Editing Pope Paul VI

{{Short description|Head of the Catholic Church from 1963 to 1978}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Pope
| honorific-prefix = [[List of popes|Pope]] [[List of canonised popes|Saint]]
| name = Paul VI
| title = [[Bishop of Rome]]
| image = Paulus VI, by Fotografia Felici, 1969.jpg
| caption = Official portrait, 1969
| church = [[Catholic Church]]
| term_start = 21 June 1963
| term_end = 6 August 1978
| predecessor = [[John XXIII]]
| successor = [[John Paul I]]
| previous_post = {{Indented plainlist|
* Referendary Prelate of the [[Apostolic Signatura]] (1926{{nbnd}}1938)
* [[Secretariat of State (Holy See)|Substitute for General Affairs]] (1937{{nbnd}}1953)
* Pro-Secretary for Ordinary Affairs of Secretariat of State (1953{{nbnd}}1954)
* [[Archbishop of Milan]] (1954{{nbnd}}1963)
* Cardinal Priest of [[San Martino ai Monti|Santi Silvestro e Martino ai Monti]] (1958{{nbnd}}1963)}}
| ordination = 29 May 1920
| ordained_by = [[Giacinto Gaggia]]
| consecration = 12 December 1954
| consecrated_by = [[Eugène Tisserant]]
| cardinal = 15 December 1958
| created_cardinal_by = [[John XXIII]]
| rank = [[Cardinal priest]]
| birth_name = Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini
| birth_date = {{birth date|1897|09|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Concesio]], [[Lombardy]], Italy
| death_date = {{death date and age|1978|08|06|1897|09|26|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Castel Gandolfo]], [[Lazio]], Italy
| buried = [[Vatican Grottoes]], [[St. Peter's Basilica]]
| education = [[University of Milan]] ([[Doctor of Canon Law (Catholic Church)|JCD]])
| motto = {{plainlist|
* {{langnf|la|Cum Ipso in monte sancto|With Him on the holy mountain|break=yes}}
* {{langnf|la|In nomine Domini|In the name of the Lord|break=yes}}}}
| signature = Signature paolo vi.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert
| coat_of_arms = C o a Paulus VI.svg
| feast_day = {{plainlist|
* 29 May<ref name="feastday">{{cite web|url=http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2019/02/06/0103/00210.html|title=Decreto della Congregazione del Culto Divino e la Disciplina dei Sacramenti sull'iscrizione della celebrazione di San Paolo VI, Papa, nel calendario Romano Generale|date=6 February 2019|publisher=[[Holy See]]|access-date=6 February 2019|archive-date=7 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207015902/http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2019/02/06/0103/00210.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 30 May ([[Ambrosian Rite]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://translate.google.com.au/translate?sl=auto&tl=en&js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.incrocinews.it%2Fchiesa-diocesi%2Fmemoria-del-beato-paolo-vi-1.109145&edit-text=&act=url|title=Memory of Blessd Paul VI|publisher=Archdiocese of Milan|date=15 May 2015|access-date=23 May 2015|archive-date=24 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524153815/https://translate.google.com.au/translate?sl=auto&tl=en&js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.incrocinews.it%2Fchiesa-diocesi%2Fmemoria-del-beato-paolo-vi-1.109145&edit-text=&act=url|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
| venerated = Catholic Church
| saint_title = [[Confessor]]
| beatified_date = 19 October 2014
| beatified_place = [[St. Peter's Square]], Vatican&nbsp;City
| beatified_by = [[Pope Francis]]
| canonized_date = 14 October 2018
| canonized_place = St. Peter's Square, Vatican&nbsp;City
| canonized_by = Pope Francis
| attributes = {{plainlist|
* [[Papal tiara]]
* Papal vestments
* [[Pallium]]}}
| patronage = {{plainlist|
* [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Milan|Archdiocese of Milan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.microsofttranslator.com/bv.aspx?ref=SERP&br=ro&mkt=en-AU&dl=en&lp=IT_EN&a=http%3a%2f%2fwww.papaboys.org%2fdiocesi-milano-comunita-pastorale-intitolata-paolo-vi%2f|date=1 October 2014|title=In the Diocese of Milan. A pastoral community dedicated to Paul VI (in Italian)|access-date=21 November 2014|archive-date=18 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150818231617/http://www.microsofttranslator.com/bv.aspx?ref=SERP|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Paul VI Pontifical Institute<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archstl.org/paul6/page/about-pope-paul-vi-patron-institute|title=About Paul VI, Patron of the Institute|publisher=Archdiocese of St. Louis|access-date=18 March 2015|archive-date=21 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321225610/http://archstl.org/paul6/page/about-pope-paul-vi-patron-institute|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Second Vatican Council]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.microsofttranslator.com/bv.aspx?from=it&to=en&a=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diocesi.brescia.it%2Fdiocesi%2Fvarie%2Fpaolo_vi_beato.php|title=Paul VI Blessed! (in Italian)|publisher=Diocese of Brescia|date=2014|access-date=28 March 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402214432/http://www.microsofttranslator.com/bv.aspx?from=it&to=en&a=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diocesi.brescia.it%2Fdiocesi%2Fvarie%2Fpaolo_vi_beato.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Diocese of Brescia]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.diocesi.brescia.it/diocesi/varie/documenti/lettera_del_Vescovo_per_anno_montiniano_2014_2015.pdf|title=Letter to the diocese for calling a "Montinian Year" (in Italian)|publisher=Diocese of Brescia|date=2014|access-date=28 March 2015|archive-date=4 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604135530/http://www.diocesi.brescia.it/diocesi/varie/documenti/lettera_del_Vescovo_per_anno_montiniano_2014_2015.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Concesio
* [[Magenta, Lombardy|Magenta]]
* [[Paderno Dugnano]]}}
| module = {{Ordination|embed=yes|denomination=Catholic
|date of diaconal ordination  = 28 February 1920
|place of diaconal ordination = Concesio, Brescia
|ordained priest by           = [[Giacinto Gaggia]]
|date of priestly ordination  = 29 May 1920
|place of priestly ordination = Concesio, Brescia
|consecrated by               = [[Eugène Tisserant]]
|co-consecrators              = {{ubl|{{ill|Giacinto Tredici|it|v=ib}}|[[Domenico Bernareggi]]}}
|date of consecration         = 12 December 1954
|place of consecration        = [[St. Peter's Basilica]], Vatican City
|elevated by                  = [[Pope John XXIII]]
|date of elevation            = 15 December 1958
|bishop 1                     = [[Giuseppe Schiavini]]
|consecration date 1          = 22 May 1955
|bishop 2                     = [[Cesário Alexandre Minali]]
|consecration date 2          = 5 June 1955
|bishop 3                     = [[Ubaldo Teofano Stella]]
|consecration date 3          = 3 October 1955
|bishop 4                     = [[Domenico Enrici]]
|consecration date 4          = 1 November 1955
|bishop 5                     = [[Aristide Pirovano]]
|consecration date 5          = 13 November 1955
|bishop 6                     = [[Adolfo Luís Bossi]]
|consecration date 6          = 14 September 1958
|bishop 7                     = [[Antonio Fustella]]
|consecration date 7          = 25 June 1960
|bishop 8                     = [[Giovanni Umberto Colombo]]
|consecration date 8          = 7 December 1960
|bishop 9                     = [[Luigi Oldani]]
|consecration date 9          = 7 December 1961
|bishop 10                    = [[Francesco Rossi (bishop)|Francesco Rossi]]
|consecration date 10         = 26 May 1963
|bishop 11                    = [[Igino Eugenio Cardinale]]
|consecration date 11         = 20 October 1963
|bishop 12                    = [[Albert Reuben Edward Thomas]]
|consecration date 12         = 20 October 1963
|bishop 13                    = [[Giovanni Fallani]]
|consecration date 13         = 28 June 1964
|bishop 14                    = [[Johannes Willebrands]]
|consecration date 14         = 28 June 1964
|bishop 15                    = [[Leobard D'Souza]]
|consecration date 15         = 3 December 1964
|bishop 16                    = [[Ferdinando Giuseppe Antonelli]]
|consecration date 16         = 19 March 1966
|bishop 17                    = [[Giacomo Violardo]]
|consecration date 17         = 19 March 1966
|bishop 18                    = [[Loris Francesco Capovilla]]<ref>{{cite web|title=CAPOVILLA, Loris Francesco (1915–)|url=http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios2014.htm#Capovilla|access-date=22 February 2014|work=Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church|archive-date=30 December 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20171230143942/http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios2014.htm%23Bassetti#Capovilla|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|consecration date 18         = 16 July 1967
|bishop 19                    = [[Agostino Casaroli]]
|consecration date 19         = 16 July 1967
|bishop 20                    = [[Ernesto Civardi]]
|consecration date 20         = 16 July 1967
|bishop 21                    = [[Paul Marcinkus]]
|consecration date 21         = 6 January 1969
|bishop 22                    = [[Louis Vangeke]]
|consecration date 22         = 3 December 1970
|bishop 23                    = [[Annibale Bugnini]]
|consecration date 23         = 13 February 1972
|bishop 24                    = [[Giuseppe Casoria]]
|consecration date 24         = 13 February 1972
|bishop 25                    = [[Enrico Bartolucci Panaroni]]
|consecration date 25         = 29 June 1973
|bishop 26                    = [[Jean Jerome Hamer]]
|consecration date 26         = 29 June 1973
|bishop 27                    = [[Andrzej Maria Deskur]]
|consecration date 27         = 30 June 1974
|bishop 28                    = [[Nicola Rotunno]]
|consecration date 28         = 30 June 1974}}
| other = Paul
}}
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'''Pope Paul VI''' ({{langx|la|Paulus PP. VI}}, {{langx|it|Paolo VI}}; born '''Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini''';{{efn|{{IPA|it|dʒoˈvanni batˈtista enˈriːko anˈtɔːnjo maˈriːa monˈtiːni|lang}}}} 26 September 1897{{spnd}}6 August 1978) was head of the [[Catholic Church]] and sovereign of the [[Vatican City State]] from 21 June 1963 until his death on 6 August 1978. Succeeding [[John XXIII]], he continued the [[Second Vatican Council]], which he closed in 1965, implementing its numerous reforms. He fostered improved ecumenical relations with [[Eastern Orthodox]] and [[Protestant churches]], which resulted in many historic meetings and agreements. In January 1964, [[List of pastoral visits of Pope Paul VI|he flew to Jordan]], the first time a reigning pontiff had left Italy in more than a century.<ref>{{cite magazine|title = The Pilgrimage of Pope Paul the Sixth|magazine = [[Life (magazine)|Life]]|pages = 18–29|date = 17 January 1964|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8FMEAAAAMBAJ&q=first+Pope+to+leave+Italy&pg=PA19|access-date = 18 January 2011|archive-date = 29 April 2024|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240429213930/https://books.google.com/books?id=8FMEAAAAMBAJ&q=first+Pope+to+leave+Italy&pg=PA19#v=snippet&q=first%20Pope%20to%20leave%20Italy&f=false|url-status = live}}</ref>

Montini served in the [[Holy See's Secretariat of State]] from 1922 to 1954, and along with [[Domenico Tardini]] was considered the closest and most influential advisor of [[Pope Pius XII]]. In 1954, Pius named Montini [[Archbishop of Milan]], the largest Italian diocese. Montini later became the Secretary of the [[Episcopal Conference of Italy|Italian Bishops' Conference]]. John XXIII elevated Montini to the [[College of Cardinals]] in 1958, and after his death, Montini was, with little to no opposition, elected his successor, taking the name Paul VI.{{Sfn| Hebblethwaite|1993|pp=322–23}}

He reconvened the Second Vatican Council, which had been suspended during the interregnum. After its conclusion, Paul VI took charge of the interpretation and implementation of its mandates, finely balancing the conflicting expectations of various Catholic groups. The resulting reforms were among the widest and deepest in the Church's history.

Paul VI spoke repeatedly to Marian conventions and [[Mariology of the Catholic Church|Mariological]] meetings, visited Marian shrines and issued three [[Mariology of Pope Paul VI|Marian encyclicals]]. Following [[Ambrose of Milan]], he named Mary as the [[Mother of the Church]] during the Second Vatican Council.<ref name="InterCom">{{cite book | title=International Theological Commission, Vol II: 1986–2007 | editor-first1=Michael | editor-last1=Sharkey | editor-first2=Thomas | editor-last2=Weinandy | date=21 August 2009 | isbn=978-1586172268 | page=208| last1=Commissio Theologica Internationalis | first1=Catholic Church | publisher=Ignatius Press }}</ref> He described himself as a humble servant of a suffering humanity and demanded significant changes from the rich in North America and Europe in favour of the poor in the [[Third World]].<ref>{{Citation|url=http://storico.radiovaticana.org/en1/storico/2009-11/332896_it_s_not_easy_being_a_christian_says_pope.html|title='It's not Easy Being a Christian', says Pope|publisher=Vatican Radio|place=Rome, [[Italy]]|date=11 August 2009|access-date=19 May 2014|archive-date=7 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307124449/http://storico.radiovaticana.org/en1/storico/2009-11/332896_it_s_not_easy_being_a_christian_says_pope.html|url-status=live}}</ref> His opposition to [[birth control]] was published in the 1968 encyclical {{lang|la|[[Humanae vitae]]}}.

[[Pope Benedict XVI]], citing his [[heroic virtue]], proclaimed him [[venerable]] on 20 December 2012. [[Pope Francis]] [[Beatification|beatified]] Paul VI on 19 October 2014, after the recognition of a miracle attributed to his intercession. His liturgical feast was celebrated on the date of his birth, 26 September, until 2019 when it was changed to the date of his priestly ordination, 29 May.<ref name="feastday" /> Pope Francis canonised him on 14 October 2018.

==Early life==
[[File:MontiniMay291920.jpg|thumb|right|175px|Montini on the day of his ordination in 1920]]
Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini was born in the village of [[Concesio]], in the [[Province of Brescia]], [[Lombardy]], Italy, in 1897. His father, [[:it:Giorgio Montini|Giorgio Montini]] (1860–1943), was a lawyer, journalist, director of the [[Catholic Action]], and member of the Italian Parliament. His mother, Giudetta Alghisi (1874–1943), was from a family of rural nobility. He had two brothers, Francesco Montini (1900–1971), who became a physician, and [[:it:Lodovico Montini|Lodovico Montini]] (1896–1990), who became a lawyer and politician.{{Sfn| Lazzarini|1964|pp=20–21}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini, aka Pope Paul VI |url=https://www.familysearch.org/tree/person/L8VQ-V5G |access-date=4 January 2023 |website=www.familysearch.org |archive-date=4 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104151459/https://www.familysearch.org/tree/person/L8VQ-V5G |url-status=live }}</ref> On 30 September 1897, he was baptised with the name Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini.{{Sfn|Lazzarini|1964|p=19}} He attended the Cesare Arici school, run by the [[Jesuits]], and in 1916 received a diploma from the [[Arnaldo da Brescia]] public school in [[Brescia]]. His education was often interrupted by bouts of illness.

In 1916, he entered the [[seminary]] to become a Catholic priest. He was [[Ordination|ordained]] on 29 May 1920 in Brescia and celebrated his first [[Mass in the Catholic Church|Mass]] at the [[Santa Maria delle Grazie, Brescia]].{{Sfn|Lazzarini|1964|p=26}} Montini concluded his studies in [[Milan]] with a doctorate in [[canon law]] in the same year.{{Sfn|Franzen|1988|p=419}} He later studied at the [[Gregorian University]], the [[University of Rome La Sapienza]] and, at the request of [[Giuseppe Pizzardo]], the [[Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy|Pontifical Academy of Ecclesiastical Nobles]]. In 1922, at the age of twenty-five, again at the request of Giuseppe Pizzardo, Montini entered the [[Secretariat of State (Holy See)|Secretariat of State]], where he worked under Pizzardo together with [[Francesco Borgongini-Duca]], [[Alfredo Ottaviani]], [[Carlo Grano]], [[Domenico Tardini]] and [[Francis Spellman]].{{Sfn|Lazzarini|1964|p=31}} Consequently, he never had an appointment as a parish priest. In 1925 he helped found the publishing house Morcelliana in Brescia, focused on promoting a 'Christian-inspired culture'.<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.morcelliana.it/eng/MENU_NUOVO/OUR_HISTORY/67551.html|title=Our History|publisher=Morcelliana|place=IT|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403101342/http://www.morcelliana.it/eng/MENU_NUOVO/OUR_HISTORY/67551.html|archive-date=3 April 2015|access-date=12 September 2013}}</ref>

==Vatican career==
===Diplomatic service===
Montini had just one foreign posting in the diplomatic service of the Holy See as Secretary in the office of the papal [[nuncio]] to [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]] in 1923. Of the [[nationalism]] he experienced there he wrote: "This form of nationalism treats foreigners as enemies, especially foreigners with whom one has common frontiers. Then one seeks the expansion of one's own country at the expense of the immediate neighbours. People grow up with a feeling of being hemmed in. Peace becomes a transient compromise between wars."{{Sfn|Fappani|Molinari|Montini|1979 |p=404}} He described his experience in Warsaw as "useful, though not always joyful".{{Sfn|Fappani|Molinari|Montini|1979|p=265}} When he became pope, the [[Polish People's Republic|Communist government of Poland]] refused him permission to visit Poland on a Marian pilgrimage.

