Editing Pope Paul IV

{{Short description|Head of the Catholic Church from 1555 to 1559}}
{{redirect|Paul IV |the Patriarch of Constantinople|Patriarch Paul IV of Constantinople}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}{{Use British English|date=December 2024}}

{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Pope
| honorific-prefix = [[List of popes|Pope]]
| name = Paul IV
| title = [[Bishop of Rome]]
| image = Pope Paul IV – Jacopino Conte (Manner), ca. 1560.jpg
| caption = Portrait by an unknown artist close to [[Jacopino del Conte]], {{circa|1556|1560}}
| birth_name = Gian Pietro Carafa
| church = [[Catholic Church]]
| term_start = 23 May 1555
| term_end = 18 August 1559
| predecessor = [[Marcellus II]]
| successor = [[Pius IV]]
| ordination = 
| ordinated_by = 
| consecration = 18 September 1505
| consecrated_by = Cardinal [[Oliviero Carafa]]
| cardinal = 22 December 1536
| created_cardinal_by = [[Pope Paul III]]
| birth_date = 28 June 1476
| birth_place = [[Capriglia Irpina]], [[Kingdom of Naples]]
| death_date = 	18 August 1559 (aged 83)
| death_place = [[Rome]], [[Papal States]]
| coat_of_arms = C o a Paulus IV.svg
| signature = Signature of Pope Paul IV.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert
| previous_post = {{Indented plainlist|
* [[San Pancrazio|Cardinal-Priest of San Pancrazio fouri le Mura]] (1536–1655)
}}
| motto = ''Dominus mihi adjutor''<br>("The Lord is my helper")<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pope Paul IV (1555-1559) |url=http://www.gcatholic.org/hierarchy/pope/PL4.htm |access-date=2022-05-12 |website=www.gcatholic.org}}</ref>
| other = Paul
}}
{{infobox popestyles
|image            = C o a Paulus IV.svg
|dipstyle         = [[His Holiness]]
|offstyle         = Your Holiness
|relstyle         = Holy Father
|deathstyle       = None
|}}
'''Pope Paul IV''' ({{langx|la|Paulus IV}}; {{langx|it|Paolo IV}}; 28 June 1476&nbsp;– 18 August 1559), born '''Gian Pietro Carafa''', was head of the [[Catholic Church]] and ruler of the [[Papal States]] from 23 May 1555 to his death, in August 1559.<ref name="Catholic Encyclopaedia2">{{CathEncy|wstitle=Pope Paul IV|first=James F. |last=Loughlin |volume=11 }}</ref><ref name="EB1911">{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Paul (popes) |volume=20 |page=956}}</ref> While serving as papal [[nuncio]] in [[Habsburg Spain|Spain]], he developed an anti-Spanish outlook that later coloured his papacy. In response to an invasion of part of the Papal States by Spain during his papacy, he called for a French military intervention. After a defeat of the French and with Spanish troops at the edge of Rome, the Papacy and Spain reached a compromise: French and Spanish forces left the Papal States and the Pope thereafter adopted a neutral stance between France and Spain.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SGwPAAAAYAAJ&q=Treaty+of+Cave+pop+pius+iv | title=Handbook for Rome and the Campagna| last1=(Firm)| first1=John Murray| year=1908}}</ref>

Carafa was appointed [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chieti-Vasto|bishop of Chieti]], but resigned in 1524 in order to found with [[Saint Cajetan]] the Congregation of Clerics Regular ([[Theatines]]). Recalled to Rome, and made [[Archbishop of Naples]], he worked to re-organise the [[Inquisitorial system#History|Inquisitorial system]] in response to the emerging [[Protestant]] movement in Europe, any dialogue with which he opposed (the inquisition itself had been first instituted by [[Pope Innocent III]] who first regulated inquisitional procedure in the 13th century). Carafa was elected pope in 1555 through the influence of Cardinal [[Alessandro Farnese (cardinal)|Alessandro Farnese]] in the face of opposition from [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]]. His papacy was characterised by strong nationalism in reaction to the influence of [[Philip II of Spain]] and the [[House of Habsburg|Habsburgs]]. The appointment of [[Carlo Carafa]] as [[Cardinal Nephew]] damaged the papacy further, and scandals forced Paul to remove him from office. He curbed some clerical abuses in Rome, but his methods were seen as harsh. He would introduce the first modern ''[[Index Librorum Prohibitorum]]'' or "Index of Prohibited Books" banning works he saw as in error. In spite of his advanced age, he was a tireless worker and issued new decrees and regulations daily, unrelenting in his determination to keep Protestants and recently immigrated [[Marrano]]s from gaining influence in the Papal States. He had some hundred of the Marranos of Ancona thrown into prison; 50 were sentenced by the tribunal of the Inquisition and 25 of these were burned at the stake. Paul IV issued the [[Papal bull]] ''[[Cum nimis absurdum]]'', which confined Jews in Rome to the neighbourhood ''claustro degli Ebrei'' ("enclosure of the Hebrews"), later known as the [[Roman Ghetto]]. He died highly unpopular, to the point that his family rushed his burial to make sure his body would not be desecrated by a popular uprising.

