal=Church History |volume=81 |issue=4 |pages=796–814 |doi=10.1017/S0009640712001904 |s2cid=170734222}}
* Gossman, Francis Joseph (1960), ''Pope Urban II and Canon Law'' (The Catholic University of America Canon Law Studies 403), Washington, 1960.
* {{Cite book |first=Graham |last=Loud |title=The Age of Robert Guiscard: Southern Italy and the Northern Conquest |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-582-04529-3 |edition=2 |date=2013}}
* {{Cite book |first=Donald |last=Matthew |title=The Norman Kingdom of Sicily |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0521269117 |date=1992}}
* {{Cite book |first=Robert P. |last=McBrien |title=Lives of the Popes |isbn=9780060653040 |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |date=2000}}
* {{Cite book |editor-last=Peters |editor-first=Edward |title=The First Crusade |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]] |location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-0812210170 |date=1971}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rubenstein |first=Jay |title=Armies of Heaven: The First Crusade and the Quest for Apocalypse |publisher=[[Basic Books]] |date=2011 |isbn=978-0-465-01929-8}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kleinhenz |first=Christopher |title=Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia |isbn=9781135948801 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |date=2004}}
* Somerville, Robert (1970), "The French Councils of Pope Urban II: Some Basic Considérations", ''Annuarium historiae conciliorum'', 2 (1970), 56–65
* {{Cite journal |last1=Somerville |first1=Robert |title=The Council of Clermont (1095), and Latin Christian Society |journal=Archivum Historiae Pontificiae |date=1974 |volume=12 |pages=55–90 |jstor=23563638}}
* {{Cite book |first=Robert |last=Somerville |title=Pope Urban II's Council of Piacenza |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PI7az15h_P0C |date=2011 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-925859-8 |page=10}}

== External links ==
{{Commons|Urbanus II|Pope Urban II}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/urban2-5vers.html Five versions of his speech for the First Crusade] from Medieval Sourcebook
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305031831/http://www.datum.at/artikel/aufruf-zum-kreuzzug/ Urban's call for the 1095 crusade]
* {{Geschichtsquellen Person|118763873}}
* {{DNB-Portal|118763873}}
* {{DDB|Person|118763873}}
* [http://opac.regesta-imperii.de/lang_de/suche.php?thes=Urban+II.+%281088-1099%29 Publications about Urban II] in the OPAC of the Regesta Imperii

{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|ca}}
{{s-bef|before = [[Pope Victor III|Victor III]]}}
{{s-ttl|title  = [[Pope]]|years=1088–1099}}
{{s-aft|after  = [[Pope Paschal II|Paschal II]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Popes}}
{{Catholicism}}
{{History of the Catholic Church}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Urban 02}}
[[Category:Pope Urban II| ]]
[[Category:1030s births]]
[[Category:1099 deaths]]
[[Category:11th-century French people]]
[[Category:House of Châtillon]]
[[Category:People from Marne (department)]]
[[Category:Cluniacs]]
[[Category:Cardinal-bishops of Ostia]]
[[Category:Christians of the First Crusade]]
[[Category:Diplomats of the Holy See]]
[[Category:French popes]]
[[Category:Benedictine popes]]
[[Category:Christian critics of Islam]]
[[Category:11th-century popes]]
[[Category:Beatified popes]]
[[Category:French beatified people]]
[[Category:Benedictine beatified people]]
[[Category:Popes]]
[[Category:Cardinals created by Pope Gregory VII]]
[[Category:Crusades]]
[[Category:Beatifications by Pope Leo XIII]]
[[Category:Burials at St. Peter's Basilica]]