=== Roman Curia ===
[[File:Pius XII with Monsignor Montini.jpg|thumb|Montini photographed alongside [[Pope Pius XII]] during his service at the Secretariat of State]]

His organisational skills led him to a career in the [[Roman Curia]], the papal civil service. On 19 October 1925, he was appointed a [[papal chamberlain]] in the rank of Supernumerary Privy Chamberlain of His Holiness.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-17-1925-ocr.pdf |title=MAGGIORDOMATO DI SUA SANTITÀ |trans-title=STEWARDSHIP OF THE HOLY SEE |journal=Acta Apostolicae Sedis - Commentarium Officiale |department=Diarium Romanae Curiae |date=5 November 1925 |volume=XVII |issue=13 |page=559 |language=it |access-date=9 July 2022 |archive-date=4 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304190925/https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-17-1925-ocr.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1931, Cardinal [[Pope Pius XII|Eugenio Pacelli]] appointed him to teach history at the Pontifical Academy for Diplomats;{{Sfn|Franzen|1988|p=419}} he was promoted to Domestic Prelate of His Holiness on 8 July of the same year.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-23-1931-ocr.pdf |title=SEGRETARIA DI STATO |trans-title=SECRETARIAT OF STATE |journal=Acta Apostolicae Sedis - Commentarium Officiale |department=Diarium Romanae Curiae |date=5 August 1931 |volume=XXIII |issue=9 |page=392 |language=it |access-date=9 July 2022 |archive-date=22 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522173756/https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-23-1931-ocr.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>  On 24 September 1936, he was appointed a Referendary Prelate of the Supreme Tribunal of the [[Apostolic Signatura]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-28-1936-ocr.pdf |title=SEGRETARIA DI STATO |trans-title=SECRETARIAT OF STATE |journal=Acta Apostolicae Sedis - Commentarium Officiale |department=Diarium Romanae Curiae |date=25 November 1936 |volume=XXVIII |issue=14 |page=479 |language=it |access-date=9 July 2022 |archive-date=9 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709200633/https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-28-1936-ocr.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 16 December 1937,<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-29-1937-ocr.pdf |title=SEGRETARIA DI STATO |trans-title=SECRETARIAT OF STATE |journal=Acta Apostolicae Sedis - Commentarium Officiale |department=Diarium Romanae Curiae |date=23 December 1937 |volume=XXIX |issue=14 |page=491 |language=it |access-date=9 July 2022 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402100742/https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-29-1937-ocr.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> after his mentor Giuseppe Pizzardo was named a cardinal and was succeeded by [[Domenico Tardini]], Montini was named Substitute for Ordinary Affairs under Cardinal Pacelli, the Secretary of State. His immediate supervisor was [[Domenico Tardini]], with whom he got along well. He was further appointed Consultor of the [[Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith|Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office]] and of the [[Dicastery for Bishops|Sacred Consistorial Congregation]] on 24 December,<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-30-1938-ocr.pdf |title=SEGRETARIA DI STATO |trans-title=SECRETARIAT OF STATE |journal=Acta Apostolicae Sedis - Commentarium Officiale |department=Diarium Romanae Curiae |date=31 January 1938 |volume=XXX |issue=1 |page=32 |language=it |access-date=9 July 2022 |archive-date=25 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225190013/https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-30-1938-ocr.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> and was promoted to [[Protonotary apostolic]] (''ad instar participantium''), the most senior class of papal prelate, on 10 May 1938.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-30-1938-ocr.pdf |title=SEGRETARIA DI STATO |trans-title=SECRETARIAT OF STATE |journal=Acta Apostolicae Sedis - Commentarium Officiale |department=Diarium Romanae Curiae |date=15 July 1938 |volume=XXX |issue=8 |page=238 |language=it |access-date=9 July 2022 |archive-date=25 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225190013/https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-30-1938-ocr.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Pacelli became [[Pope Pius XII]] in 1939 and confirmed Montini's appointment as Substitute under the new [[Cardinal Secretary of State]] [[Luigi Maglione]]. In that role, roughly that of a chief of staff, he met the Pope every morning until 1954 and developed a rather close relationship with him. Of his service to two popes he wrote:
{{Blockquote|It is true, my service to the Pope was not limited to the political or extraordinary affairs according to Vatican language. The goodness of Pope Pius XII opened to me the opportunity to look into the thoughts, even into the soul of this great pontiff. I could quote many details how Pius XII, always using measured and moderate speech, was hiding, nay revealing a noble position of great strength and fearless courage.{{Sfn| Lazzarini|1964|p=58}}}}

When war broke out, Maglione, Tardini, and Montini were the principal figures in the [[Secretariat of State (Holy See)|Secretariat of State]] of the Holy See.<ref>{{cite book |title=Actes et Documents |language=fr |trans-title=Acts & documents |volume=I–XI }}</ref>{{Page needed|date=January 2014}} Montini dispatched "ordinary affairs" in the morning, while in the afternoon he moved informally to the third floor Office of the Private Secretary of the Pontiff, serving in place of a personal secretary.{{Sfn|Lazzarini|1964|p=57}} During the war years, he replied to thousands of letters from all parts of the world with understanding and prayer, and arranging for help when possible.{{Sfn|Lazzarini|1964|p=57}}

At the request of the Pope, Montini created an information office regarding prisoners of war and refugees, which from 1939 to 1947 received almost ten million requests for information about missing persons and produced over eleven million replies.{{Sfn|Pallenberg|1960|p=71}} Montini was several times attacked by [[Benito Mussolini]]'s government for meddling in politics, but the Holy See consistently defended him.{{Sfn|Hebblethwaite|1993|p=155}} When Maglione died in 1944, Pius XII appointed Tardini and Montini as joint heads of the Secretariat, each a Pro-Secretary of State. Montini described Pius XII with a filial admiration:
{{Blockquote|His richly cultivated mind, his unusual capacity for thought and study led him to avoid all distractions and every unnecessary relaxation. He wished to enter fully into the history of his own afflicted time: with a deep understanding, that he was himself a part of that history. He wished to participate fully in it, to share his sufferings in his own heart and soul.{{Sfn|Hebblethwaite|1993|p=195}}}}

As Pro-Secretary of State, Montini coordinated the activities of assistance to persecuted fugitives hidden in Catholic convents, parishes, seminaries, and schools.<ref>Tagliaferri, Lionello. ''The Pope wants ...'', Piacenza, Berti, 2011.</ref>
At the Pope's instruction, Montini, [[Ferdinando Baldelli]], and [[Otto Faller]] established the [[Pontificia Commissione di Assistenza]] (''Pontifical Commission for Assistance''), which supplied a large number of Romans and refugees from everywhere with shelter, food and other necessities. In Rome alone it distributed almost two million portions of free food in 1944.{{Sfn|Pallenberg|1960|p=72}} The Papal Residence of [[Papal Palace of Castel Gandolfo|Castel Gandolfo]] was opened to refugees, as was Vatican City in so far as space allowed. Some 15,000 lived in Castel Gandolfo, supported by the Pontificia Commissione di Assistenza.{{Sfn|Pallenberg|1960|p=72}} Montini was also involved in the re-establishment of Church Asylum, extending protection to hundreds of Allied soldiers escaped from prison camps, to Jews, anti-Fascists, Socialists, Communists, and after the liberation of Rome, to German soldiers, partisans, displaced persons and others.{{Sfn|Pallenberg|1960|pp=72–73}} As pope in 1971, Montini turned the Pontificia Commissione di Assistenza into ''[[Caritas Italiana]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.caritas.it/home_page/who_we_are/00000964_Who_we_are.html |website = Caritas Italiana |access-date = 8 February 2017 |title = Who We Are |archive-date = 1 April 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160401023953/http://www.caritas.it/home_page/who_we_are/00000964_Who_we_are.html |url-status = live }}</ref>

==Archbishop of Milan==
[[File:Cardenal Montini.jpg|thumb|195px|Montini as the Archbishop of Milan c. 1956]]
After the death of [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] [[Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster]] in 1954, Montini was appointed to succeed him as [[Archbishop of Milan]], which made him the secretary of the [[Italian Episcopal Conference|Italian Bishops Conference]].<ref name="Franzen 420">{{Harvnb|Franzen|1988|p=420}}.</ref> Pius XII presented the new archbishop "as his personal gift to Milan". He was consecrated bishop in [[Saint Peter's Basilica]] by Cardinal [[Eugène Tisserant]], the Dean of the [[College of Cardinals]], since Pius XII was severely ill.

On 12 December 1954, Pius XII delivered a radio address from his sick bed about Montini's appointment to the crowd in St. Peter's Basilica.{{Sfn|Lazzarini|1964|p=169}} Both Montini and the Pope had tears in their eyes when Montini departed for his diocese with its 1,000 churches, 2,500 priests and 3,500,000 souls.{{Sfn|Hebblethwaite|1993|pp=260–62}} On 5 January 1955, Montini formally took possession of his [[Milan Cathedral|Cathedral of Milan]]. Montini settled well into his new tasks among all groups of the faithful in the city, meeting cordially with intellectuals, artists, and writers.{{Sfn|Franzen|1988|p=420}}

===Montini's philosophy===
[[File:Cardinal Montini portrait – 1959.png|thumb|Cardinal Giovanni Battista Montini in 1959; photo by [[Tullio Farabola]]]]
In his first months, Montini showed his interest in working conditions and labour issues by speaking to many unions and associations. He initiated the building of over 100 new churches, believing them the only non-utilitarian buildings in modern society, places for spiritual rest.{{Sfn|Hebblethwaite|1993|p=266}}

His public speeches were noticed in [[Milan]], Rome, and elsewhere. Some{{Who|date=May 2025}} considered him a liberal when he asked lay people to love not only Catholics but also schismatics, {{definition needed|date=October 2024}} Protestants, Anglicans, the indifferent, Muslims, pagans, and atheists.{{Sfn|Hebblethwaite|1993|p=273}} He gave a friendly welcome to a group of Anglican clergy visiting Milan in 1957 and subsequently exchanged letters with the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], [[Geoffrey Fisher]].{{Sfn|Hebblethwaite|1993|pp=714–15}}

Pope Pius XII revealed at the 1952 secret consistory that both Montini and Tardini had declined appointments to the cardinalate,<ref>{{Citation|first=Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni|last =Pacelli|author-link=Pope Pius XII|contribution=La Allocuzione nel consistorio Segreto del 12 Gennaio 1953|title=Discorsi e Radiomessagi di Sua Santita|language=it|trans-title=Speeches and radio messages from his Holiness|place=[[Vatican City]]|year=1953|page=455}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|contribution=Biography|publisher=Vatican|place=Rome, IT|contribution-url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/biography/documents/hf_p-vi_bio_16071997_biography_en.html|title=Pope Paul VI: 1963–1978|access-date=2 March 2006|archive-date=9 February 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060209065234/http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/biography/documents/hf_p-vi_bio_16071997_biography_en.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
and, in fact, Montini was never to be made a cardinal by Pius XII, who held no consistory and created no cardinals between the time he appointed Montini to Milan and his own death four years later. After Montini's friend Angelo Roncalli became [[Pope John XXIII]], he made Montini a cardinal in December 1958.

When the new pope announced [[Second Vatican Council|an ecumenical council]], Cardinal Montini reacted with disbelief and said to [[Giulio Bevilacqua]]: "This old boy does not know what a hornets nest he is stirring up."{{Sfn|Hebblethwaite|1993|p=284}} Montini was appointed to the Central Preparatory Commission in 1961. During the council, Pope John XXIII asked him to live in the Vatican, where he was a Commission for Extraordinary Affairs member, though he did not engage much in the floor debates. His main advisor was [[Giovanni Colombo]], whom he later appointed as his successor in Milan{{Sfn|Hebblethwaite|1993|p=296}} The commission was significantly overshadowed by the insistence of John XXIII that the Council complete all its work before Christmas 1962, to coincide with the 400th anniversary of the [[Council of Trent]], an insistence which may have also been influenced by the Pope's having recently been told that he had cancer.{{Sfn|Hebblethwaite|1993|p=301}}

John had a vision but "did not have a clear agenda. His rhetoric seems to have had a note of over-optimism, a confidence in progress, which was characteristic of the 1960s."{{Sfn|Duffy|1997|p=272}}

===Pastoral progressivism===
During his period in Milan, Montini was widely seen as a progressive member of the Catholic hierarchy. He adopted new approaches to reach the faithful with pastoral care and carried through the liturgical reforms of Pius XII at the local level. For example, huge posters announced throughout the city that 1,000 voices would speak to them from 10 to 24 November 1957: more than 500 priests and many bishops, cardinals, and lay people delivered 7,000 sermons, not only in churches but in factories, meeting halls, houses, courtyards, schools, offices, military barracks, hospitals, hotels and wherever people congregated.{{Sfn|Hebblethwaite|1993|p=275}} His goal was re-introducing faith to a city without much religion. "If only we can say [[Lord's Prayer|Our Father]] and know what this means, then we would understand the Christian faith."{{Sfn|Hebblethwaite|1993|p=276}}

[[Pius XII]] asked Archbishop Montini to Rome in October 1957, where he gave the main presentation to the Second World Congress of [[Lay apostolate|Lay Apostolate]]. As Pro-Secretary of State, he had worked hard to form this worldwide organisation of lay people in 58 nations, representing 42 national organisations. He presented them to Pius XII in Rome in 1951. The second meeting in 1957 gave Montini an opportunity to express the lay apostolate in modern terms: "Apostolate means love. We will love all, but especially those, who need help... We will love our time, our technology, our art, our sports, our world."{{Sfn|Lazzarini|1964|p=63}}

===Cardinal===
[[File:Paolo Monti - Servizio fotografico (Milano, 1962) - BEIC 6356260 (retouched).tif|thumb|left|Cardinal Montini at the opening of the new building of the [[Riunione Adriatica di Sicurtà|RAS]], Milan, 1962; photo by [[Paolo Monti]]]]
On 20 June 1958, [[Saul Alinsky]] recalled meeting with Montini: "I had three wonderful meetings with Montini and I am sure that you have heard from him since." Alinsky also wrote to [[George Nauman Shuster]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ricognizioni.it/saul-alinsky-e-san-paolo-vi-genesi-della-resa-conciliare-al-mondo-seconda-parte-di-christopher-a-ferrara-traduzione-di-marco-manfredini/|title=Saul Alinsky e "San" Paolo VI: genesi della resa conciliare al mondo (seconda parte) – di Christopher A. Ferrara (traduzione di Marco Manfredini) – Ricognizioni|last=di 18:50|first=bbruno 25 Novembre 2018|date=22 November 2018 |language=it-IT|access-date=21 November 2019|archive-date=28 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728082113/https://www.ricognizioni.it/saul-alinsky-e-san-paolo-vi-genesi-della-resa-conciliare-al-mondo-seconda-parte-di-christopher-a-ferrara-traduzione-di-marco-manfredini/|url-status=live}}</ref> two days before the papal conclave that elected John XXIII: "No, I don't know who the next Pope will be, but if it's to be Montini, the drinks will be on me for years to come."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.si.edu/object/siris_sil_202868|title=The radical vision of Saul Alinsky|last=FINKS|first=P. David|website=Smithsonian Institution|pages=112–115|language=en|access-date=21 November 2019|archive-date=22 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522214357/https://www.si.edu/object/siris_sil_202868|url-status=live}}</ref>

Although some cardinals seem to have viewed Montini as a likely [[papabile]] candidate, possibly receiving some votes in the [[Papal conclave, 1958|1958 conclave]],<ref>{{cite book |first=Giancalro|last=Zizola|title=Borla|place=Rome|year=1977|page=157}}</ref> he had the handicap of not yet being a cardinal.{{Efn|In theory any male Catholic is eligible for election to the papacy. In fact, his photograph was published in ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' magazine with the other potential candidates for the papacy in 1958. However, the cardinals in modern times almost always elect a fellow cardinal to the office.}} Angelo Roncalli was elected pope on 28 October 1958 and took the name John XXIII. On 17 November 1958, ''[[L'Osservatore Romano]]'' announced a consistory for the creation of new cardinals, with Montini at the top of the list.<ref>{{cite book|title=L'Osservatore Romano|date=17 November 1958|page=1}}</ref> When the Pope raised Montini to the cardinalate on 15 December 1958, he became [[Cardinal-Priest]] of [[San Martino ai Monti|Ss. Silvestro e Martino ai Monti]]. The Pope appointed him simultaneously to several Vatican congregations, drawing him frequently to Rome in the coming years.{{Sfn|Lazzarini|1964|p=92}}

Cardinal Montini journeyed to Africa in 1962, visiting [[Ghana]], [[Sudan]], [[Kenya]], [[Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)|Congo]], [[Rhodesia]], South Africa, and Nigeria. After this journey, John XXIII called Montini to a private audience to report on his trip, speaking for several hours. In fifteen other trips, he visited [[Brazil]] (1960) and the USA (1960), including New York City, Washington DC, Chicago, the [[University of Notre Dame]] in Indiana, Boston, [[Philadelphia]], and [[Baltimore]]. He usually vacationed in [[Engelberg Abbey]], a secluded Benedictine monastery in Switzerland.{{Sfn|Lazzarini|1964|pp=90–92}}

==Papacy==
{{Infobox popestyles
|image = C o a Paulus VI.svg
|dipstyle = [[His Holiness]]
|offstyle = Your Holiness
|relstyle = Holy Father
|deathstyle = [[Saint]]
}}

===Papal conclave===
{{Main|1963 papal conclave}}
[[File:Election of Pope Paul VI.jpg|thumb|left|Pope Paul VI appears on the central loggia after his election on 21 June 1963.]]
[[File:Paulus VI crowned by cardinal Ottaviani.jpg|thumb|right|Pope Paul VI crowned by Cardinal [[Alfredo Ottaviani]]]]
Montini was generally seen as the [[Papabile|most likely papal successor]], being close to both Popes Pius XII and John XXIII, as well as his pastoral and administrative background, his insight, and his determination.{{Sfn|Duffy|1997|p=275}} John XXIII had previously known the Vatican as an official until his appointment to Venice as a papal diplomat, but returning to Rome at age 66, he may at times have felt uncertain in dealing with the professional [[Roman Curia]]. Montini, on the other hand, had learned its innermost workings while working in it for a generation.{{Sfn|Duffy|1997|p=275}}

Unlike the [[papabile]] cardinals [[Giacomo Lercaro]] of [[Bologna]] and [[Giuseppe Siri]] of [[Genoa]], Montini was identified neither left nor right nor as a radical reformer. He was viewed as most likely to continue the [[Second Vatican Council]],{{Sfn|Duffy| 1997|p=275}} which had adjourned without tangible results.