==Early life==
Gian Pietro Carafa was born in [[Capriglia Irpina]], near [[Avellino]], into the prominent [[House of Carafa|Carafa]] family of [[Naples]].<ref name="Catholic Encyclopaedia2"/> His father Giovanni Antonio of the Counts Carafa della Stadera died in [[West Flanders]] in 1516 and his mother Vittoria Camponeschi was the daughter of [[:it:Pietro Lalle Camponeschi|Pietro Lalle Camponeschi]], 5th Count of [[Montorio nei Frentani|Montorio]], a Neapolitan nobleman, and Maria de [[Noronha]], a [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] noblewoman of the House of [[Pereira (surname)|Pereira]].{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}

==Church career==

===Bishop===
He was mentored by Cardinal [[Oliviero Carafa]], his relative, who resigned the [[see of Chieti]] (Latin ''Theate'') in his favour. Under the direction of [[Pope Leo X]], he was ambassador to [[Kingdom of England|England]] and then papal [[nuncio]] in [[Habsburg Spain|Spain]], where he conceived a violent detestation of Spanish rule that affected the policies of his later papacy.<ref name="Catholic Encyclopaedia2"/>

In 1524, [[Pope Clement VII]] allowed Carafa to resign his [[benefice]]s and join the [[ascetic]] and newly founded Congregation of Clerks Regular, popularly called the [[Theatines]], after Carafa's [[Episcopal see|see]] of ''Theate.'' Following the [[Sack of Rome (1527)|sack of Rome]] in 1527, the order moved to [[Venice]]. But Carafa was recalled to [[Rome]] by the reform-minded [[Pope Paul III]] (1534–49), to sit on a committee of reform of the papal court, an appointment that forecasted an end to a [[Humanism|humanist]] papacy and a revival of [[scholasticism]], as Carafa was a disciple of [[Thomas Aquinas]].<ref name="Catholic Encyclopaedia2"/>

===Cardinal===
In December 1536 he was made [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|Cardinal-Priest]] of ''[[S. Pancrazio]]'' and then [[Archbishop]] of [[Naples]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Paul-IV|title=Britannica|date=14 August 2023 }}</ref>

The [[Diet of Regensburg (1541)|Regensburg Colloquy]] in 1541 failed to achieve any measure of reconciliation between Catholics and Protestants in Europe, but instead saw a number of prominent Italians defect to the Protestant camp. In response, Carafa was able to persuade Pope Paul III to set up a [[Roman Inquisition]], modelled on the [[Spanish Inquisition]] with himself as one of the Inquisitors-General. The [[Papal Bull]] was promulgated in 1542.<ref>MacCulloch, Dairmaid. ''Reformation : Europe's house divided, 1490-1700'', London, 2003, page 224.</ref>

===Election as pope===
{{main|May 1555 papal conclave}}
He was a surprise choice as pope to succeed [[Pope Marcellus II]] (1555); his severe and unbending character combined with his advanced age and Italian patriotism meant under normal circumstances he would have declined the honor. He accepted apparently because [[Emperor Charles V]] was opposed to his accession.<ref name="Catholic Encyclopaedia2"/>

Carafa, elected on 23 May 1555, took the name of "Paul IV" in honor of [[Pope Paul III]] who named him as a cardinal. He was [[Papal coronation|crowned]] as pope on 26 May 1555 by the [[protodeacon]]. He formally took possession of the [[Basilica of Saint John Lateran]] on 28 October 1555.