In the conclave after John XXIII's death, Montini was elected pope on the sixth ballot on 21 June. When the [[Dean of the College of Cardinals]] [[Eugène Tisserant]] asked if he accepted the election, Montini said ''"Accepto, in nomine Domini"'' ("I accept, in the name of the Lord"). He took the name "Paul VI" in honor of [[Paul the Apostle]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.osv.com/OSVNewsweekly/Story/TabId/2672/ArtMID/13567/ArticleID/16219/POPE-AND-PROPHET-The-beatification-of-Paul-VI.aspx |title=POPE AND PROPHET: The beatification of Paul VI Ceremony brings new appreciation of a pontiff who was much maligned after Vatican II, Humanae Vitae |last=Bunson |first=Matthew |date=8 October 2014 |publisher=Our Sunday Visitor |access-date=26 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227061125/https://www.osv.com/OSVNewsweekly/Story/TabId/2672/ArtMID/13567/ArticleID/16219/POPE-AND-PROPHET-The-beatification-of-Paul-VI.aspx |archive-date=27 December 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

At one point during the conclave on 20 June, it was said that Cardinal [[Gustavo Testa]] lost his temper and demanded that opponents of Montini halt their efforts to thwart his election.<ref>{{cite news|work=Madison Catholic Herald|url=http://www.madisoncatholicherald.org/2005-04-21/columns.html|last=Weigel|first=George|title=Conclaves: Surprises abound in the Sistine Chapel|date=21 April 2005|access-date=13 February 2014|archive-date=15 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215010639/http://www.madisoncatholicherald.org/2005-04-21/columns.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Montini, fearful of causing strife, started to rise to dissuade the cardinals from voting for him, but Cardinal [[Giovanni Urbani]] dragged him back, muttering, "Eminence, shut up!"<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/people/pope-hamlet-paul-vis-indecisive-wavering-papacy|title=Pope Hamlet: Paul VI's indecisive, wavering papacy|date=13 October 2018|author=Paul Collins|newspaper=[[National Catholic Reporter]]|access-date=22 January 2019|archive-date=21 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121232523/https://www.ncronline.org/news/people/pope-hamlet-paul-vis-indecisive-wavering-papacy|url-status=live}}</ref>

The white smoke first rose from the chimney of the [[Sistine Chapel]] at 11:22 am, when [[Protodeacon]] Cardinal [[Alfredo Ottaviani]] announced to the public the successful election of Montini. When the new pope appeared on the central loggia, he gave the shorter [[episcopal blessing]] as his first [[apostolic blessing]] rather than the longer, traditional ''[[Urbi et Orbi]]''.

Of the papacy, Paul VI wrote in his journal: "The position is unique. It brings great solitude. 'I was solitary before, but now my solitude becomes complete and awesome.'"{{Sfn|Hebblethwaite|1993|p=339}}

Less than two years later, on 2 May 1965, Paul informed the [[dean of the College of Cardinals]] that his health might make it impossible to function as pope. He wrote, "In case of infirmity, which is believed to be incurable or is of long duration and which impedes [[Royal we|us]] from sufficiently exercising the functions of our apostolic ministry; or in the case of another serious and prolonged impediment", he would renounce his office "both as bishop of Rome as well as head of the same holy Catholic Church".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Wooden|first1=Cindy|title=Pope Paul VI prepared 'resignation letter'|url=http://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/9082/pope-paul-vi-prepared-resignation-letter-|access-date=16 May 2018|work=The Tablet|agency=Catholic News Service|date=16 May 2018|archive-date=4 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704092844/http://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/9082/pope-paul-vi-prepared-resignation-letter-|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Reforms of papal ceremony===
[[File:Pope Paul VI portrait.jpg|thumb|left|One of the first official photographs of Paul VI taken in 1963<ref>{{Cite web |title=Photograph of Pope Paul VI |url=https://jfk.artifacts.archives.gov/objects/17108/photograph-of-pope-paul-vi |access-date=4 April 2023 |website=jfk.artifacts.archives.gov |publisher=The John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum Artifact Collection |language=en |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404114442/https://jfk.artifacts.archives.gov/objects/17108/photograph-of-pope-paul-vi |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
Paul VI did away with much of the papacy's regal splendor. [[Coronation of Pope Paul VI|His coronation]] on 30 June 1963 was the last [[papal coronation|such ceremony]];<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/paul-vi-during-the-coronation-to-pontiff-vaticanos-city-30-news-photo/152217764|title=Paul VI during the coronation to Pontiff. Vaticano's City, 30 june...|website=Getty Images|date=15 September 2012 |access-date=30 December 2018|archive-date=22 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522214348/https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/paul-vi-during-the-coronation-to-pontiff-vaticanos-city-30-news-photo/152217764|url-status=live}}</ref> his successor [[Pope John Paul I]] substituted an [[papal inauguration|inauguration]] (which Paul had substantially modified, but which he left mandatory in his 1975 [[apostolic constitution]] ''[[Romano Pontifici Eligendo]]''). At his coronation, Paul wore a [[papal tiara|tiara]] presented by the Archdiocese of Milan. Near the end of the third session of the [[Second Vatican Council]] in 1964, Paul VI descended the steps of the papal throne in [[St. Peter's Basilica]] and ascended the altar, on which he laid the tiara as a sign of the renunciation of human glory and power in keeping with the innovative spirit of the council. It was announced that the tiara would be sold for charity.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Doty|first1=Robert C.|title=Pope Paul Donates His Jeweled Tiara To Poor of World|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/11/14/pope-paul-donates-his-jeweled-tiara-to-poor-of-world.html|access-date=27 April 2018|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=14 November 1964|archive-date=17 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517165209/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/11/14/pope-paul-donates-his-jeweled-tiara-to-poor-of-world.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The purchasers arranged for it to be displayed as a gift to American Catholics in the crypt of the [[Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception]] in Washington, D.C.

In 1968, with the [[motu proprio]] ''[[Pontificalis Domus]]'', he discontinued most of the ceremonial functions of the old [[Papal nobility]] at the court (reorganized as the [[Papal household|household]]), save for the [[Prince Assistants to the Papal Throne]]. He also abolished the [[Palatine Guard]] and the [[Noble Guard (Vatican)|Noble Guard]], leaving the Pontifical [[Swiss Guard]] as the sole military order of the Vatican.

===Completion of the Vatican Council===
{{Main|Second Vatican Council}}
[[File:CardinalBea.jpg|thumb|150px|Pope Paul VI fully supported Cardinal [[Augustin Bea]], credited with ecumenical breakthroughs during the Second Vatican Council.]]
Paul VI decided to reconvene [[Second Vatican Council|Vatican II]] and completed it in 1965. Faced with conflicting interpretations and controversies, he directed the implementation of its reform goals.

====Ecumenical orientation====
{{Main |Pope Paul VI and Ecumenism}}
During Vatican II, the council fathers avoided statements that might anger non-Catholic Christians.{{Sfn|Hebblethwaite|1993}}{{Page needed|date=January 2014}} Cardinal [[Augustin Bea]], the President of the [[Dicastery for Promoting Christian Unity|Christian Unity Secretariat]], always had the full support of Paul VI in his attempts to ensure that the Council language was friendly and open to the sensitivities of Protestant and Orthodox churches, whom he had invited to all sessions at the request of [[Pope John XXIII]]. Bea also was strongly involved in the passage of ''[[Nostra aetate]]'', which regulates the Church's relations with [[Judaism]] and members of other religions.{{Efn|28 October 1965.}}

====Dialogue with the world====
After being elected Bishop of Rome, Paul VI first met with the priests in his new diocese. He told them that he started a dialogue with the modern world in Milan and asked them to seek contact with people from all walks of life. Six days after his election, he announced that he would continue Vatican II and convened the opening on 29 September 1963.<ref name="Franzen 420"/> In a radio address to the world, Paul VI praised his predecessors, the strength of [[Pius XI]], the wisdom and intelligence of [[Pius XII]], and the love of [[Pope John XXIII|John XXIII]]. As his pontifical goals, he mentioned the continuation and completion of Vatican II, the [[Canon Law]] reform, and improved social peace and justice worldwide. The unity of Christianity would be central to his activities.<ref name="Franzen 420" />

====Council priorities====
The Pope re-opened the Ecumenical Council on 29 September 1963, giving it four key priorities:
* A better understanding of the Catholic Church
* Church reforms
* Advancing the unity of Christianity
* Dialogue with the world<ref name="Franzen 420" />

[[File:MontiniKennedy.jpg|255px|thumb|Pope Paul VI meets with the <!-- READ THE WHOLE SENTENCE. DO NOT CHANGE CAPTION-->first<!-- READ THE WHOLE SENTENCE. DO NOT CHANGE CAPTION--> Catholic U.S. president, [[John F. Kennedy]], 2 July 1963.]]
He reminded the Council Fathers that only a few years earlier, Pope Pius XII had issued the encyclical ''[[Mystici corporis]]'' about the [[Body of Christ|mystical body of Christ]]. He asked them not to repeat or create new dogmatic definitions but to simply explain how the Church sees itself. He thanked the representatives of other Christian communities for their attendance and asked for their forgiveness if the Catholic Church was at fault for their separation. He also reminded the Council Fathers that many bishops from the East had been forbidden to attend by their national governments.{{Sfn |Franzen|1988|pp=421–22}}

[[File:Konzilseroeffnung 1.jpg|255px|thumb|right|The opening of the second session of Vatican II]]

====Third and fourth sessions====
Paul VI opened the third period on 14 September 1964, telling the Council Fathers that he viewed the text about the Church as the most important document to come out from the council. As the Council discussed the role of bishops in the papacy, Paul VI issued an [[Nota Praevia|explanatory note]] confirming the primacy of the papacy, a step that was viewed by some as meddling in the council's affairs.{{Sfn|Franzen|1988|p=423}} American bishops pushed for a speedy resolution on religious freedom, but Paul VI insisted this be approved together with related texts on topics such as [[ecumenism]].<ref name="Franzen 424">{{harvnb|Franzen|1988|p=424}}</ref> The Pope concluded the session on 21 November 1964 with the formal pronouncement of Mary as [[Mother of the Church]].<ref name="Franzen 424"/>

Between the third and fourth sessions, the Pope announced reforms in the areas of [[Roman Curia]], revision of [[Canon law]], regulations for [[interfaith marriage]]s, and [[birth control]] issues. He opened the council's final session, concelebrating with bishops from countries where the Church was persecuted. Several texts proposed for his approval had to be changed, but all were finally agreed upon. The council was concluded on 8 December 1965: the [[Feast of the Immaculate Conception]].<ref name="Franzen 424"/>

In the council's final session, Paul VI announced that he would open the canonisation processes of his immediate predecessors: Pope Pius XII and Pope John XXIII.

====Universal call to holiness====
According to Paul VI, "the most characteristic and ultimate purpose of the teachings of the Council" is the [[universal call to holiness]]:<ref>[https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/motu_proprio/documents/hf_p-vi_motu-proprio_19690319_sanctitas-clarior_it.html Motu Proprio Sanctitas Clarior] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302231450/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/motu_proprio/documents/hf_p-vi_motu-proprio_19690319_sanctitas-clarior_it.html |date=2 March 2013 }}</ref> "all the faithful of Christ of whatever rank or status, are called to the fullness of the Christian life and to the perfection of charity; by this holiness as such a more human manner of living is promoted in this earthly society." This teaching is found in ''[[Lumen Gentium]]'', the Dogmatic Constitution on the Church, promulgated by Paul VI on 21 November 1964.

===Church reforms===
[[File:AmbroseOfMilan.jpg|140px|thumb|right|Following his predecessor [[Ambrose of Milan]], Pope Paul VI named [[Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church|Mary]] the "[[Mother of the Church]]" during [[Vatican II]].]]

====Synod of Bishops====
On 14 September 1965, he established the [[Synod of Bishops (Catholic)|Synod of Bishops]] as a permanent institution of the Catholic Church and an advisory body to the papacy. Several meetings were held on specific issues during his pontificate, such as the Synod of Bishops on evangelization in the modern world, which started on 9 September 1974.<ref name="Franzen 425">{{Harvnb|Franzen|1988|p=425}}</ref>

====Curia reform====
{{Main|Pope Paul VI's reform of the Roman Curia}}
Pope Paul VI knew the [[Roman Curia]] well, having worked there for a generation from 1922 to 1954. He implemented his reforms in stages. On 1 March 1968, he issued a regulation, a process initiated by Pius XII and continued by John XXIII. On 28 March, with ''Pontificalis Domus'', and in several additional Apostolic Constitutions in the following years, he revamped the entire Curia, which included reduction of bureaucracy, streamlining of existing congregations, and a broader representation of non-Italians in the Curial positions.<ref>{{cite book|language=it|title=Annuario Pontificio|trans-title=Pontifical annuary|year=2005|chapter= Note Storiche|pages=1820 ff}}</ref>

====Age limits and restrictions====
On 6 August 1966, Paul VI asked all bishops to submit their resignations to the pontiff by their 75th birthday. They were not required to do so but "earnestly requested of their own free will to tender their resignation from office".<ref>{{cite web| last=Montini| first=Giovanni Battista| author-link=Giovanni Montini| url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/motu_proprio/documents/hf_p-vi_motu-proprio_19660806_ecclesiae-sanctae_en.html| publisher=Holy See| title=Apostolic Letter: Ecclesiae Sanctae| date=15 June 1966| access-date=9 January 2017| archive-date=10 December 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210195005/http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/motu_proprio/documents/hf_p-vi_motu-proprio_19660806_ecclesiae-sanctae_en.html| url-status=live}}</ref> He extended this request to all cardinals in ''[[Ingravescentem aetatem]]'' on 21 November 1970, with the further provision that cardinals would relinquish their offices in the [[Roman Curia]] upon reaching their 80th birthday.<ref name=IA>{{cite web | last=Montini | first=Giovanni Battista | author-link=Giovanni Montini | url=https://www.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/it/motu_proprio/documents/hf_p-vi_motu-proprio_19701120_ingravescentem.html | publisher=Holy See | title=Apostolic Letter: Ingravescentem aetatem | date=21 November 1970 | access-date=9 January 2017 | language=it | archive-date=5 December 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205233030/http://www.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/it/motu_proprio/documents/hf_p-vi_motu-proprio_19701120_ingravescentem.html | url-status=live }}</ref> These retirement rules enabled the Pope to fill several positions with younger prelates and reduce the Italian domination of the Roman Curia.{{Sfn|Franzen|1988|p=425}} His 1970 measures also revolutionised papal elections by restricting the right to vote in [[papal conclave]]s to cardinals who had not yet reached their 80th birthday,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hofmann|first1=Paul|title=Voting for Popes Is Barred to Cardinals Over 80|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/11/24/archives/voting-for-popes-is-barred-to-cardinals-over-80-prelates-over-80.html|access-date=10 January 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=24 November 1970|archive-date=26 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826090048/https://www.nytimes.com/1970/11/24/archives/voting-for-popes-is-barred-to-cardinals-over-80-prelates-over-80.html|url-status=live}}</ref> a class known since then as "cardinal electors". This reduced the power of the Italians and the Curia in the next conclave. Some senior cardinals objected to losing their voting privilege without effect.<ref>{{cite news | work = New York Times | access-date = 9 January 2017 | date = 27 November 1970 | first = Alfred Jr. | last = Friendly | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1970/11/27/archives/ottaviani-deplores-papal-action-barring-vote-of-aged-cardinals.html | title = Ottaviani Deplores Papal Action Barring Vote of Aged Cardinals | archive-date = 26 August 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180826101008/https://www.nytimes.com/1970/11/27/archives/ottaviani-deplores-papal-action-barring-vote-of-aged-cardinals.html | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | agency = [[UPI|UP]] | access-date = 9 January 2017 | language = es | title = Crítica de dos Cardenales contra el Papa Paulo VI | date = 26 November 1970 | url = http://www.geocities.ws/verdadunica/pablo_6/ochenta.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170110090747/http://www.geocities.ws/verdadunica/pablo_6/ochenta.html | archive-date = 10 January 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
Paul VI's measures also limited the number of cardinal electors to a maximum of 120, a rule disregarded on several occasions by each of his successors.<!-- can add instances of exceeding this limit by JPII, Benedict, and Francis --> Previously, Paul VI himself had been the first pope to increase the number above 120 (from [[Cardinal electors in the 1963 papal conclave|82]] in 1963 to 134 [[Cardinals created by Paul VI#28 April 1969|in April 1969]]; but he reduced the number of cardinal electors below 120 in 1971 by simultaneously introducing the voting age limit).

Some prelates questioned whether he should not apply these retirement rules to himself.<ref>{{cite news | work = Wall Street Journal | access-date = 10 January 2017 | url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB954200969808811516 | title = John Paul's Frailty Sparks Debate on Papal Retirement | date = 28 March 2000 | first = Lisa | last = Miller | archive-date = 10 January 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170110162330/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB954200969808811516 | url-status = live }}</ref> When Pope Paul was asked towards the end of his papacy whether he would retire at age 80, he replied "Kings can abdicate, Popes cannot."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://lmtribune.com/flashback/pope-paul-vi-dies/article_3d7a3b76-36f8-5040-8dc5-a8641baa920e.html|title=Pope Paul VI dies|date=7 August 1978|work=Lewiston Tribune|access-date=5 November 2018|archive-date=22 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522214347/https://lmtribune.com/flashback/pope-paul-vi-dies/article_3d7a3b76-36f8-5040-8dc5-a8641baa920e.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Liturgy====
{{Main|Mass of Paul VI}}
Reform of the [[Catholic liturgy|liturgy]], an aim of the 20th-century [[liturgical movement]], mainly in France and Germany, was officially recognised as legitimate by Pius XII in his encyclical ''[[Mediator Dei]]''. During his pontificate, he eased regulations on the obligatory use of Latin in Catholic liturgies, permitting some use of vernacular languages during baptisms, funerals, and other events. In 1951 and 1955, he revised the Easter liturgies, most notably that of the [[Easter Triduum]].{{Sfn|Adam|1985 |pp=47–48}} The [[Second Vatican Council]] (1962–1965) gave some directives in its document ''[[Sacrosanctum Concilium]]'' for a general revision of the [[Roman Missal]]. Within four years of the close of the council, Paul VI promulgated in 1969 the first postconciliar edition, which included three new [[Eucharistic Prayer]]s in addition to the [[Roman Canon]], until then the only [[anaphora (liturgy)|anaphora]] in the [[Roman Rite]]. Use of [[vernacular]] languages was expanded by decision of [[episcopal conference]]s, not by papal command. In addition to his revision of the [[Roman Missal]], Pope Paul VI issued instructions in 1964, 1967, 1968, 1969, and 1970, reforming other elements of the liturgy of the Roman Church.{{Sfn|Adam|1985|p=49}}

These reforms were not universally welcomed. Questions were raised about the need to replace the [[1962 Roman Missal]], which, though decreed on 23 June 1962,<ref>The decree is printed as the first document in the 1962 Roman Missal.</ref> became available only in 1963, a few months before the Second Vatican Council's ''Sacrosanctum Concilium'' decree ordered that it be altered.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.romanitaspress.com/particular-curiosity-of-1962-missal| title = Louis J. Tofari, "A 'Particular' Curiosity of the 1962 Missale Romanum"| access-date = 13 August 2019| archive-date = 13 August 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190813133501/https://www.romanitaspress.com/particular-curiosity-of-1962-missal| url-status = live}}</ref> Attachment to it led to open ruptures, of which the most widely known is that of [[Marcel Lefebvre]]. [[Pope John Paul II]] granted bishops the right to authorise the use of the 1962 Missal (''[[Quattuor abhinc annos]]'' and ''[[Ecclesia Dei]]'') and in 2007 [[Pope Benedict XVI]], while stating that the Mass of Paul VI and John Paul II "obviously is and continues to be the normal Form – the ''Forma ordinaria'' – of the Eucharistic Liturgy",<ref>{{cite web |author=Joseph Ratzinger |date=7 July 2007 |url=https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/letters/2007/documents/hf_ben-xvi_let_20070707_lettera-vescovi.html |type=letter |author-link=Pope Benedict XVI |title=To the Bishops on the occasion of the publication of the motu proprio 'Summorum Pontificum' |publisher=Vatican |access-date=13 August 2019 |archive-date=15 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215083214/http://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/letters/2007/documents/hf_ben-xvi_let_20070707_lettera-vescovi.html |url-status=live }}</ref> gave general permission to priests of the [[Latin Church]] to use either the 1962 Missal or the post-[[Vatican II]] Missal both privately and, under certain conditions, publicly.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/motu_proprio/documents/hf_ben-xvi_motu-proprio_20070707_summorum-pontificum.html| title = ''Summorum Pontificum''| access-date = 15 January 2021| archive-date = 1 February 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210201151716/http://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/motu_proprio/documents/hf_ben-xvi_motu-proprio_20070707_summorum-pontificum.html| url-status = live}}</ref> In 2021, Pope Francis removed many of faculties granted by Pope Benedict XVI with the publishing of his ''motu proprio'', ''[[Traditionis custodes|Traditionis Custodes]]'', thus limiting the use of 1962 Roman Missal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apostolic Letter issued "Motu proprio" by the Supreme Pontiff Francis "Traditionis custodes" on the use of the Roman Liturgy prior to the Reform of 1970, 16 July 2021 {{!}} Francis |url=https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/motu_proprio/documents/20210716-motu-proprio-traditionis-custodes.html |access-date=29 April 2022 |website=www.vatican.va |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424084440/https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/motu_proprio/documents/20210716-motu-proprio-traditionis-custodes.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Relations and dialogues===
[[File:General audience of Pope Paul VI (1973).jpg|200px|thumb|left|Pope Paul VI during an October 1973 audience]]
[[File:Paulus VI visit to Israel, Mount Tabor 1964 (997009326801305171).jpg|thumb|left|alt=Pope Paul VI at Mount Tabor, during his 1964 visit to Israel|Pope Paul VI at [[Mount Tabor]], during his 1964 visit to Israel]]
To Paul VI, a dialogue with all of humanity was essential not as an aim but as a means to find the truth. According to Paul, dialogue is based on the full equality of all participants. This equality is rooted in the common search for the truth.{{Sfn|Guitton|1967|p=172}} He said: "Those who have the truth, are in a position as not having it, because they are forced to search for it every day in a deeper and more perfect way. Those who do not have it, but search for it with their whole heart, have already found it."{{Sfn|Guitton|1967|p=172}}

====Dialogues====
[[File:Jafar Shahidi and Pope Paul VI.jpg|thumb|Pope Paul VI meets [[Jafar Shahidi]] and [[Seyyed Hossein Nasr|Hossein Nasr]], Iranian Shia scholars.]]
In 1964, Paul VI created a Secretariat for non-Christians, later renamed the [[Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue]], and a year later, a new Secretariat (later Pontifical Council) for Dialogue with Non-Believers. This latter one was in 1993 incorporated by Pope John Paul II in the [[Pontifical Council for Culture]], which he had established in 1982. In 1971, Paul VI created a papal office for economic development and catastrophic assistance. To foster common bonds with all persons of goodwill, he decreed an annual peace day to be celebrated on 1 January every year. Trying to improve the condition of Christians behind the [[Iron Curtain]], Paul VI engaged in dialogue with Communist authorities at several levels, receiving Foreign Minister [[Andrei Gromyko]] and [[List of heads of state of the Soviet Union|Chairman]] of the [[Presidium of the Supreme Soviet]] [[Nikolai Podgorny]] in 1966 and 1967 in the Vatican. The situation of the Church in [[Hungarian People's Republic|Hungary]], [[Polish People's Republic|Poland]], and [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Romania]] improved during his pontificate.{{Sfn|Franzen|1988|p=427}}

====Foreign travels====
[[File:Foreign trips of Paul VI.svg|thumb|right|195px|The countries visited by Pope Paul VI]]
[[File:Relief of Paulus VI in Nazareth.JPG|195px|thumbnail|right|Relief commemorating Pope Paul VI's visit to Nazareth, 5 January 1964]]
[[File:Pope Paul VI's Diamond Ring and Cross.jpg|thumb|right|Pope Paul VI's diamond ring and cross donated to the United Nations]]
{{Main |List of pastoral visits of Pope Paul VI}}{{Further|1965 visit by Pope Paul VI to the United States}}
Pope Paul VI became the first pope to visit six continents. He was also the first pontiff to travel on an airplane, visit the Holy Land on pilgrimage, and travel outside Italy in a century. He travelled more widely than any of his predecessors, earning the nickname "the Pilgrim Pope". He visited the [[Holy Land]] in 1964 and participated in [[Eucharistic congress]]es in [[Bombay]], India, and [[Bogotá]], Colombia. In 1966, he was twice denied permission to visit [[Polish People's Republic|Poland]] for the thousandth anniversary of the [[Christianization of Poland|introduction of Christianity in Poland]]. In 1967, he visited the shrine of [[Our Lady of Fátima]] in [[Portugal]] on the fiftieth anniversary of the [[Miracle of the Sun|apparitions]] there. He undertook a pastoral visit to Uganda in 1969,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.totus2us.co.uk/universal/uganda/pvi-pilgrim-visit-1969/|title=Pope Paul VI's Apostolic Pilgrimage to Uganda, 31st July – 2nd August 1969|access-date=29 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030002840/http://www.totus2us.co.uk/universal/uganda/pvi-pilgrim-visit-1969/|archive-date=30 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> the first by a reigning pope to Africa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2015/11/26/uganda_1969_paul_vi_the_first_pope_to_visit_africa__/1189796/|title=Uganda 1969: Paul VI the first Pope to visit Africa|access-date=29 October 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223213431/http://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2015/11/26/uganda_1969_paul_vi_the_first_pope_to_visit_africa__/1189796|archive-date=23 February 2017}}</ref> Pope Paul VI became the first reigning pontiff to visit the Western hemisphere when he addressed the United Nations in New York City in October 1965.{{efn|As a gesture of goodwill, the Pope gave to the UN two pieces of papal jewellery, a diamond cross<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iconjewelsusa.com/popepaulviartifact|title=ICONJewels – Artifacts|website=Icon Jewels|access-date=12 February 2019|archive-date=13 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213005731/https://www.iconjewelsusa.com/popepaulviartifact|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Pope Paul VI's Diamond Cross|url = http://arc.stparchive.com/Archive/ARC/ARC10151965p21.php|website = Rau Antiques|access-date = 5 October 2015|archive-date = 6 October 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151006113413/http://arc.stparchive.com/Archive/ARC/ARC10151965p21.php|url-status = dead}}</ref> and ring,<ref>{{Cite web|title = Pope Paul VI's Diamond Ring|url = http://arc.stparchive.com/Archive/ARC/ARC10151965p21.php|website = Rau Antiques|access-date = 5 October 2015|archive-date = 6 October 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151006113413/http://arc.stparchive.com/Archive/ARC/ARC10151965p21.php|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Diamond Jewelry Owned By Pope Paul VI On Sale For $1.9 Million|url = https://www.forbes.com/sites/anthonydemarco/2014/03/19/diamond-jewelry-owned-by-pope-paul-vi-on-sale-for-1-9-million/|website = Forbes|access-date = 23 November 2015|archive-date = 24 November 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151124145648/http://www.forbes.com/sites/anthonydemarco/2014/03/19/diamond-jewelry-owned-by-pope-paul-vi-on-sale-for-1-9-million/|url-status = live}}</ref> with the hopes that the proceeds from their sale at auction would contribute to the UN's efforts to end human suffering.}} As the U.S. involvement in the [[Vietnam War]] was escalating, Paul VI pleaded for peace before the U.N.:
{{blockquote|Our very brief visit has given us a great honour; that of proclaiming to the whole world, from the Headquarters of the United Nations, Peace! We shall never forget this extraordinary hour. Nor can We bring it to a more fitting conclusion than by expressing the wish that this central seat of human relationships for the civil peace of the world may ever be conscious and worthy of this high privilege.<ref>{{cite web|last=Montini|first=Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/speeches/1965/|publisher=The Holy See|author-link=Pope Paul VI|title=Speeches|place=The Vatican|access-date=23 June 2013|archive-date=19 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019034203/http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/speeches/1965/|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
{{blockquote|No more war, never again war. Peace, it is peace that must guide the destinies of people and of all mankind."<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1965/The-Conflict-in-Vietnam-Widens/12301381029534-2/#title | year = 1965 | title = The conflict in Vietnam widens | publisher = UPI |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726231644/http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1965/The-Conflict-in-Vietnam-Widens/12301381029534-2/ |archive-date=26 July 2013}}</ref>}}

===Attempted assassination===
Shortly after arriving at [[Ninoy Aquino International Airport|Manila International Airport]], the Philippines on 27 November 1970, the Pope, closely followed by President [[Ferdinand Marcos]] and personal aide [[Pasquale Macchi]], who was private secretary to Pope Paul VI, were encountered suddenly by a crew-cut, cassock-clad man who tried to attack the Pope with a knife. Macchi pushed the man away; police identified the would-be assassin as [[Benjamín Mendoza y Amor Flores]] of [[La Paz|La Paz, Bolivia]]. Mendoza was an artist living in the Philippines. The Pope continued his trip and thanked Marcos and Macchi, who had moved to protect him during the attack.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/News_Photos/view/upi/c3c63bdf79379c9f4ea490fd44bef1a5/Msgr-Pasquale-Macci-foils-assassination-attempt-on-Pope-Paul-VI-in-Manila/|title=Msgr. Pasquale Macci foils assassination attempt on Pope Paul VI in Manila|website=UPI|access-date=3 July 2017|archive-date=10 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810052840/http://www.upi.com/News_Photos/view/upi/c3c63bdf79379c9f4ea490fd44bef1a5/Msgr-Pasquale-Macci-foils-assassination-attempt-on-Pope-Paul-VI-in-Manila/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===New diplomacy===
Like his predecessor [[Pius XII]], Paul VI put much emphasis on the dialogue with all nations of the world through establishing diplomatic relations. The number of foreign embassies accredited to the Vatican doubled during his pontificate.<ref name="Franzen 430">{{Harvnb|Franzen|1988|p=430}}</ref> This was a reflection of a new understanding between church and state, which had been formulated first by [[Pius XI]] and Pius XII but decreed by Vatican II. The pastoral constitution ''[[Gaudium et spes]]'' stated that the Catholic Church is not bound to any form of government and is willing to cooperate with all forms. The Church maintained its right to select bishops on its own without any interference by the State.{{Sfn|Franzen|1991|p=391}}

Pope Paul VI sent one of 73 [[Apollo 11 Goodwill Messages]] to [[NASA]] for the historic first lunar landing. The message still rests on the lunar surface today. It has the words of the [[Psalm 8|8th Psalm]], and the Pope wrote, "To the Glory of the name of God who gives such power to men, we ardently pray for this wonderful beginning."<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U7F6LpwYq04C&pg=PA113 |pages=112–113 |last=Colgrove |first=Rosemary |title=Eye on the Sparrow: The Remarkable Journey of Father Joseph Nisari, Pakistani Priest |publisher=Hillcrest Publishing Group |year=2010 |isbn=9781936400874 |access-date=20 December 2015 |archive-date=29 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429213840/https://books.google.com/books?id=U7F6LpwYq04C&pg=PA113#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Theology===
====Mariology====
{{Main|Mariology of Pope Paul VI}}
[[File:Paulo VI em Fátima.jpg|thumb|right|Paul VI during his visit to the [[Sanctuary of Fátima]] in 1967]]
Pope Paul VI made extensive contributions to [[Mariology]] (theological teaching and devotions) during his pontificate. Given its new ecumenical orientation, he attempted to present the Marian teachings of the church. In his inaugural encyclical ''Ecclesiam suam'' (section below), the Pope called Mary the ideal of Christian perfection. He regards "devotion to the Mother of God as of paramount importance in living the life of the Gospel."<ref>''Ecclesiam suam'', 58</ref>

====Encyclicals====
Paul VI authored seven [[encyclical]]s.