==Papacy==
As pope, Paul IV's nationalism was a driving force; he used the office to preserve some liberties in the face of fourfold foreign occupation. Like [[Pope Paul III]], he was an enemy of the [[Colonna family]]. His treatment of [[Giovanna d'Aragona]], who had married into that family, drew further negative comment from Venice because she had long been a patron of artists and writers.<ref>{{cite book | page=24 |title= Encyclopedia of Women in the Renaissance | author=Robin, Larsen and Levin}}</ref>

Paul IV was displeased at the French signing a five-year truce with Spain in February 1556 (in the midst of the [[Italian War of 1551–1559]]) and urged King [[Henry II of France]] to join the Papal States in an invasion of [[History of Naples#The Aragonese period|Spanish Naples]]. On 1 September 1556, King Philip II responded by preemptively invading the Papal States with 12,000 men under the [[Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba|Duke of Alba]]. French forces approaching from the north were defeated and forced to withdraw at [[Civitella del Tronto]] in August 1557.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Woodward |first1=Geoffrey |title=Philip II |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |location=London, New York |isbn=978-1317897736 |chapter=8}}</ref> The Papal armies were left exposed and were defeated, with Spanish troops arriving at the edge of Rome. Out of fear of another sack of Rome, Paul IV agreed to the Duke of Alba's demand for the Papal States to declare neutrality by signing the Peace of Cave-Palestrina on 12 September 1557. Emperor Charles V criticised the peace agreement as being overly generous to the Pope.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pattenden |first1=Miles |title=Pius IV and the Fall of The Carafa: Nepotism and Papal Authority in Counter-Reformation Rome |date=2013 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0191649615 |pages=21–22}}</ref>

As [[cardinal-nephew]], [[Carlo Carafa]] became his uncle's chief political adviser. Having accepted a pension from the French, Cardinal Carafa worked to secure a French alliance.<ref name=John/> Carlo's older brother [[Giovanni Carafa, Duke of Paliano|Giovanni]] was made commander of the Papal forces and [[Duke of Paliano]] after the pro-Spanish [[Colonna family|Colonna]] were deprived of that town in 1556. Another nephew, [[Antonio Carafa (cardinal)|Antonio]], was given command of the Papal guard and made Marquis of Montebello. Their conduct became notorious in Rome. However, at the conclusion of the disastrous war with Philip II of Spain in the Italian War, and after many scandals, Paul IV publicly disgraced his nephews and banished them from Rome in 1559.<ref name=John/>

With the [[Protestant Reformation]], the papacy required all Roman Catholic rulers to consider [[Protestant]] rulers as [[heresy|heretics]], thus making their realms illegitimate. At the time of Paul's election, Queen [[Mary I of England]] was two years into her reign, and was rolling back the [[English Reformation]] that had occurred under her half-brother [[Edward VI]]. Paul IV issued a [[papal bull]] in 1555, ''{{lang|la|Ilius, per quem Reges regnant}}'', removing all Church measures against the English government, and further recognising Mary and her husband Philip as [[Monarchy of Ireland|King and Queen of Ireland]], rather than merely being "[[Lordship of Ireland|lord]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heraldica.org/topics/national/ireland_docs.htm#act1542|title=Crown of Ireland Act 1542|work=Heraldica|date=25 July 2003|access-date=1 November 2012}}</ref> Despite the bull, his relations with England were not positive. Paul IV had known Cardinal [[Reginald Pole]] while Pole was living in Italy and the two had been members of the [[spirituali]] together. Pole was the leader of Mary's efforts, but Paul IV seems to have hated Pole and become convinced he was a crypto-Protestant. Combined with hostility towards Spain and thus Mary's husband, Paul IV refused to allow any English bishops to be appointed, and began inquisitorial discipline proceedings against Pole, leading to the "farcical" situation that by 1558, the most serious opponent of English Catholicism was the Pope himself.<ref name="ryrie">{{cite web |title=England's Catholic Reformation |url=https://www.gresham.ac.uk/watch-now/catholic-reformation |last=Ryrie |first=Alec |author-link=Alec Ryrie |date=23 September 2020}} See [https://www.gresham.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2020-09-23_Ryrie_CatholicReformation-T.pdf transcript], or 46:55 in the video.</ref> He also angered people in England by insisting on the restitution of property confiscated during the [[dissolution of the monasteries]]. After Mary's death, he rejected the succession of [[Elizabeth I of England]] to the throne.<ref name="Catholic Encyclopaedia2"/>