=====''Ecclesiam suam''=====
{{Main|Ecclesiam suam}}
''Ecclesiam suam'' was given at St. Peter's Basilica, Rome, on the [[Feast of the Transfiguration]], 6 August 1964, the second year of his pontificate. Paul VI appealed to "all people of good will" and discussed necessary dialogues within the Church, between the churches, and with atheism.<ref name="Franzen 425" />

=====''Mense maio''=====
{{Main|Mense maio}}
The encyclical ''[[Mense maio]]'' (from 29 April 1965) focused on the Virgin Mary, to whom traditionally the month of May is dedicated as the Mother of God. Paul VI writes that Mary is rightly regarded as how people are led to Christ. Therefore, the person who encounters Mary cannot help but encounter Christ.<ref>''Mense maio'', 1</ref>

=====''Mysterium fidei''=====
{{Main|Mysterium fidei (encyclical)}}
On 3 September 1965, Paul VI issued ''Mysterium fidei'', on the [[Eucharist]]. The encyclical critiques certain contemporary Eucharistic theologies and liturgical practices perceived to undermine traditional Catholic doctrine. The Church, according to Paul VI, has no reason to give up the deposit of faith in such a vital matter.<ref name="Franzen 425" />

=====''Christi Matri''=====
{{Main|Christi Matri}}
On 15 September 1966, Paul VI issued ''Christi Matri'', a request for the faithful to pray for peace during October 1966. As reasons for this call to prayer, Paul VI alludes to the [[Vietnam War]] and lists concern about "the growing [[Nuclear arms race|nuclear armaments race]], the senseless nationalism, the racism, the obsession for revolution, the separations imposed upon citizens, the nefarious plots, the slaughter of innocent people."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pope Paul VI |title=CHRISTI MATRI |url=https://www.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-vi_enc_15091966_christi-matri.html |page=1 |access-date=5 August 2023 |archive-date=5 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905090539/https://www.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-vi_enc_15091966_christi-matri.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=====''Populorum progressio''=====
{{Main|Populorum progressio}}
[[File:Paulaudenece1977.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Paul VI at an audience in October 1977]]
''Populorum progressio'', released on 26 March 1967, dealt with "the development of peoples" and that the world's economy should serve humanity and not just a few. It develops traditional principles of Catholic social teaching, including the right to a just wage, the right to security of employment, the right to fair and reasonable working conditions, the right to join a union, and the [[universal destination of goods]].

In addition, ''Populorum progressio'' opines that real peace in the world is conditional on justice. He repeated his demands expressed in Bombay in 1964 for a large-scale World Development Organization as a matter of international justice and peace. He rejected notions of instigating revolution and force in changing economic conditions.<ref>Franzen 426</ref>

=====''Sacerdotalis caelibatus''=====
{{Main|Sacerdotalis caelibatus}}
''Sacerdotalis caelibatus'' (Latin for "Of the celibate priesthood"), promulgated on 24 June 1967, defends the Catholic Church's tradition of [[Clerical celibacy in the Catholic Church|priestly celibacy]] in the West. Written in response to postconciliar questioning of the discipline of clerical celibacy, the encyclical reaffirms the historical ecclesiastical discipline that because celibacy is an ideal state, it continues to be mandatory for priests. To Catholic conceptions of the priesthood, celibacy symbolizes the reality of the kingdom of God amid modern society. The priestly celibacy is closely linked to the sacramental priesthood.<ref name="Franzen 425" /> However, during his pontificate, Paul VI was permissive in allowing bishops to grant [[Loss of clerical state|laicisation of priests]] who wanted to leave the [[sacerdotal state]]. [[John Paul II]] changed this policy in 1980, and the 1983 Code of [[Canon Law]] made it explicit that only the Pope can, in exceptional circumstances, grant laicization.

=====''Humanae vitae''=====
{{Main|Humanae vitae}}
[[File:Pape Paul VI – Vatican, 1968.jpg|thumb|242x242px|Paul VI in his office on 29 June 1968]]
Of his seven encyclicals, Pope Paul VI is best known for his encyclical ''Humanae vitae'' (''Of Human Life'', subtitled ''On the Regulation of Birth''), published on 25 July 1968, responding to the findings of the [[Pontifical Commission on Birth Control]], affirming the minority report. The encyclical reaffirmed the Catholic Church's prior condemnation of [[contraception|artificial birth control]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1968/Pope-Paul-VI/Garbage-Strike/12303153093431-7/|title=1968 Year in Review|publisher=[[United Press International]]|access-date=12 September 2010|archive-date=14 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100914063442/http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1968/Pope-Paul-VI/Garbage-Strike/12303153093431-7/|url-status=live}}</ref> The expressed views of Paul VI reflected the teachings of his predecessors, especially [[Pius XI]],<ref>Pius XI, encyc.letter Divini illius Magistri: AAS 22 (1930), 58–61; encyc. letter Casti connubii: AAS 22 (1930), 545–546</ref> [[Pius XII]]<ref>Discorsi e radiomessaggi di Pio XII, VI, 191–192; to Italian Association of Catholic Midwives: AAS 43 (1951), 835–854</ref> and [[Pope John XXIII|John XXIII]].<ref>John XXIII, encyc. letter ''Mater et magistra'': AAS 53 (1961), 457.</ref>

The encyclical teaches that marriage constitutes a union of the loving couple with a loving God, in which the two persons cooperate with God in the creation of a new person. For this reason, the encyclicals that the transmission of human life is a most serious role in which married people collaborate freely and responsibly with God.<ref name="Humanae vitae, 1">{{Citation|title=Humanae vitae|at=1}}</ref> This divine partnership, according to Paul VI, does not allow for arbitrary human decisions, which may limit divine providence. The Pope does not paint an overly romantic picture of marriage: marital relations are a source of great joy, but also of difficulties and hardships.<ref name="Humanae vitae, 1" /> The question of human procreation exceeds in the view of Paul VI specific disciplines such as [[biology]], [[psychology]], [[demography]] or [[sociology]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Humanae vitae|at=7}}</ref> The reason for this, according to Paul VI, is that married love takes its origin from God, who "is love". From this basic dignity, he defines his position:
{{blockquote |Love is total—that very special form of personal friendship in which husband and wife generously share everything, allowing no unreasonable exceptions and not thinking solely of their own convenience. Whoever really loves his partner loves not only for what he receives, but loves that partner for the partner's own sake, content to be able to enrich the other with the gift of himself.<ref>{{Citation | title = Humanae vitae | at = 8–9}}.</ref>}}

The reaction to the continued prohibitions of artificial birth control was mixed. The encyclical was welcomed in Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Poland.<ref>{{Citation | title = Herder Korrespondenz Orbis Catholicus | year = 1968}}.</ref> In Latin America, much support developed for the Pope and his encyclical. As [[World Bank]] president [[Robert McNamara]] declared at the 1968 [[Annual Meetings of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group|Annual Meeting of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group]] that countries permitting birth control practices would get preferential access to resources, doctors in [[La Paz]], Bolivia, called it insulting that money should be exchanged for the conscience of a Catholic nation. In Colombia, Cardinal Archbishop [[Aníbal Muñoz Duque]] declared, "If American conditionality undermines Papal teachings, we prefer not to receive one cent."<ref name="Herder 549">{{Citation|title=Herder Korrespondenz|publisher=Orbis Catholicus|place= Freiburg|year=1968|at=HK 1968 549}}</ref> The [[Chamber of Senators (Bolivia)|Senate of Bolivia]] passed a resolution stating that ''Humanae vitae'' could be discussed in its implications for individual consciences but was of greatest significance because the papal document defended the rights of developing nations to determine their own population policies.<ref name="Herder 549" /> The [[Jesuit]] journal ''Sic'' dedicated one edition to the encyclical with supportive contributions.<ref>{{Citation|title=Sic |volume=31|issue=308|date=October 1968|pages=359–79}}</ref>

Paul VI was concerned but not surprised by the adverse reaction in Western Europe and the United States. He fully anticipated this reaction to be a temporary one: "Don't be afraid," he reportedly told [[Edouard Gagnon]] on the eve of the encyclical, "in twenty years' time, they'll call me a prophet."<ref>{{Citation|title=National Catholic Reporter| date=26 August 1988|page=10}}</ref> His biography on the Vatican's website notes his reaffirmations of priestly celibacy and the traditional teaching on contraception that "[t]he controversies over these two pronouncements tended to overshadow the last years of his pontificate".<ref>{{Citation|publisher=Vatican|place=Rome, IT|contribution-url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/biography/documents/hf_p-vi_bio_16071997_biography_en.html|contribution=Biography|title=Pope Paul VI: 1963–1978|access-date=2 March 2006|archive-date=9 February 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060209065234/http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/biography/documents/hf_p-vi_bio_16071997_biography_en.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Pope John Paul II]] later reaffirmed and expanded upon ''Humanae vitae'' with the encyclical ''[[Evangelium vitae]]''.

===Evangelism===
By taking the name of Paul, the newly elected pope showed his intention to take [[Paul the Apostle]] as a model for his papal ministry.<ref name=DullesChurchSociety>{{cite book |last1=Dulles, SJ |first1=Avery |title=Church and Society, The McGinley Lectures, 1988–2007|date=2008 |publisher=Fordham University Press |isbn=978-0-8232-2862-1 |pages=546 |edition=Kindle |author1-link=Avery Dulles }}</ref> In 1967, when he reorganised the Roman Curia, Pope Paul renamed the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith as the [[Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples]]. Pope Paul was the first pope in history to make apostolic journeys to other continents.<ref name=DullesChurchSociety/> The Pope chose the theme of [[evangelism]] for the synod of bishops in 1974. From materials generated by that synod, he composed the 1975 apostolic exhortation on evangelisation, ''[[Evangelii nuntiandi]]''.<ref name=DullesChurchSociety/>

===Ecumenism and ecumenical relations===
{{Tone|section|date=November 2024}}
After the council, Paul VI contributed in two ways to the continued growth of ecumenical dialogue: The [[Separated brethren|separated brothers and sisters]], as he called them, could not contribute to the council as invited observers. After the council, many took the initiative to seek out their Catholic counterparts and the Pope in Rome, who welcomed such visits. However, the Catholic Church recognized from the many previous ecumenical encounters that much needed to be done within to be an open partner for [[ecumenism]].{{Sfn|Schmidt|pp=811–12}} To those entrusted with the highest and deepest truth, therefore, Paul VI believed that he had the most challenging part to communicate. Ecumenical dialogue, in the view of Paul VI, requires from a Catholic the whole person: one's entire reason, will, and heart.{{Sfn|Guitton|1967|p=177}} Paul VI, like Pius XII before him, was reluctant to give in on a lowest possible point. And yet, Paul felt compelled to admit his ardent Gospel-based desire to be everything to everybody and to help all people{{Sfn|Guitton|1967|p=181}} Being the successor of Peter, he felt the words of Christ, "Do you love me more" like a sharp knife penetrating to the marrow of his soul. These words meant to Paul VI love without limits,{{Sfn|Guitton|1967|p=185}} and they underscore the church's fundamental approach to ecumenism.

====Oriental Orthodox and Eastern Orthodox Apostolic====

Paul VI visited the Eastern Orthodox Apostolic Patriarchs of [[Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem|Jerusalem]] and [[Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople|Constantinople]] in 1964 and 1967. He was the first pope since the ninth century to visit the East, labelling the Eastern Churches as sister churches.<ref name="Franzen 429">{{Harvnb|Franzen|1988|p= 429}}</ref> He was also the first pope in centuries to meet the heads of various [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] communities. Notably, his meeting with [[Ecumenical Patriarch Athenagoras I]] in 1964 in [[Jerusalem]] led to rescinding the [[excommunication]]s of the [[East-West Schism|Great Schism]], which took place in 1054.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Collins|first1=Michael|title=The Vatican|date=2014|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=London|isbn=9780756689001|page=75}}</ref>

This was a significant step towards restoring communion between Rome and Constantinople. It produced the [[Catholic-Eastern Orthodox Apostolic Joint Declaration of 1965]], read on 7 December 1965, simultaneously at a public meeting of the Second Vatican Council in Rome and at a special ceremony in Istanbul. The declaration did not end the schism but showed a desire for greater reconciliation between the two churches.<ref name="Franzen 429" /> In May 1973, the [[Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church|Coptic Patriarch]] [[Shenouda III]] of Alexandria from the [[Coptic Orthodox Church]] visited the Vatican, where he met three times with Pope Paul VI. A common declaration and a joint [[creed]] issued after the visit proclaimed unity in a number of theological issues,<ref name="Franzen 430" /> but also that other theological differences "[[Council of Chalcedon|since the year 451]]" "cannot be ignored" while both traditions work to a greater unity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/anc-orient-ch-docs/rc_pc_christuni_doc_19730510_copti_en.html |title=Common Declaration of Pope Paul VI and of the Pope of Alexandria Shenouda III leader of the Oriental Orthodox Church |last1=Paul VI |last2=Shenouda III |date=10 May 1973 |website=Vatican.va |access-date=19 September 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050418033834/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/anc-orient-ch-docs/rc_pc_christuni_doc_19730510_copti_en.html |archive-date=18 April 2005 }}</ref>

====Anglicans====
Paul VI was the first pope to receive an [[Anglican]] [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], [[Michael Ramsey]], in official audience as Head of Church, after the private audience visit of Archbishop [[Geoffrey Fisher]] to [[Pope John XXIII]] on 2 December 1960.{{Sfn | Guitton | 1967 | p = 198}} Ramsey met Paul three times during his visit and opened the [[Anglican Centre in Rome]] to increase their mutual knowledge.<ref name="Schmidt 813">Schmidt 813</ref> He praised Paul VI{{Efn | And John XXIII.}} and his contributions in the service of unity.<ref name="Schmidt 813" /> Paul replied, "By entering into our house, you are entering your own house; we are happy to open our door and heart to you."<ref name="Schmidt 813" /> The two church leaders signed a joint declaration, ending past disputes and outlining a common future agenda.

Cardinal [[Augustin Bea]], the head of the [[Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity|Secretariat for Promoting Christian Unity]], added at the end of the visit, "Let us move forward in Christ. God wants it. Humanity is waiting for it."<ref>Schmidt 814</ref> Unmoved by a harsh condemnation by the Congregation of Faith on mixed marriages precisely at this time of the visit, Paul VI and Ramsey appointed a preparatory commission which was to put the common agenda into practice on such issues as mixed marriages. This resulted in a joint Malta declaration, the first joint agreement on the [[Creed]] since the [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation]].<ref>Schmidt 815</ref> Paul VI was a good friend of the Anglican Church, which he described as "our beloved sister Church." This description was unique to Paul and not used by later popes.<!--- [[John Paul II]]. In [[Dominus Jesus]] and [[Benedict XVI]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20070629_responsa-quaestiones_en.html|title=Responses to Some Questions Regarding Certain Aspects of the Doctrine on the Church|website=www.vatican.va}}</ref> denied Church character to Anglican and Protestant churches because Catholics do not recognise their [[apostolic succession]].-->

====Protestants====
In 1965, Paul VI decided to create a joint working group with the [[World Council of Churches]] to map all possible avenues of dialogue and cooperation. Eight sessions were held in the following three years, resulting in many joint proposals.<ref>Schmidt 822–824</ref> It was proposed to work closely together in social justice and development and "Third World" issues such as hunger and poverty. On the religious side, it was agreed to be shared in the [[Week of Prayer for Christian Unity]], which would be held annually. The joint working group was to prepare texts which were to be used by all Christians.<ref>Schmidt 826</ref> On 19 July 1968, the meeting of the World Council of Churches took place in [[Uppsala]], Sweden, which Pope Paul called a sign of the times. He sent his blessing ecumenically: "May the Lord bless everything you do for the case of Christian Unity."<ref>Schmidt 827.</ref> The World Council of Churches decided on including Catholic theologians in its committees, provided they have the backing of the Vatican.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}

The [[Lutheran]]s were the first Protestant church offering a dialogue to the Catholic Church in September 1964 in [[Reykjavík]], Iceland.<ref>Schmidt 830,</ref> It resulted in joint study groups of several issues. The dialogue with the [[Methodist Church]] began in October 1965, after its representatives officially applauded the past five years' remarkable changes, friendship, and cooperation. The [[Reformed Church]]es entered four years later into a dialogue with the Catholic Church.<ref>Schmidt 831</ref> The President of the [[Lutheran World Federation]] and member of the central committee of the World Council of Churches [[Fredrik A. Schiotz]] stated during the 450th anniversary of the [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation]], that earlier commemorations were viewed almost as a triumph. He welcomed the announcement of Pope Paul VI to celebrate the 1900th anniversary of the death of the [[Apostle Peter]] and [[Apostle Paul]], and promised participation and co-operation in the festivities.<ref>Schmidt 833</ref>

Paul VI supported the new-found harmony and cooperation with Protestants on many levels. When Cardinal [[Augustin Bea]] went to see him for permission for a joint Catholic-Protestant translation of the Bible with Protestant Bible societies, the Pope walked towards him and exclaimed, "As far as the cooperation with [[Bible society|Bible societies]] is concerned, I am totally in favour."<ref>Schmidt 835</ref> He issued a formal approval on [[Pentecost]] 1967, the feast on which the [[Holy Spirit in Christianity|Holy Spirit]] descended on the Christians, overcoming all linguistic difficulties, according to Christian tradition.<ref>Schmidt 837</ref>

===Beatifications and canonisations===
{{Main|List of people declared venerable by Pope Paul VI|List of people beatified by Pope Paul VI|List of saints canonized by Pope Paul VI}}
Paul VI beatified 38 individuals in his pontificate and [[Canonization|canonized]] 84 saints in 21 causes. Among the [[beatification]]s included [[Maximilian Kolbe]] (1971) and the [[Korean Martyrs]] (1968). He canonised saints such as [[Nikola Tavelić]] (1970) and the [[Ugandan Martyrs]] (1964).