Paul IV was violently opposed to the liberal Cardinal [[Giovanni Morone]], whom he strongly suspected of being a hidden Protestant, so much that he had him imprisoned. In order to prevent Morone from succeeding him and imposing what he believed to be his Protestant beliefs on the Church, Pope Paul IV codified the Catholic Law excluding heretics and non-Catholics from receiving or legitimately becoming pope, in the bull ''[[Cum ex apostolatus officio]]''.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

Paul IV was rigidly orthodox, austere in life, and authoritarian in manner. He affirmed the Catholic doctrine of ''[[extra ecclesiam nulla salus]]'' ('outside the Church there is no salvation'), and used the [[Holy Office]] to suppress the [[Spirituali]], a Catholic group deemed heretical. The strengthening of the Inquisition continued under Paul IV, and few could consider themselves safe by virtue of position in his drive to reform the Church; even cardinals he disliked could be imprisoned.<ref name="DurantW">
{{cite book |title= The Renaissance |url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.547401 |author= Will Durant |year=1953 |location= Chapter XXXIX: The Popes and the Council: 1517–1565}}</ref> He appointed inquisitor Michele Ghislieri, the future [[Pope Pius V]], to the position of Supreme Inquisitor despite the fact as Inquisitor of [[Como]], Ghislieri's persecutions had inspired a citywide rebellion, forcing him to flee in fear for his life.<ref name=":0" />

[[File:VicoloCapocciutoInGhettoByRoeslerFranz.jpg|thumb|220px|Vicolo Capocciuto, Roman Ghetto by Franz Roesler c.1880]]
On 17 July 1555, Paul IV issued one of the most infamous papal bulls in Church history. The [[Papal bull|bull]], ''[[Cum nimis absurdum]]'', ordered the creation of a [[Roman Ghetto|Jewish ghetto in Rome]]. The Pope set its borders near the [[Sant'Angelo (rione of Rome)|Rione Sant'Angelo]], an area where large numbers of Jews already resided, and ordered it walled off from the rest of the city. A single gate, locked every day at sundown, was the only means of reaching the rest of the city. The Jews themselves were forced to pay all design and construction costs related to the project, which came to a total of roughly 300 ''[[Italian scudo|scudi]]''. The bull restricted Jews in other ways as well. They were forbidden to have more than one [[synagogue]] per city—leading, in Rome alone, to the destruction of seven "excess" places of worship. All Jews were forced to wear distinctive yellow [[Jewish hat|hat]]s, especially outside the ghetto, and they were forbidden to trade in everything but food and secondhand clothes.<ref>{{cite book |first=Frank J. |last=Coppa |title=The Papacy, the Jews, and the Holocaust |location=Washington |publisher=Catholic University of America Press |year=2006 |page=29 |isbn=9780813215952 }}</ref> Christians of all ages were encouraged to treat the Jews as second-class citizens; for a Jew to defy a Christian in any way was to invite severe punishment, often at the hands of a mob. By the end of Paul IV's five-year reign, the number of Roman Jews had dropped by half.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title = Absolute Monarchs|last = Norwich|first = John Julius|publisher = Random House|year = 2011|isbn = 978-1-4000-6715-2|location = New York|pages = 316}}</ref> Yet his anti-Jewish legacy endured for over 300 years: the ghetto he established ceased to exist only with the dissolution of the [[Papal States]] in 1870. Its walls were torn down in 1888.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

According to [[Leopold von Ranke]], a rigid austerity and an earnest zeal for the restoration of primitive habits became the dominant tendency of his papacy. Monks who had left their monasteries were expelled from the city and from the Papal States. He would no longer tolerate the practice by which one man had been allowed to enjoy the revenues of an office while delegating its duties to another.<ref name=Wines/>

All begging was forbidden. Even the collection of alms for Masses, which had previously been made by the clergy, was discontinued. A medal was struck representing [[Cleansing of the Temple|Christ driving the money changers]] from the [[Temple in Jerusalem|Temple]]. Paul IV put in place a reform of the papal administration designed to stamp out trafficking of principal positions in the Curia.<ref name=John>{{Cite web |url=https://www.saint-mike.org/library/papal_library/pauliv/biography.html |title=John, Eric. ''The Popes'', Hawthorne Books, New York |access-date=19 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202010235/https://www.saint-mike.org/library/papal_library/pauliv/biography.html |archive-date=2 February 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> All secular offices, from the highest to the lowest, were assigned to others based on merit. Important economies were made, and taxes were proportionately remitted. Paul IV established a chest, of which only he held the key, for the purpose of receiving all complaints that anyone desired to make.<ref name=Wines>{{Cite web |url=https://www.umass.edu/wsp/history/ranke/paul.html |title=Wines, Roger. ''Leopold von Ranke: The Secret of World History'', (1981) |access-date=19 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818153805/http://www.umass.edu/wsp/history/ranke/paul.html |archive-date=18 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

During his papacy, censorship reached new heights.{{sfn|Deming|2012|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=lXGEXih4yLYC&pg=PA36 p.&nbsp;36]}} Among his first acts as pope was to cut off [[Michelangelo]]'s pension, and he ordered the nudes of ''[[The Last Judgment (Michelangelo)|The Last Judgment]]'' in the [[Sistine Chapel]] be painted more modestly (a request that Michelangelo ignored) (the beginning of the Vatican's [[Fig leaf]] campaign). Paul IV also introduced the [[Index Librorum Prohibitorum]] or "Index of Prohibited Books" to [[Republic of Venice|Venice]], then an independent and prosperous trading state, in order to crack down on the growing threat of Protestantism. Under his authority, all books written by Protestants were banned, together with Italian and German translations of the Latin Bible.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Remaking the world {{!}} Christian History Magazine |url=https://christianhistoryinstitute.org/magazine/article/ch122-remaking-the-world |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=Christian History Institute |language=en}}</ref>

In the Papal States, a [[Marrano]] presence was noticeable. In Rome and, even more so, the seaport of [[Ancona]], they thrived under benevolent popes Clement VII (1523–34), Paul III (1534–49), and Julius III (1550–55). They even received a guarantee that if accused of [[apostasy]] they would be subject only to papal authority. But Paul IV (1555–59), the voice of the Counter-Reformation, dealt them an irreparable blow when he withdrew the protections previously given and initiated a campaign against them. As a result of this, 25 were burned at the stake in the spring of 1556.<ref> {{Cite journal |last=Ioly Zorattini |first=Pier Cesare |year=2001–2002 |title=Ancora sui giudaizzanti portoghesi di Ancona (1556) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-km0vGgbbGEC&pg=PA39 |issue=5 |page=49 |journal=Zakhor. Rivista di storia degli ebrei d'Italia |isbn=978-88-8057-137-7 |language=it}}
</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ray |first=Jonathan Stewart |title=After expulsion: 1492 and the making of Sephardic Jewry |year=2013 |publisher=New York University Press |isbn=978-0-8147-2911-3 |location=New York |page=73}}</ref>

===Consistories===
{{main|Cardinals created by Paul IV}}
Throughout his pontificate, Paul IV named 46 cardinals in four consistories, including Michele Ghislieri (the future [[Pope Pius V]]). According to Robert Maryks, the pope decided to nominate the [[Jesuit]] priest [[Diego Laynez]] to the cardinalate. However, Father [[Alfonso Salmerón]] warned [[Saint Ignatius of Loyola]] of this, as did Cardinal [[Otto Truchsess von Waldburg]]. In response, Father [[Pedro de Ribadeneira]] repeated what the saint had said to him: "If our Lord does not lay down his hand, we will have Master Laínez a cardinal, but I certify to you, if it were, that it be with so much noise that the world would understand how the Society accepts these things".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cardinals.fiu.edu/consistories-xvi.htm#PaulIV|title=Pius IV (1555-1559)|publisher=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church|date=|author=Salvador Miranda|accessdate=10 March 2022}}</ref>

==Death==
Paul IV's health began to break down in May 1559. He rallied in July, holding public audiences and attending meetings of the Inquisition. But he engaged in fasting, and the heat of the summer wore him down again. He was bedridden, and on 17 August it became clear he would not live. Cardinals and other officials gathered at his bedside on 18 August, where Paul IV asked them to elect a "righteous and holy" successor and to retain the Inquisition as "the very basis" of the Catholic Church's power. By 2 or 3 pm, he was close to death, and died at 5 pm.<ref name="Levant718">{{cite book|last=Setton|first=Kenneth M.|title=The Papacy and the Levant, 1204–1571. Volume IV: The Sixteenth Century|location=Philadelphia|publisher=American Philosophical Society|date=1984|page=718|isbn=978-0871691149|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SrUNi2m_qZAC}}</ref>