Paul VI also named two [[Doctor of the Church|Doctors of the Church]] and, in so doing, named the first two female Doctors of the Church. He named [[Teresa of Ávila]] (he titled her "''Doctor orationis''" or "Doctor of Prayer") on 27 September 1970 and [[Catherine of Siena]] on 4 October 1970.

===Consistories===
{{Main|Cardinals created by Paul VI}}
[[File:Karol Wojtyla's cardinal proclamation.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Paul VI makes Karol Wojtyła (the future [[Pope John Paul II]]) a cardinal in 1967.]]
[[File:Paulo VI e Ratzinger.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Paul VI with Joseph Ratzinger (the future [[Pope Benedict XVI]]) who was created cardinal in the 1977 consistory]]

Pope Paul VI held six [[Papal consistory|consistories]] between 1965 and 1977 that raised 143 men to the [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinalate]] in his fifteen years as pope:
* 22 February 1965, 27 cardinals
* 26 June 1967, 27 cardinals
* 28 April 1969, 34 cardinals
* 5 March 1973, 30 cardinals
* 24 May 1976, 20 cardinals
* 27 June 1977, 4 cardinals

The successive three popes were created [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinals]] by him. His immediate successor, Albino Luciani, who took the name [[Pope John Paul I]], was created a cardinal in the consistory of 5 March 1973. Karol Józef Wojtyła (later [[Pope John Paul II]]) was created a cardinal in the consistory of 26 June 1967. Joseph Ratzinger (later [[Pope Benedict XVI]]) was made a cardinal in the small four-appointment consistory of 27 June 1977 that was the Pope's last.{{Sfn|Hebblethwaite|1993|p=669}} Paul VI named [[Štěpán Trochta]] and [[Iuliu Hossu]] as cardinals "{{lang|la|[[in pectore]]}}" in 1969 and only revealed Hossu's name in 1973 after Hossu died while formally naming Trochta. Similarly, Paul VI named both [[František Tomášek]] and [[Joseph-Marie Trịnh Như Khuê]] "''in pectore''" in 1976, only announcing the former in 1977 and the latter at the 1976 consistory itself, a month after having announced it and his hidden selection.

With the six consistories, Paul VI continued the internationalisation policies started by Pius XII in 1946 and continued by John XXIII. In his 1976 consistory, five of twenty cardinals originated from Africa, one of them a son of a tribal chief with fifty wives.{{Sfn|Hebblethwaite|1993|p=669}} Several prominent Latin Americans like [[Eduardo Francisco Pironio]] of Argentina; [[Luis Aponte Martinez]] of [[Puerto Rico]], [[Eugênio de Araújo Sales]] and [[Aloisio Lorscheider]] from Brazil were also elevated by him. There were voices within the church at the time saying that the European period of the church was coming to a close, a view shared by Britain's Cardinal [[Basil Hume]].{{Sfn|Hebblethwaite|1993|p=669}} At the same time, the members of the College of Cardinals lost some of their previous influences, after Paul VI decreed, that membership by bishops in committees and other bodies of the Roman Curia would not be limited to cardinals. The age limit of eighty years imposed by the Pope, a numerical increase of Cardinals by almost 100%, and a reform of the formal dress of the "Princes of the Church" further contributed to a service-oriented perception of Cardinals under his pontificate. The increased number of Cardinals from the Third World and the papal emphasis on related issues were nevertheless welcomed by many in Western Europe.{{Sfn|Hebblethwaite|1993|p=669}} The consistory of 1969 was the largest consistory since 1946 and would be surpassed later in 2001.

In 1965, the theologian [[Romano Guardini]] declined an invitation by Paul VI to be inducted into the College of Cardinals. In 1967, he also intended to nominate [[Pietro Sigismondi]], but he died a month before the consistory was held. Also in 1967, according to the memoirs of [[Louis Bouyer]], Paul VI intended to name Bouyer to the cardinalate after the Second Vatican Council; however, Paul VI was forced to abandon the idea after realizing that the French episcopacy would not warmly receive the appointment since Bouyer had been very critical of many of the positions taken by the French bishops. Other sources indicate that the Pope intended to name his friend [[Jacques Maritain]] to the cardinalate in 1969. Not only did Maritain decline, but if he had been elevated, it would have made him the first [[lay cardinal]] since 1858.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ewtn.com/library/THEOLOGY/FR91201.HTM|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001205160000/https://www.ewtn.com/library/THEOLOGY/FR91201.HTM|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 December 2000|title=The Christian Personalism of Jacques Maritain|author=Donald DeMarco|publisher=[[EWTN]]}}</ref> On 22 February 1969, Paul VI and Monsignor Hieronymus Menges discussed nominating Iuliu Hossu and [[Áron Márton]] to the cardinalate (Pius XII dropped an idea to name Márton to the cardinalate in 1946), however, Márton's potential elevation was not considered acceptable, hence, Hossu was named ''in pectore'' since the Romanians would not have accepted Hossu either.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cardinals.fiu.edu/consistories-xx.htm#PaulVI|title=Paul VI (1963-1978)|date=|publisher=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church|author=Salvador Miranda|accessdate=18 February 2022|archive-date=14 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114162625/https://cardinals.fiu.edu/consistories-xx.htm#PaulVI|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Final years and death==

===Allegations of homosexuality===
In 1976 Paul VI became the first pontiff in the modern era to deny the accusation of [[Homosexuality and Catholicism|homosexuality]]. On 29 December 1975, the Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith issued a document entitled ''Persona Humana: Declaration on Certain Questions concerning Sexual Ethics'', that reaffirmed church teaching that premarital or extramarital sex, homosexual activity, and masturbation are sinful acts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_19751229_persona-humana_en.html|title=Persona Humana – Declaration on Certain Questions Concerning Sexual Ethics|website=www.vatican.va|access-date=15 March 2020|archive-date=27 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627220159/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_19751229_persona-humana_en.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Hitchens |first=Christopher |title=Christopher Hitchens on the death of Pope Paul VI |work=New Statesman |date=28 February 2013 |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/religion/2013/02/christopher-hitchens-death-pope-paul-vi |access-date=6 October 2015 |archive-date=7 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007031137/http://www.newstatesman.com/religion/2013/02/christopher-hitchens-death-pope-paul-vi |url-status=live }}</ref> In response, [[Roger Peyrefitte]], who had already written in two of his books that Paul VI had a longtime homosexual relationship, repeated his charges in a magazine interview with a French gay magazine that, when reprinted in Italian, brought the rumours to a wider public and caused an uproar. He said that the Pope was a hypocrite who had a longtime sexual relationship with an actor.<ref>Peyrefitte, Roger ''Mea culpa? Ma fatemi il santo piacere'', ''Tempo'', 4 April 1976.</ref><ref name="Observer">{{cite news |last=Torress |first=Jose |agency=Associated Press |title=Paul VI Denies He Is Homosexual |work=Observer Reporter |date=5 April 1976 |page=27 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2519&dat=19760405&id=6G5eAAAAIBAJ&pg=1676,395778&hl=en |access-date=5 September 2020 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308202249/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2519&dat=19760405&id=6G5eAAAAIBAJ&pg=1676,395778&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Bellegrandi, Franco ''Nichitaroncalli: Controvita Di Un Papa'', Edizioni Internazionale Di Letterature E Scienze (EILES), Rome 2009. English edition: ''Nikitaroncalli: Counterlife of a Pope''</ref> Widespread rumours identified the actor as [[Paolo Carlini]],<ref name="Posner">{{cite book |last=Posner |first=Gerald |title=God's Bankers: A History of Money and Power at the Vatican |date=2015 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |page=173}}</ref> who had a small part in the [[Audrey Hepburn]] film ''[[Roman Holiday]]'' (1953). In a brief address to a crowd of approximately 20,000 in St Peter's Square on 18 April 1976, Paul VI called the charges "horrible and slanderous insinuations" and appealed for prayers on his behalf. Special prayers for the Pope were said in all Italian Catholic churches in "a day of consolation".<ref name="Observer" /><ref name="Posner" />{{efn|In 1984, [[Paul Hofmann]], a former correspondent for ''[[The New York Times]]'', repeated the allegations.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hoffman |first= Paul | title=Oh Vatican! A Slightly Wicked View Of The Holy See | publisher= Congdon & Weed |location= New York |date=1984 |page=151}}</ref>}} The charges have resurfaced periodically. In 1994, Franco Bellegrandi, a former Vatican honour chamberlain and correspondent for the Vatican newspaper ''[[L'Osservatore Romano]]'', alleged that Paul VI had been blackmailed and had promoted other gay men to positions of power within the Vatican.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bellegrandi |first= Franco |title=Nichita Roncalli – Controvita di un Papa| location= Rome |publisher= Editizioni Internazionale di Letterature e Scienze | date= 1994 |pages= 85–86, 91–92}}</ref> In 2006, the newspaper ''[[L'Espresso]]'' reported that the private papers of police commander General Giorgio Manes confirmed the blackmail story as true, and that Italian Prime Minister [[Aldo Moro]] had been asked to help.<ref name="Posner" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Dino |first=Martirano |date=27 January 2006 |title=Dossier su un tentato ricatto a Paolo VI |language=it |work=Corriere Della Sera |url=http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2006/gennaio/27/Dossier_tentato_ricatto_Paolo_VI_co_9_060127066.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017184849/http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2006/gennaio/27/Dossier_tentato_ricatto_Paolo_VI_co_9_060127066.shtml |archive-date=17 October 2014}}</ref>

===Health===
[[File:Paolo VI e Luciani.jpg|thumb|right|185px|Paul VI with [[Albino Luciani]] (the future John Paul I) in [[Venice]]]]
Paul VI had been in good health prior to his pontifical election. His health following his papal election took a turn when he needed to undergo a serious operation to treat an enlarged [[prostate]]. The Pope procrastinated in this but relented in November 1967; the operation took place on a simple table in an improvised operating theatre in the papal apartments by a team led by Professor [[Pietro Valdoni]]. The Vatican was delicate in their description of what the Pope underwent and referred to it as "the malaise from which the Holy Father had been suffering for weeks". As a result of the delay in having the operation, the Pope had to wear a [[catheter]] for a period following the operation and still was by December.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.americamagazine.org/content/all-things/pope-and-president-paul-vi-and-lyndon-b-johnson|title=Pope and President, Paul VI and Lyndon B. Johnson: Christmas on the Tiber, Texas Style|date=25 September 2015|author=Joseph McAuley|magazine=America Magazine|access-date=22 May 2018|archive-date=22 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180522181141/https://www.americamagazine.org/content/all-things/pope-and-president-paul-vi-and-lyndon-b-johnson|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Pope discussed business from his bed about 48 hours after the operation with Cardinal [[Amleto Giovanni Cicognani]] and at that point was off [[intravenous feeding]] in favour of orange juice and hot broth. Cardinal Cicognani said the Pope was "in good general condition" and that he spoke in a "clear and firm voice". The Pope's two brothers also visited him at his bedside following a "tranquil night" for the Pope. The doctors also reported the Pope's condition to have been "excellent".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=DS19671106.2.4|title=Desert Sun 6 November 1967 — California Digital Newspaper Collection|website=cdnc.ucr.edu|access-date=22 May 2018|archive-date=22 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180522181538/https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=DS19671106.2.4|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Kidnapping and killing of Aldo Moro===
[[File:Aldo Moro br.jpg|thumb|[[Aldo Moro]], photographed during his kidnapping by the [[Red Brigades]] in 1978]]
On 16 March 1978, former [[Prime Minister of Italy|Italian prime minister]] [[Aldo Moro]]—a friend of Paul VI's from his FUCI student days—was kidnapped by a far-left Italian terrorist group known as the [[Red Brigades]]. The kidnapping kept the country and the Pope in suspense for 55 days.<ref>Hebblethwaite 699</ref> On 20 April, Moro directly appealed to the Pope to intervene as [[Pope Pius XII]] had intervened in the case of Professor [[Giuliano Vassalli]] in the same situation.<ref name="Hebblethwaite 700-701">Hebblethwaite 700–701</ref> The eighty-year-old Paul VI wrote a letter to the [[Red Brigades]]:

{{blockquote|I have no mandate to speak to you, and I am not bound by any private interests in his regard. But I love him as a member of the great human family as a friend of student days and by a very special title as a brother in faith and as a son of the Church of Christ. I make an appeal that you will certainly not ignore. On my knees I beg you, free Aldo Moro, simply without conditions, not so much because of my humble and well-meaning intercession, but because he shares with you the common dignity of a brother in humanity. Men of the Red Brigades, leave me, the interpreter of the voices of so many of our fellow citizens, the hope that in your heart feelings of humanity will triumph. In prayer and always loving you I await proof of that.<ref name="Hebblethwaite 700-701"/>}}

Some in the Italian government accused the Pope of treating the Red Brigades too kindly. Paul VI continued looking for ways to pay ransom for Moro, but his efforts were fruitless. On 9 May, the bullet-riddled body of Aldo Moro was found in a car in Rome.<ref>Hebblethwaite 706</ref> Pope Paul VI later celebrated his State Funeral Mass.

===Final days===
[[File:Basilica National Shrine Immaculate Conception DC 25.JPG|thumb|left|Paul VI's [[List of papal tiaras in existence|papal tiara]], now in the Crypt of the [[Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception]]]]Pope Paul VI left the [[Apostolic Palace|Vatican]] to go to the papal summer residence, the [[Palace of Castel Gandolfo]], on 14 July 1978, visiting on the way the tomb of Cardinal [[Giuseppe Pizzardo]],<ref name="Hebblethwaite 707">Hebblethwaite 707</ref> who had introduced him to the Vatican half a century earlier. Although he was sick, he agreed to see the new [[President of Italy|Italian President]] [[Sandro Pertini]] for over two hours. In the evening he watched a [[Western (genre)|Western]] on television, happy only when he saw "horses, the most beautiful animals that God had created."<ref name="Hebblethwaite 707" /> He had breathing problems and needed oxygen. On Sunday, at the [[Feast of the Transfiguration]], he was tired, but wanted to say the [[Angelus]]. He was neither able nor permitted to do so and instead stayed in bed, his temperature rising.

===Death===
[[File:Negativos 2934.jpg|thumb|Paul VI's body in the Vatican after his death]]
[[File:SanctusPaulusVI.jpg|thumb|Tomb of Paul VI following his canonisation in October 2018]]

From his bed he participated in Sunday Mass at 18:00. After receiving communion, the Pope suffered a massive heart attack, after which he lived on for three more hours. On 6 August 1978 at 21:41, Paul VI died in Castel Gandolfo.<ref name="Hebblethwaite 707" /> Before he died, the pontiff had been lucid after the first heart attack. An hour before his death, he said he felt dizzy and asked those present to continue the prayers in his stead. Present at his bedside at the time of his death were Cardinal [[Jean-Marie Villot]], Bishop [[Giuseppe Caprio]], and his personal secretary [[Pasquale Macchi]], as well as two nuns and his personal physician. By the time the Pope died, he was already confined to bed due to a flare up in his chronic joint arthritis and could not get up to personally celebrate the Mass.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lmtribune.com/flashback/pope-paul-vi-dies/article_3d7a3b76-36f8-5040-8dc5-a8641baa920e.html|title=Pope Paul VI dies|publisher=Lewiston Tribune|date=7 August 1978|accessdate=10 February 2022|archive-date=24 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124082904/https://lmtribune.com/flashback/pope-paul-vi-dies/article_3d7a3b76-36f8-5040-8dc5-a8641baa920e.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Upon the initial heart attack, the Pope was immediately given oxygen; however, the Holy See indicated that his heart condition was aggravated by a [[pulmonary edema]], or the seeping of fluid into the lungs.