The people of Rome did not forget what they had suffered because of the war he had brought on the State. Crowds of people gathered at the [[Piazza del Campidoglio]] and began rioting even before Paul IV died.<ref name="Stow41">{{cite book|last=Stow|first=Kenneth|title=Theater of Acculturation: The Roman Ghetto in the 16th Century|location=Seattle|publisher=University of Washington Press|date=2001|page=41|isbn=978-0295980256|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x4IXBSFzhp8C}}</ref> His statue, erected before the Campidoglio just months before, had a yellow hat placed on it (similar to the yellow hat Paul IV had forced Jews to wear in public). After a mock trial, the statue was decapitated.<ref name="Stow41" /> It was then thrown into the [[Tiber]].<ref name="Levant719">{{cite book|last=Setton|first=Kenneth M.|title=The Papacy and the Levant, 1204–1571. Volume IV: The Sixteenth Century|location=Philadelphia|publisher=American Philosophical Society|date=1984|page=719|isbn=978-0871691149|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SrUNi2m_qZAC}}</ref>

The crowd broke into the three city jails and freed more than 400 prisoners, then broke into the offices of the Inquisition at the Palazzo dell' Inquisizone near to the [[San Rocco, Rome|Church of San Rocco]]. They murdered the Inquisitor, Tommaso Scotti, and freed 72 prisoners. One of those released was Dominican [[John Craig (minister)|John Craig]], who later was a colleague of [[John Knox]]. The people ransacked the palace, and then set it afire (destroying the Inquisition's records).<ref name="Levant718" /> That same day, or the next day (records are unclear), the crowd attacked the Church of [[Santa Maria sopra Minerva]]. The intercession of some local nobility dissuaded them from burning it and killing all those within.<ref>{{cite book|last=Setton|first=Kenneth M.|title=The Papacy and the Levant, 1204–1571. Volume IV: The Sixteenth Century|location=Philadelphia|publisher=American Philosophical Society|date=1984|pages=718–719|isbn=978-0871691149|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SrUNi2m_qZAC}}</ref> On the third day of rioting, the crowd removed the Carafa family coat of arms from all churches, monuments, and other buildings in the city.<ref name="Levant719" />

The crowd dedicated to him the following [[Pasquino|pasquinata]]:<ref>Claudio Rendina, ''I papi'', p. 646</ref>

:''Carafa hated by the devil and the sky''
:''is buried here with his rotting corpse,''
:''[[Erebus]] has taken the spirit;''
:''he hated peace on earth, our faith he contested.''
:''he ruined the church and the people, men and sky offended;''
:''treacherous friend, suppliant with the army which was fatal to him.''
:''You want to know more? Pope was him and that is enough.''
:
Such hostile views have not mellowed much with time; modern historians tend to view his papacy as an especially poor one. His policies stemmed from personal prejudices—against Spain, for example, or the Jews—rather than any overarching political or religious goals. In a time of precarious balance between Catholic and Protestant, his adversarial nature did little to slow the latter's spread across northern Europe. His anti-Spanish feelings alienated the Habsburgs, arguably the most powerful Catholic rulers in Europe, and his ascetic personal beliefs left him out of touch with the artistic and intellectual movements of his era (he often spoke of whitewashing the [[Sistine Chapel ceiling]]). Such a reactionary attitude alienated clergy and laity alike: historian [[John Julius Norwich]] calls him "the worst pope of the 16th century."<ref name=":0" />

Four or five hours after his death, Paul IV's body was taken to the [[Cappella Paolina]] in the [[Apostolic Palace]]. It [[Lying in repose|lay in repose]], and a choir sang the [[Office of the Dead]] on the morning of 19 August. Cardinals and many others then paid homage to Paul IV ("kissed the feet of the pope"). The [[Canon (priest)|canons]] of [[St. Peter's Basilica]] refused to take his body into the basilica unless they were paid the customary money and gifts. Instead, the canons sang the usual [[Canonical hours|office]] in the Cappella del Santissimo Sacramento (Chapel of the Blessed Sacrament). Paul IV's body was taken to the [[Sistine Chapel]] in the Apostolic Palace at 6 pm.<ref name="Levant719" />

Paul IV's nephew, [[Cardinal-nephew]] [[Carlo Carafa]], arrived in Rome late on 19 August. Worried that the rioters might break in and desecrate the pope's corpse, at 10 pm Cardinal Carafa had Pope Paul IV buried without ceremony next to the Cappella del Volto Santo (Chapel of the Holy Face) in St. Peter's. His remains stayed there until October 1566, when his successor as pope, Pius V, had them transferred to Santa Maria sopra Minerva. In the chapel founded by Paul IV's uncle and mentor, Cardinal [[Oliviero Carafa]], a tomb was created by [[Pirro Ligorio]] and Paul IV's remains were placed therein.<ref name="Levant719" />

==In fiction==
Paul IV's title in the [[Prophecy of St. Malachy]] is "Of the Faith of Peter".<ref>{{cite news|title=Prophecies of Future Popes|newspaper=The Month: An Illustrated Magazine of Literature, Science and Art|date=June 1899|page=572|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9D9zAhOmFbMC&q=%22Prophecy+of+St.+Malachy%22+%22Paul+IV%22&pg=PA572}}</ref>

As Paul IV, appears as a character in [[John Webster]]'s Jacobean revenge drama ''[[The White Devil]]'' (1612).<ref>{{cite book|last=Rist|first=Thomas|title=Revenge Tragedy and the Drama of Commemoration in Reforming England|location=Aldershot, England|publisher=Ashgate|date=2008|isbn=9780754661528|page=121|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mfhOyswKh_0C}}</ref>

In the novel ''[[Q (novel)|Q]]'' by [[Luther Blissett (nom de plume)|Luther Blissett]], while not appearing himself, Gian Pietro Carafa is mentioned repeatedly as the cardinal whose spy and ''agent provocateur'', Qoelet, causes many of the disasters to befall Protestants during the Reformation and the Roman Church's response in the 16th century.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Garber|first=Jeremy|title=Reading the Anabaptists: Anabaptist Historiography and Luther Blissett's 'Q'|journal=The Conrad Grebel Review|volume=24|issue=1|date=Winter 2006|url=https://uwaterloo.ca/grebel/publications/conrad-grebel-review/issues/winter-2006/reading-anabaptists-anabaptist-historiography-and-luther|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129015444/https://uwaterloo.ca/grebel/publications/conrad-grebel-review/issues/winter-2006/reading-anabaptists-anabaptist-historiography-and-luther|archive-date=29 November 2014}}</ref>

Alison MacLeod's 1968 historical novel "The Hireling" depicts Cardinal Carafa befriending the English Cardinal [[Reginald Pole]] during Pole's long exile in Italy, their later falling out, and Pole's feelings of betrayal after Carafa, once elevated to the Papacy, charges him with heresy at the very time when Pole was striving to return England to the Catholic fold.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

Pope Paul IV is a major villain in [[Sholem Asch]]'s 1921 historical novel ''The Witch of Castile'' (Yiddish: ''Di Kishufmakherin fun Kastilien'', Hebrew: ''Ha'Machshepha Mi'Castilia'' המכשפה מקשיטליה). The book's depiction of a young Sephardi Jewish woman in Rome being falsely accused of witchcraft and being burned at the stake, dying as a Jewish martyr, is placed in the context of Paul IV's actual persecution of the Jews.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