[[Syria]]<ref name="larouchepub.com">{{Cite web |title=World Leaders Mourn Pope Paul VI |url=https://larouchepub.com/eiw/public/1978/eirv05n32-19780822/eirv05n32-19780822_033-world_leaders_mourn_pope_paul_vi.pdf |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=larouchepub.com |archive-date=6 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506165530/https://larouchepub.com/eiw/public/1978/eirv05n32-19780822/eirv05n32-19780822_033-world_leaders_mourn_pope_paul_vi.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=November 2023}} declared nine days of mourning; [[Egypt]] declared seven days of mourning;<ref name="Past Daily: A Sound Archive of News, History, Music 2018 z055">{{cite web | title=August 7, 1978 – CBS Radio – The World Tonight – Gordon Skene Sound Collection | website=Past Daily: A Sound Archive of News, History, Music | date=2018-08-07 | url=https://pastdaily.com/2018/08/07/august-7-1978-death-of-a-pope-nine-days-of-mourning-choosing-a-successor-the-view-from-castel-gandolfo/ | access-date=2023-11-30 | archive-date=24 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124002538/https://pastdaily.com/2018/08/07/august-7-1978-death-of-a-pope-nine-days-of-mourning-choosing-a-successor-the-view-from-castel-gandolfo/ | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Bolivia]] declared five days of mourning;<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pixilegal.com/normativa/decreto-15703-1978-08-07 | title=Decreto Supremo 15703 &#124; Bolivia }}</ref> [[Spain]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-1978-20497 | title=BOE.es - BOE-A-1978-20497 Real Decreto 1854/1978, de 7 de agosto, por el que se declara luto nacional por el fallecimiento de Su Santidad el Papa Pablo VI | access-date=22 May 2022 | archive-date=22 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522100425/https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-1978-20497 | url-status=live }}</ref> declared four days of mourning; [[Brazil]],<ref name="larouchepub.com"/>{{unreliable source?|date=November 2023}} [[Italy]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.manchesterhistory.org/News/Manchester%20Evening%20Hearld_1978-08-07.pdf |title=Archived copy |website=www.manchesterhistory.org |access-date=6 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831153159/http://www.manchesterhistory.org/News/Manchester%20Evening%20Hearld_1978-08-07.pdf |archive-date=31 August 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Lebanon]]<ref name="Washington Post 1978 g245">{{cite news | title=World Reacts With Disbelief And Concern | newspaper=Washington Post | date=1978-09-30 | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1978/09/30/world-reacts-with-disbelief-and-concern/b028ccdb-8f52-4bde-9e63-31f56aebc665/ | access-date=2023-11-30 | archive-date=26 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326025753/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1978/09/30/world-reacts-with-disbelief-and-concern/b028ccdb-8f52-4bde-9e63-31f56aebc665/ | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Portugal]],<ref>{{cite web | url=http://casacomum.org/cc/visualizador?pasta=06829.179.28214#!5 | title=06829.179.28214 }}</ref> and [[Zaire]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1978/08/08/east-west-laud-paul-vi-as-man-of-peace/17d6dab5-4eb2-4a00-9bb0-a1ce09ae379f/ |title=East, West Laud Paul VI as Man of Peace |date=8 August 1978 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |place=Washington, D.C. |issn=0190-8286 |oclc=1330888409 |access-date=18 August 2022 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326032012/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1978/08/08/east-west-laud-paul-vi-as-man-of-peace/17d6dab5-4eb2-4a00-9bb0-a1ce09ae379f/ |url-status=live }}</ref> declared three days of mourning; The [[Philippines]] declared one day of mourning.<ref>[https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1978/08/10/proclamation-no-1765-a-s-1978-2/ "Proclamation No. 1765-a, s. 1978"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913055144/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1978/08/10/proclamation-no-1765-a-s-1978-2/ |date=13 September 2021 }} (10 August 1978). ''Official Gazette'' (officialgazette.gov.ph). Retrieved 19 June 2022.</ref>

Paul VI left a will and a spiritual testament.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tanner |first=Henry |date=9 August 1978 |title=Vatican. Workmen Prepare a Tomb for Pope Paul in Crypt Beneath St. Peter's Basilica |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/08/09/archives/vatican-workmen-prepare-a-tomb-for-pope-paul-in-crypt-beneath-st.html |access-date=22 January 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=22 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122165454/https://www.nytimes.com/1978/08/09/archives/vatican-workmen-prepare-a-tomb-for-pope-paul-in-crypt-beneath-st.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Those were released by the Vatican shortly after his death. In it, he asked for his burial to be simple, and that his correspondence, personal memos and other writings be destroyed. He also legated all his belongings to the Vatican.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Claiborne |first=William |date=12 August 1978 |title=Pope Paul's Funeral to Be Held Today |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1978/08/12/pope-pauls-funeral-to-be-held-today/b7ac40d1-294e-42e0-b6ce-ace7f4475aae/ |access-date=22 January 2023 |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=22 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122170139/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1978/08/12/pope-pauls-funeral-to-be-held-today/b7ac40d1-294e-42e0-b6ce-ace7f4475aae/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Paul VI does not have an ornate [[sarcophagus]], but is buried in a grave beneath the floor of [[Saint Peter's Basilica]], in the [[Vatican Grottoes]] near the tombs of other popes.<ref>{{cite news |author=Kenneth A. Briggs |date=7 August 1978 |title=Pope Paul VI Is Dead of a Heart Attack at 80; Guided the Church Through Era of Change |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0926.html |url-status=dead |access-date=21 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010614192146/https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0926.html |archive-date=14 June 2001}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=September 2019}}

His position mirrors the statements attributed to [[Pius XI]]: "a Pope may suffer but he must be able to function" and by Pius XII.<ref>{{cite journal|first = Robert|last = Leiber|title = Pius XII|publisher = [[Stimmen der Zeit]]|date = December 1958}}</ref> Pope Paul, reflecting on ''[[Hamlet]]'', wrote the following in a private note in 1978:{{Blockquote|What is my state of mind? Am I Hamlet? Or [[Don Quixote]]? On the left? On the right? I do not think I have been properly understood. I am filled with 'great joy (Superabundo gaudio)' With all our affliction, I am overjoyed (2 Cor 2:4).<ref>{{Citation|first=Cathal B|last=Daly|title=Steps on my Pilgrim Journey|publisher=Veritas |year=1998}}</ref>}}

His confessor, the [[Jesuit]] [[Paolo Dezza]], said that "this pope is a man of great joy",{{Sfn| Hebblethwaite|1993|p=339}} and that:

<blockquote>If Paul VI was not a saint, when he was elected Pope, he became one during his pontificate. I was able to witness not only with what energy and dedication he toiled for Christ and the Church but also and above all, how much he suffered for Christ and the Church. I always admired not only his deep inner resignation but also his constant abandonment to divine providence.{{Sfn|Hebblethwaite|1993|p=600}} </blockquote>

==Canonisation==
{{Main|Beatification and canonization of Pope Paul VI}}
{{Infobox saint
|honorific_prefix = Pope [[Saint]]
|name             = Paul VI
|birth_name       = Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini
|feast_day        = 29 May
|venerated_in     = [[Catholic Church]]
|image            = Papa Paolo VI.jpg
|caption          = 
|titles           = [[Pope]]; [[Confessor]]
|beatified_date   = 19 October 2014
|beatified_place  = [[St. Peter's Square]], [[Vatican City]]
|beatified_by     = [[Pope Francis]]
|canonized_date   = 14 October 2018
|canonized_place  = St. Peter's Square, Vatican City
|canonized_by     = Pope Francis
|attributes       = [[Papal regalia and insignia|Papal vestments]], [[Papal tiara]], [[Pallium]]
|patronage        = Archdiocese of Milan, Paul VI Pontifical Institute, Second Vatican Council, Diocese of Brescia, Concesio, Magenta, Paderno Dugnano
}}
[[File:Beatification of Paul VI.jpg|thumb|left|Tapestry of Paul VI on the occasion of his beatification on 19 October 2014]]
[[File:Ceremonia de Canonización de Monseñor Romero. (44398703435).jpg|thumb|right|Canonization Mass held on 14 October 2018]]

The diocesan process for beatification for Paul VI—titled then as a [[Servant of God]]—opened in Rome on 11 May 1993 under [[Pope John Paul II]] after the "[[nihil obstat]]" ("nothing against") was declared the previous 18 March. Cardinal [[Camillo Ruini]] opened the diocesan process in Rome. The title of Servant of God is the first of four steps toward possible [[canonisation]]. The diocesan process concluded its business on 18 March 1998.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.microsofttranslator.com/bv.aspx?from=&to=en&a=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.catholica.va%2Fnews_services%2Fbulletin%2Fnews%2F30226.php%3Findex%3D30226%26lang%3Den|title = Catholic Press|publisher = [[Microsoft]]|type = [[Bing Translator|translator]]|access-date = 23 June 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130523020217/http://www.microsofttranslator.com/bv.aspx?from=&to=en&a=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.catholica.va%2Fnews_services%2Fbulletin%2Fnews%2F30226.php%3Findex%3D30226%26lang%3Den|archive-date = 23 May 2013|url-status = dead}}</ref>

On 20 December 2012, [[Pope Benedict XVI]], in an audience with the Cardinal Prefect of the [[Congregation for the Causes of Saints]] [[Angelo Amato]], declared that the late pontiff had lived a life of [[heroic virtue]], which means that he could be called "[[Venerable]]".<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.microsofttranslator.com/bv.aspx?from=&to=en&a=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.catholica.va%2Fnews_services%2Fbulletin%2Fnews%2F30226.php%3Findex%3D30226%26lang%3Den|title = translator|publisher = Microsoft|access-date = 23 June 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130523020217/http://www.microsofttranslator.com/bv.aspx?from=&to=en&a=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.catholica.va%2Fnews_services%2Fbulletin%2Fnews%2F30226.php%3Findex%3D30226%26lang%3Den|archive-date = 23 May 2013|url-status = dead}}</ref>

On 12 December 2013, Vatican officials comprising a medical panel approved a supposed miracle that was attributed to the intercession of the late pontiff, which was the curing of an unborn child in [[California]], U.S.A in the 1990s. This miracle was investigated in California from 7 July 2003 until 12 July 2004. It was expected that [[Pope Francis]] would approve the miracle in the near future, thus, warranting the beatification of the late pontiff.<ref name="uscatholic">{{cite web|url=http://www.uscatholic.org/news/201312/alleged-miracle-puts-pope-paul-vi-one-step-closer-sainthood-28254|work=US Catholic|title=Alleged miracle puts Pope Paul VI one step closer to sainthood|access-date=5 January 2014|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304191352/http://www.uscatholic.org/news/201312/alleged-miracle-puts-pope-paul-vi-one-step-closer-sainthood-28254|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2014, it was reported that the consulting Vatican theologians to the Congregation for the Causes of Saints recognised the miracle attributed to the late pontiff on 18 February.<ref name="catholicnewsagency">[https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/3878/pope-benedict-forgoes-waiting-period-begins-john-paul-ii-beatification-process "Pope Benedict Forgoes Waiting Period, begins John Paul II Beatification Process"]  Catholic News Agency 13 May 2005 Retrieved 1 May 2011</ref>

On 24 April 2014, it was reported in the Italian magazine ''Credere'' that the late pope could possibly be beatified on 19 October 2014. This report from the magazine further stated that several cardinals and bishops would meet on 5 May to confirm the miracle that had previously been approved, and then present it to Pope Francis who may sign the decree for beatification shortly after that.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gazzettadelsud.it/news/english/89311/Pope-Paul-VI--to-be-beatified-this-year-.html|title=Pope Paul VI 'to be beatified this year'|date=24 April 2014|access-date=25 April 2014|archive-date=26 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426232643/http://www.gazzettadelsud.it/news/english/89311/Pope-Paul-VI--to-be-beatified-this-year-.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Congregation for the Causes of Saints' cardinal and bishop members held that meeting and positively concluded that the healing was indeed a miracle that could be attributed to the late pope. The matter would then be presented by the Cardinal Prefect to the Pope for approval.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ansa.it/english/news/vatican/2014/05/06/paul-vi-set-for-beatification_3a5e964a-f37c-4b28-bf2d-c74498d981ab.html|title=Paul VI set for beatification|publisher=ANSA|date=6 May 2014|access-date=6 May 2014|archive-date=6 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506172047/http://www.ansa.it/english/news/vatican/2014/05/06/paul-vi-set-for-beatification_3a5e964a-f37c-4b28-bf2d-c74498d981ab.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The second miracle required for his canonisation was reported to have occurred in 2014 not long after his beatification. The vice-postulator, Antonio Lanzoni, suggested that the canonisation could be approved in the near future which would allow for the canonisation sometime in spring 2016; this did not materialise because the investigations were still ongoing at that stage.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=it&u=http://www.italiaoggi.it/giornali/preview_giornali.asp%3Fid%3D1953197%26codiciTestate%3D1&prev=search|title=Paul VI made a miracle|publisher=Italia Oggi|date=14 January 2015|access-date=17 August 2015|archive-date=13 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313031518/https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=it&u=http://www.italiaoggi.it/giornali/preview_giornali.asp%3Fid%3D1953197%26codiciTestate%3D1&prev=search|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=it&u=http://www.rmfonline.it/%3Fp%3D22227&prev=search|title=Saint Paul VI soon|publisher=RMF Online|date=16 January 2015|access-date=17 August 2015|archive-date=13 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313091245/https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=it&u=http://www.rmfonline.it/%3Fp%3D22227&prev=search|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://translate.google.com.au/translate?sl=auto&tl=en&js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bresciaoggi.it%2Fstories%2FHome%2F1267970_violista_guarito_da_paolo_vi_la_chiesa_ascolta_e_valuta%2F&edit-text=&act=url|title=Violist healed by Paul VI? The Church is listening and evaluating|publisher=Brescia Oggi|date=13 August 2015|access-date=17 August 2015|archive-date=26 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326193040/https://translate.google.com.au/translate?sl=auto&tl=en&js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bresciaoggi.it%2Fstories%2FHome%2F1267970_violista_guarito_da_paolo_vi_la_chiesa_ascolta_e_valuta%2F&edit-text=&act=url|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was further reported in January 2017 that Pope Francis was considering canonising Paul VI either in that year, or in 2018 (marking 40 years since the late pope's death), without the second miracle required for sainthood.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vidanueva.es/2017/01/13/pablo-vi-en-los-altares-de-bergoglio-canonizacion-papa-montini/|title=Pablo VI en los altares de Bergoglio|date=13 January 2017|publisher=Vida Nueva|access-date=18 April 2017|archive-date=18 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418164031/http://www.vidanueva.es/2017/01/13/pablo-vi-en-los-altares-de-bergoglio-canonizacion-papa-montini/|url-status=dead}}</ref> This too was proven false since the miracle from 2014 was being presented to the competent Vatican officials for assessment.

The late pope's [[liturgy|liturgical]] [[feast day]] was then established to be celebrated on the date of his birth, 26 September, rather than the day of his death, as is usual since the latter falls on the [[Feast of the Transfiguration]], a major feast in the liturgical year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/libretti/2014/20141019-libretto-beatificazione-paolo-vi.pdf |title=Booklet of the Beatification of Paul VI |publisher=Holy See |date=18 October 2014 |access-date=18 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022045507/https://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/libretti/2014/20141019-libretto-beatificazione-paolo-vi.pdf |archive-date=22 October 2014 }}</ref>

The final miracle needed for the late pope's canonisation was investigated in [[Verona]], the investigation beining closed on 11 March 2017. The miracle in question involves the healing of an unborn girl, Amanda Maria Paola (born 25 December 2014), after her parents (Vanna and Alberto) went to the Church of [[Santa Maria delle Grazie, Brescia]], to pray for the late pope's intercession the previous 29 October, just ten days after Paul VI was beatified.<ref name=VPP>{{cite web|publisher=La Voce del Popolo|date=22 December 2017|title=Paolo VI Santo: una bella notizia|access-date=27 December 2017|url=http://www.lavocedelpopolo.it/diocesi/paolo-vi-santo-una-bella-notizia|archive-date=27 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227235447/http://www.lavocedelpopolo.it/diocesi/paolo-vi-santo-una-bella-notizia|url-status=live}}</ref> The miracle regarding Amanda was the fact that she had survived for months despite the fact that the [[placenta]] was broken. On 23 September, a month before the beatification, Amanda's mother Vanna Pironato (aged 35) was hospitalised due to the premature rupture of the placenta, with doctors declaring her pregnancy to be at great risk.<ref name=VPP/> The documents regarding the alleged miracle were by then in Rome awaiting approval, with his canonisation depending on the miracle's confirmation.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Diocesi di Verona|date=March 2017|access-date=19 July 2017|title=Alcuni incontri del Vescovo|url=http://www.diocesidiverona.it/pls/s2ewdiocesiverona/V3_S2E2_CONSULTAZIONE.mostra_pagina?id_pagina=2527&rifi=guest&rifp=guest}}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Theologians advising the Congregation for the Causes of Saints voiced their approval to this miracle on 13 December 2017 (following the confirmation of doctors on 26 October) and had this sent to the cardinal and bishop members of the C.C.S. who had to vote on the cause also before taking it to Pope Francis for his approval. Brescian media reported the canonisation could take place in October 2018 to coincide with [[Fifteenth Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops|the synod on the youth]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Primi ok al miracolo, passo Avanti per Paolo VI santo|newspaper=La Stampa|date=21 December 2017|access-date=22 December 2017|author=Iacopo Scaramuzzi|url=http://www.lastampa.it/2017/12/21/vaticaninsider/ita/vaticano/paolo-vi-individuato-miracolo-sar-presto-santo-qzvmvmeob1RAeFXSHtBuDP/pagina.html|archive-date=22 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222001329/http://www.lastampa.it/2017/12/21/vaticaninsider/ita/vaticano/paolo-vi-individuato-miracolo-sar-presto-santo-qzvmvmeob1RAeFXSHtBuDP/pagina.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=VPP/> The cardinal and bishop members of the C.C.S. issued their unanimous approval to this miracle in their meeting held on 6 February 2018. Pope Francis confirmed that the canonisation would be approved and celebrated in 2018 in remarks made during a meeting with Roman priests on 14 February 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncregister.com/blog/edward-pentin/pope-francis-paul-vi-to-be-canonized-this-year|title=Pope Francis: Blessed Paul VI to Be Canonized This Year|date=17 February 2018|access-date=17 February 2018|archive-date=17 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217214518/http://www.ncregister.com/blog/edward-pentin/pope-francis-paul-vi-to-be-canonized-this-year|url-status=live}}</ref> On 6 March 2018, the Cardinal Secretary of State [[Pietro Parolin]], speaking at a plenary meeting of the International Catholic Migration Commission in Rome, confirmed that Paul VI would be canonised in at the close of the synod on 28 October 2018.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=CRUX|date=6 March 2018|author=John L. Allen Jr.|title=Vatican confirms that canonization of Paul VI set for October|url=https://cruxnow.com/vatican/2018/03/06/434735/|access-date=6 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306165100/https://cruxnow.com/vatican/2018/03/06/434735/|archive-date=6 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 6 March, the Pope confirmed the healing as a miracle, thereby approving Paul VI's canonisation; a consistory of cardinals on 19 May 2018 determined that the official date for Paul VI's canonisation, along with that of the assassinated Archbishop of [[Archdiocese of San Salvador|San Salvador]], [[Óscar Romero|Oscar Romero]], would be 14 October 2018.<ref>Hitchen, P., [https://www.vaticannews.va/en/vatican-city/news/2018-05/archbishop-romero-canonisation-paul-vi-filochowski.html Oscar Romero to be recognised as saint of Universal Church] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514035625/https://www.vaticannews.va/en/vatican-city/news/2018-05/archbishop-romero-canonisation-paul-vi-filochowski.html |date=14 May 2023 }}, ''Vatican News'', published 18 May 2018, accessed 15 May 2023</ref>