==See also==
* [[Cardinals created by Paul IV]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* Aubert, Alberto. ''Paolo IV. Politica, Inquisizione e storiografia'', Firenze, Le Lettere, 1999
* Baumgartner, Frederic J. “Henry II and the Papal Conclave of 1549.” The Sixteenth Century Journal 16, no. 3 (1985): 301–14. [https://doi.org/10.2307/2540219 online].
* Booth, Ted W. "Elizabeth I and Pope Paul IV: Reticence and Reformation". ''Church History and Religious Culture'' 94.3 (2014): 316–336 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23923181 online].
* {{cite book|last1=Deming|first1=David|title=Science and technology in world history Vol. 3: The Black Death, the Renaissance, the Reformation and the Scientific Revolution|date=2012|publisher=McFarland & Co., Publishers|location=Jefferson, N.C.|isbn=9780786490868|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lXGEXih4yLYC|access-date=24 October 2015}}
* Fichtner, Paula Sutter. “The Disobedience of the Obedient: Ferdinand I and the Papacy 1555-1564.” The Sixteenth Century Journal 11, no. 2 (1980): 25–34. [https://doi.org/10.2307/2540030 online].
* Firpo, Massimo. ''Inquisizione romana e Controriforma. Studi sul cardinal Giovanni Morone (1509–1580) e il suo processo d'eresia'', Brescia, Morcelliana, 2005
* Gleason, Elisabeth G. “Who Was the First Counter-Reformation Pope?” The Catholic Historical Review 81, no. 2 (1995): 173–84. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25024479 online].
* Mampieri, Martina. "From Paul IV 'the Evil' to Pius IV 'the Merciful{{'"}}. in ''Living under the Evil Pope'' (Brill, 2019). 160–204.
* Mathews, Shailer. "The Social Teaching of Paul. IV. The Messianism of Paul". ''Biblical World'' 19.4 (1902): 279–287 [https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdfplus/10.1086/472980 online].
* Loades, D. M. “THE NETHERLANDS AND THE ANGLO-PAPAL RECONCILIATION OF 1554.” Nederlands Archief Voor Kerkgeschiedenis / Dutch Review of Church History 60, no. 1 (1980): 39–55. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/24038249 online].
* Pattenden, Miles. ''Pius IV and the Fall of the Carafa: Nepotism and Papal Authority in Counter-Reformation Rome'' (Oxford UP, 2013).
* Pocock, Nicholas, Marinus Marinius, and J. Barengus. "Bull of Paul IV concerning the Bishopric of Bristol". ''English Historical Review'' 12.46 (1897): 303–307. {{JSTOR|547469}}.
* Santosuosso, Antonio. "An Account of the Election of Paul IV to the Pontificate". ''Renaissance Quarterly'' 31.4 (1978): 486–498. {{JSTOR|2860374}}.
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Paulus IV}}
{{wikisource author}}
{{wikiquote}}
*Aubert, Alberto (2014). [https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/papa-paolo-iv%20(Dizionario-Biografico) "Paolo IV, papa,"] {{in lang|it}}, in: ''Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani'' Volume 81 (2014).
* [http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00408732/en/ Article "Paul IV" in ''Dizionario storico dell'Inquisizione''] {{in lang|it}}
* [http://www.storiadivenezia.net/sito/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&catid=41%3Aricerca&id=87%3Atesti&Itemid=30.htm Dispatches of Bernardo Navagero, Venetian ambassador, and others documents about the papacy of Paul IV] {{in lang|it}}
*[http://archives.lib.byu.edu/repositories/14/resources/11780 Paul IV letter to Philip II, MSS 8489] at [https://sites.lib.byu.edu/sc/ L. Tom Perry Special Collections], [[Brigham Young University]]

{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|ca}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Giovanni Salviati]]|rows=2}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Cardinal-bishop of Albano]]|years=1544–1546}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Ennio Filonardi]]}}

{{s-ttl|title=[[Cardinal-bishop of Sabina]]|years=1546–1550}}
{{s-aft|after=[[François de Tournon]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Philippe de la Chambre]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Cardinal-bishop of Frascati]]|years=1550–1553}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Jean du Bellay]]|rows=3}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Giovanni Salviati]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Cardinal-bishop of Porto]]|years=1553}}

{{s-bef|before=[[Giovanni Domenico de Cupi]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Cardinal-bishop of Ostia]]|years=1553–1555}}

{{s-bef|before=[[Pope Marcellus II|Marcellus II]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Pope]]|years=23 May 1555&nbsp;– 18 August 1559}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Pope Pius IV|Pius IV]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Popes}}
{{Catholicism}}
{{History of the Catholic Church}}

{{Portalbar|Biography|Catholicism|Christianity|History|Italy|Politics}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paul 04}}
[[Category:Pope Paul IV| ]]
[[Category:1476 births]]
[[Category:1559 deaths]]
[[Category:House of Carafa]]
[[Category:People from the Province of Avellino]]
[[Category:Inquisitors]]
[[Category:Italian popes]]
[[Category:Founders of Catholic religious communities]]
[[Category:Deans of the College of Cardinals|Carafa, Giovanni Pietro]]
[[Category:Cardinal-bishops of Albano]]
[[Category:Cardinal-bishops of Frascati]]
[[Category:Cardinal-bishops of Ostia]]
[[Category:Cardinal-bishops of Porto]]
[[Category:Cardinal-bishops of Sabina]]
[[Category:Bishops of Chieti]]
[[Category:Bishops appointed by Pope Paul II]]
[[Category:Bishops appointed by Pope Leo X]]
[[Category:Bishops appointed by Pope Julius II]]
[[Category:Apostolic nuncios to Great Britain]]
[[Category:Apostolic nuncios to Spain]]
[[Category:Archbishops of Naples]]
[[Category:16th-century Italian Roman Catholic bishops]]
[[Category:Members of the Holy Office]]
[[Category:Popes]]
[[Category:Burials at Santa Maria sopra Minerva]]
[[Category:16th-century popes]]
[[Category:Theatine popes]]
[[Category:Jewish Roman (city) history]]