Paul VI's liturgical feast day, which had previously been celebrated on 26 September, the date of his birth, was moved to 29 May, the day of his priestly [[holy orders|ordination]], in 2019.<ref name=feastday/>

==Legacy and controversies==
{{Social teachings of the popes}}
In 2011, newly uncovered documents went up for auction and contained, among other items, proof that beginning in September 1950, while then serving as deputy of foreign affairs for the Vatican, Montini worked with former Nazis and members of the Spanish military in planning for a mercenary style army to operate within the African continent. Another revelation was a letter from the priest of former Nazi Lieutenant Colonel [[Otto Skorzeny]] to Montini in which the priest praised Montini's efforts to fund, harbour, and give safe passage to [[Ratlines (World War II aftermath)|former Nazis evading Allied]] capture and punishment.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/washington-whispers/2011/12/02/revealed-post-world-war-ii-secret-nazi-vatican-army |title=Revealed: Post-World War II Secret Nazi, Vatican Army |last=Bedard |first=Paul |work=U.S. News & World Report |date=2 December 2011 |access-date=26 July 2021 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129111053/https://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/washington-whispers/2011/12/02/revealed-post-world-war-ii-secret-nazi-vatican-army |url-status=live }}</ref>

Pope Paul VI continued the opening and internationalisation of the church that began under [[Pius XII]] and implemented the reforms of [[John XXIII]] and the [[Second Vatican Council]]. Yet, unlike these popes, Paul VI faced criticism throughout his papacy from both traditionalists and liberals for steering a middle course during Vatican II and during the implementation of its reforms thereafter.{{Sfn|Graham|1983|p=75}} He expressed a desire for peace during the [[Vietnam War]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shc.edu/theolibrary/resources/handbook_warpeace.htm |title=Pope Paul VI, Address to the United Nations General Assembly |year=1965 |publisher=SHC |website=Handbook of Catholic Social Teaching: War and Peace |access-date=13 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130301204453/http://www.shc.edu/theolibrary/resources/handbook_warpeace.htm |archive-date=1 March 2013 |quote=No more war, war never again! Peace, it is peace which must guide the destinies of people and of all mankind. |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On basic Church teachings, the Pope was unwavering. On the tenth anniversary of ''[[Humanae vitae]]'', he reconfirmed this teaching.<ref name="Graham">{{harvnb|Graham|1983|p=76}}</ref> In his style and methodology, he was a disciple of Pius XII, whom he deeply revered.<ref name="Graham" /> He suffered for the attacks on Pius XII for his alleged silences during the Holocaust.<ref name="Graham" /> Pope Paul VI was said to have been less intellectually gifted than his predecessors: he was not credited with an encyclopaedic memory, nor a gift for languages, nor the brilliant writing style of Pius XII,{{Sfn|Pallenberg|1960|p=107}} nor did he have the charisma and outpouring love, sense of humor and human warmth of John XXIII. He took on himself the unfinished reform work of these two popes, bringing them diligently with great humility and common sense and without much fanfare to conclusion.{{Sfn|Graham|1983|p=76}} In doing so, Paul VI saw himself following in the footsteps of the Apostle Paul, who, being torn to several directions, said, "I am attracted to two sides at once, because the Cross always divides."{{Sfn|Guitton|1967|p=159}}
[[File:Paul6statue.jpg|thumb|left|160px|A statue of Paul VI in Milan, Italy]]
[[File:GER Bundesverdienstkreuz 7 Grosskreuz.svg|thumb|left|160px|Paul VI received the Grand Cross First Class of the [[Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]].]]

Paul VI refused to excommunicate opponents. He admonished but did not punish those with other views. The new theological freedoms which he fostered&nbsp;resulted in a pluralism of opinions and uncertainties among the faithful.{{Sfn|Franzen|1991|p=389}} New demands were voiced, which were taboo at the council: the reintegration of divorced Catholics, the sacramental character of the confession, and the role of women in the church and its ministries. Conservatives complained "women wanted to be priests, priests wanted to get married, bishops became regional popes and theologians claimed absolute teaching authority. Protestants claimed equality, homosexuals and the divorced called for full acceptance."{{Sfn|Martin| 1981|p=277}} Changes such as the [[Mass of Paul VI#Liturgical orientation|reorientation of the liturgy]], [[Mass of Paul VI#Changes in the Order of Mass|alterations to the ordinary of the Mass]], alterations to the [[Calendar of saints|liturgical calendar]] in the motu proprio ''[[Mysterii Paschalis]]'', and the [[Mass of Paul VI#Repositioning of the tabernacle|relocation of the tabernacle]] were controversial among some Catholics.

While the total number of Catholics increased during the pontificate of Paul VI, the number of priests did not keep up. In the United States, at beginning of Paul's reign there were almost 1,600 priestly ordinations a year, while the number dropped to nearly 900 a year at his death. The number of seminarians at the same time dropped by three quarters. More pronounced declines were evident in religious life where the number of sisters and brothers declined sharply. Infant baptisms began to decline almost at once after Paul's election and did not begin to recover until 1980. In the same period adult conversions to the church declined by a third. While marriages increased [[Declaration of nullity|annulments]] also increased but at a much greater rate. There was a 1,322% increase in declarations of nullity between 1968 and 1970 alone. While 65% of US Catholics went to Sunday Mass in 1965, that percentage had slipped to 40% by the time of Paul's death. Similar collapses occurred in other developed countries.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Kenneth C. |title=Index of Leading catholic Indicators |date=2003 |publisher=Oriens Publishing Company |location=St Louis, MO |isbn=978-0972868808 |pages=13–83 }}</ref>

Paul VI renounced many traditional symbols of the papacy and the Catholic Church; some of his changes to the papal dress were temporarily reversed by [[Pope Benedict XVI]] in the early 21st century. Refusing a Vatican army of colourful military uniforms from past centuries, he got rid of them, leaving only the [[Swiss Guard]] in function. He became the first pope to visit five continents.<ref name="Josef Schmitz van Vorst, 68">Josef Schmitz van Vorst, 68</ref> Paul VI systematically continued and completed the efforts of his predecessors, to turn the Euro-centric church into a church of the world, by integrating the bishops from all continents in its government and in the Synods which he convened. His 6 August 1967 [[motu proprio]] ''Pro Comperto Sane'' opened the [[Roman Curia]] to the bishops of the world. Until then, only Cardinals could be leading members of the Curia.<ref name="Josef Schmitz van Vorst, 68" />

Some critiqued Paul VI's decision; the newly created Synod of Bishops had an advisory role only and could not make decisions on their own, although the Council decided exactly that. During the pontificate of Paul VI, five such synods took place, and he is on record of implementing all their decisions.<ref>Simmel, 80</ref> Related questions were raised about the new National Bishop Conferences, which became mandatory after Vatican II. Others questioned his Ostpolitik and contacts with Communism and the deals he engaged in for the faithful.<ref>Simmel, 82</ref>

Paul VI suffered from the responses within the church to ''Humanae vitae''. Most regions and bishops supported the pontiff, including notable support from [[Patrick O'Boyle (cardinal)|Patrick O'Boyle]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Catholic Reporter 9 October 1968 — Catholic Research Resources Alliance|url=https://thecatholicnewsarchive.org/?a=d&d=ncr19681009-01.2.7|access-date=6 October 2020|website=thecatholicnewsarchive.org}}</ref> However, a small part of the church, especially in the Netherlands, Canada, and Germany openly disagreed with the Pope, which deeply wounded him for the rest of his life.<ref>Simmel, 81</ref>

==See also==
===Directly related===
* [[Paul VI Audience Hall]]
* ''[[Paul VI: The Pope in the Tempest]]''

===Associated topics===
* [[Credo of the People of God]]
* [[Liberation theology]]
* [[List of meetings between the pope and the president of the United States]]
* [[List of popes]]

== References ==
===Notes===
{{Notelist}}

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
* {{Citation |last = Adam |first = A |title = Liturgie |publisher = Herder |place = Freiburg |year = 1985 }}.
* {{cite book |last = Alnor |first = William M. |title = Soothsayers of the Second Advent }}
* Dagnino, Jorge. ''Giovanni Battista Montini (Paul VI): From the legacy of Christian Democracy to the encounter with fascism, 1925–33'' ''History Compass'' (2022) e12729
* {{cite book |first = Eamon |last = Duffy |author-link = Eamon Duffy |title = Saints and Sinners, A History of the Popes |publisher = [[Yale University Press]] |year = 1997 }}.
* {{Citation |last1 = Fappani |first1 = Antonio |first2 = Franco |last2 = Molinari |first3 = Giovanni Battista |last3 = Montini |title = Giovane, documenti inediti e testimonianze |trans-title = Youth, unedited documents and testimonies |publisher = Maretti |place = [[Turin]]o |year = 1979 }}.
* {{Citation |last = Franzen |first = August |title = Papstgeschichte |publisher =  Herder |place = Freiburg |year = 1988 |language = de }}, quoted as Franzen.
* {{Citation |last = Franzen |first = August |title = Kleine Kichengeschichte |place = Herder  |publisher = Freiburg |year = 1991 |language = de |author-mask = 3 }}, quoted as Franzen, Kirchengeschichte
* {{Citation |last1 = Gonzalez |first1 = JL |first2 = T |last2 = Perez |title = Paul VI |year = 1964 |publisher = Paulist Press}}
* {{Citation |last = Graham |title = Paul VI, A Great Pontificate |place = Brescia |date = 7 November 1983 }}.
* {{cite book |first = Jean |last = Guitton |author-link = Jean Guitton |trans-title=Dialogues with Paul VI | language = de |title = Dialog mit Paul VI |publisher = Molden |place = Wien |year = 1967 }}.
* {{cite book |first = Peter |last = Hebblethwaite |author-link = Peter Hebblethwaite |title = Paul VI: The First Modern Pope |publisher = Paulist Press |year = 1993 |isbn = 978-0-8091-0461-1 |url-access = registration |url = https://archive.org/details/paulvifirstmoder0000hebb }}.
* {{cite book |first = Andrea |last = Lazzarini |author-link = Andrea Lazzarini |language = it |title = Paolo VI, Profilo di Montini |trans-title=Paul IV: profile of Montini |publisher = Casa Editrice Herder |place = Roma, [[Italy|IT]] |year = 1964 }} quoted from {{Citation |title = Papst Paul VI |publisher = Herder |place = [[Freiburg]] |year = 1964 |language = de }}.
* {{cite book |author = Malachi Martin |year = 1972 |title = Three Popes and the Cardinal  |publisher = Farrar, Straus & Giroux |place = New York |isbn = 978-0-374-27675-1 |author-link = Malachi Martin }}.
* {{Citation |last = Martin |first = Malachi |title = The Decline and Fall of the Roman Church |publisher = [[G. P. Putnam's Sons|Putnam]] |place = New York |year = 1981 |author-mask = 3 |title-link = The Decline and Fall of the Roman Church }}.
* {{Citation |last = Pallenberg |first = Corrado |title = Inside the Vatican |publisher = Hawthorn Books |work = [[University of Michigan|Michigan University]] |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=60fZAAAAMAAJ |year = 1960 |pages = 273 |access-date = 5 September 2020 |archive-date = 29 April 2024 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240429213952/https://books.google.com/books?id=60fZAAAAMAAJ |url-status = live }}.
* {{cite book |first = Tahir |last = Rahman |title = We Came in Peace for all Mankind – the Untold Story of the Apollo 11 Silicon Disc |publisher = Leathers |year = 2007 |isbn = 978-1-58597-441-2 }}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Citation|first=Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria|last=Montini|url=http://www.catholic-pages.com/dir/paul6_docs.asp|format=list|author-link=Pope Paul VI|title=Apostolic Constitutions, Encyclicals and documents issued, as well as his Last Will and Testament|publisher=Catholic pages|access-date=9 May 2005|archive-date=2 May 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050502080829/http://www.catholic-pages.com/dir/paul6_docs.asp|url-status=usurped}}.
* {{Citation|first=Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria|last=Montini|url=http://www.saint-mike.org/Library/Papal_Library/PaulVI/Paul_VI.html|title=The writings|author-link=Pope Paul VI|publisher=Saint Mike|author-mask=3|access-date=23 February 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703235400/http://www.saint-mike.org/library/papal_library/paulvi/paul_vi.html|archive-date=3 July 2014|url-status=dead}}..
* {{Citation|first=Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria|last=Montini|url=http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/01_01_1963-1978-_Paulus_VI,_Servus_Dei.html|author-link=Pope Paul VI|language=la|title=Opera Omnia|trans-title=Complete works|publisher=Documenta catholica omnia|place=[[European union|EU]]|access-date=20 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520120351/http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/01_01_1963-1978-_Paulus_VI,_Servus_Dei.html|archive-date=20 May 2011|url-status=dead}}.
* {{Citation|url=http://www.goodmorals.org/smith6.htm|title=Pro-''Humanæ Vitæ'' analysis|author=Janet E. Smith|publisher=Good morals|author-link=Janet E. Smith|access-date=22 March 2003|archive-date=8 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208023347/http://www.goodmorals.org/smith6.htm|url-status=dead}}, former associate professor of philosophy at the University of Dallas.
* {{Citation|url=http://www.ewtn.com/library/Theology/WOJTLAHV.HTM|title=The truth of the encyclical "Humanæ vitæ"|first=Cardinal Karol|last=Wojtyla|author-link=Pope John Paul II|publisher=EWTN|access-date=22 March 2003|archive-date=7 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607114515/http://www.ewtn.com/library/Theology/WOJTLAHV.HTM|url-status=dead}}.
* {{Citation|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/pill/peopleevents/e_humvit.html|title= American attitudes towards ''Humanæ Vitæ''|publisher=[[PBS]]}}.
* {{Citation|contribution-url=http://www.saintpetersbasilica.org/Grottoes/Paul%20VI/Tomb%20of%20Paul%20VI.htm|contribution=Tomb of Paul VI|title=Vatican Grottoes|publisher=[[St. Peter's Basilica]]}}.
* {{cite web|url=http://www.britishpathe.com/workspaces/BritishPathe/rEDmB6uB|title=Pope Paul VI|website=[[Pathé News]]|type=video archive|access-date=15 March 2013|archive-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202001802/http://www.britishpathe.com/workspaces/BritishPathe/rEDmB6uB|url-status=dead}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|collapsible=yes|wikt=no|c=yes|n=no|q=yes|s=yes|b=no|voy=no|v=no|d=no}}
* [https://www.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/en/speeches/1978/august/documents/hf_p-vi_spe_19780810_testamento-paolo-vi.html Testament of Paul VI]

===Documentaries with English subtitles===
* {{YouTube|li6OPaZLeMo|Paul VI, a Forgotten Pope}} {{inlang|it}}
* {{YouTube|0L8z8yKn930|The Assassination Attempt on Paul VI}} {{inlang|it}}
* {{YouTube|uIztLx4ZG8A|The Last Years of Paul VI (G.B. Montini 1974–78)}} {{inlang|it}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|ca}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Federico Tedeschini]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Secretariat of State (Holy See)|Substitute for General Affairs]]|years=13 December 1937 – 17 February 1953}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Angelo Dell'Acqua]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Archbishop of Milan]]|years=1 November 1954 – 21 June 1963}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Giovanni Colombo]]}}
{{s-bef|before=Alfredo Ildefonso Schuster}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Santi Silvestro e Martino ai Monti|Cardinal-Priest of Santi Silvestro e Martino ai Monti]]|years=18 December 1958 – 21 June 1963}}
{{s-aft|after=Giovanni Colombo}}
{{S-bef|before=[[John XXIII]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Pope]]|years=21 June 1963 – 6 August 1978}}
{{s-aft|after=[[John Paul I]]}}
{{s-end}}

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