Editing Pope Lucius III

{{Short description|Head of the Catholic Church from 1181 to 1185}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Pope
| honorific-prefix = [[List of popes|Pope]]
| name = Lucius III
| title = [[Bishop of Rome]]
| church = [[Catholic Church]]
| image = Lucius-III.jpg
| caption = Depiction of Lucius III from the {{lang|la|[[Liber ad honorem Augusti]]}} by [[Peter of Eboli]] (1196)
| birth_name = Ubaldo Allucingoli
| term_start = 1 September 1181
| term_end = 25 November 1185
| predecessor = [[Pope Alexander III|Alexander III]]
| successor = [[Urban III]]
| consecration = 1159
| cardinal = December 1138
| created_cardinal_by = [[Innocent II]]
| birth_date = c. 1100
| birth_place = [[Lucca]], [[March of Tuscany]], [[Holy Roman Empire]]
| death_date = 25 November 1185 (aged 84–85)
| death_place = [[Verona]], [[Holy Roman Empire]]
| previous_post = {{unbulleted list|Cardinal-Deacon of San Adriano (1138–41)|[[Santa Prassede|Cardinal-Priest of Santa Prassede]] (1141–58)|[[Cardinal-Bishop of Ostia e Velletri]] (1158–81)|Legate to Constantinople (1167–69)}}
| other = Lucius
}}

'''Pope Lucius III''' ({{circa|1100}} – 25 November 1185), born '''Ubaldo Allucingoli''', reigned as head of the [[Catholic Church]] and ruler of the [[Papal States]] from 1 September 1181 to his death in 1185. Born to an aristocratic family in [[Lucca]], prior to being elected pope, he had a long career as a papal diplomat. His papacy was marked by conflicts with [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick I]], his exile from [[Rome]], and the initial preparations for the [[Third Crusade]].

Born in Lucca, Ubaldo Allucingoli rose to prominence within the Catholic Church, eventually becoming Pope Lucius III. He was appointed [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|cardinal]] by [[Pope Innocent II]] and served as [[papal legate]] in [[Kingdom of France|France]], [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicily]], and other regions. He was involved in negotiating the [[Treaty of Venice]] in 1177, and was elected pope in 1181.

During his papacy, Lucius III faced disputes with the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I over the territories of the late Countess [[Matilda of Tuscany]]. He also held a [[synod]] in 1184 that condemned various heretical groups. In 1185, preparations began for the Third Crusade, but Lucius III died in [[Verona]] before they were completed.

==Early career==
A native of the city of [[Lucca]], he was born {{circa|1100}} (perhaps 1097) as Ubaldo, son of aristocrat Orlando Allucingoli.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en/holy-father/lucio-iii.html| title = "Lucius III", The Holy See}}</ref>

He had close ties to the [[Cistercians]], but it seems that he never joined the order.<ref>{{cite web|authorlink=Salvador Miranda (historian) |last=Miranda |first=Salvador |title=  ALLUCINGOLI, O.Cist., Ubaldo (ca. 1097/1110-1185) |url=https://cardinals.fiu.edu/bios1141.htm#Allucingoli|work=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church |accessdate=December 29, 2019|publisher=[[Florida International University]]|oclc=53276621}}</ref><ref>; I. S. Robinson, ''The Papacy 1073–1198. Continuity and innovation'', Cambridge University Press 1990, p. 212.</ref> [[Pope Innocent II]] named him cardinal in December 1138, initially as cardinal-deacon of San Adriano, then (in May 1141) as cardinal-priest of [[Santa Prassede]] and sent him as legate to France. Under [[Pope Eugene III]] he served as legate to Sicily, and in January 1159 [[Pope Adrian IV]] promoted him to [[Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Ostia|Cardinal Bishop of Ostia and Velletri]].<ref name=ott>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09412b.htm Ott, Michael. "Pope Lucius III." The Catholic Encyclopedia] Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 30 January 2021 {{PD-notice}}</ref> As [[dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals]], he was one of the most influential cardinals under his predecessor [[Pope Alexander III]], whom he had consecrated bishop in 1159.

In 1177 Allucingoli took part in the negotiation of the [[Treaty of Venice]] where an agreement was reached between Alexander III and [[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Frederick I]] who had been excommunicated for his support of the successive antipopes [[Antipope Victor IV (1159–1164)|Victor IV]], [[Antipope Paschal III|Paschal III]] and [[Antipope Callixtus III|Callixtus III]].<ref name=ott/> Allucingoli then served as a member of the court of arbitration regarding the ''[[Terre Matildiche]]'', (lands formerly held by the late [[Matilda of Tuscany|Countess Matilda of Tuscany]] to which the Church and the Emperor both laid claim), but which reached no definite conclusion.

==Papacy==
Cardinal Allucingoli was [[Papal election, 1181|elected pope]] at [[Velletri]] in September 1181, taking the name Lucius. He lived at [[Rome]] from November 1181 to March 1182, but dissensions in the city compelled him to pass the remainder of his pontificate in exile, mainly at Velletri, [[Anagni]] and [[Verona]].<ref name=EB1911/>

At Velletri he received the ambassadors of [[William the Lion|King William of Scotland]] who had disputed with Alexander III's candidates to fill a vacancy of the [[Archbishop of St Andrews|See of St. Andrews]]. The King appointed his chaplain [[Hugh the Chaplain|Hugh]], but the canons of the chapter had elected the archdeacon [[John Scotus (bishop of Dunkeld)|John Scotus]]. Lucius freed the king from all ecclesiastical censures incurred under his predecessor and agreed to a compromise by which Hugh was raised to the see of St. Andrews and John became [[Bishop of Dunkeld]]. In March 1183, as a sign of good will the pope sent the king  the [[Golden Rose]].<ref name=ott/> In September of that year he went to [[Segni]] to canonize [[Bruno (bishop of Segni)|Saint Bruno]], who had been bishop of that commune.

Lucius was in dispute with the [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick I]] over the disposal of the territories of the late Countess [[Matilda of Tuscany]].<ref name=EB1911/> The controversy over the succession to the inheritance of the Countess had been left unsettled by an agreement of 1177, and the Emperor proposed in 1182 that the [[Curia]] should renounce its claim, receiving in exchange two-tenths of the imperial income from Italy, one-tenth for the Pope and the other tenth for the cardinals. Lucius consented neither to this proposition nor to another compromise suggested by Frederick I the next year, nor did a personal discussion between the two potentates at Verona in October 1184 lead to any definite result.

During the conflict between Frederick I and the papacy, the problem of heresy required a political solution. In 1184, Lucius decreed ''[[Ad abolendam]]'' that all "counts, barons, rectors, [and] consuls of cities and other places" who did not join in the struggle against heresy when called upon to do so would be excommunicated and their territories placed under interdict – and declared that these provisions joined the apostolic authority of the church with the sanction of imperial power.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bornstein|first1=Daniel Ethan|title=Medieval Christianity|year=2009|location=Minneapolis|publisher=Fortress Press|page=237|isbn=9781451405774}}</ref>
[[File:Papstbullen.jpg|thumb|left|''[[Bulla (seal)|Bullas]]'' of Lucius III]]
In the meantime other causes of disagreement appeared when the Pope refused to comply with Frederick I's wishes as to the Imperial regulation of German episcopal elections which had taken place under the authority of the German-sponsored [[antipopes]], both during and after the recent schism (1159–1176), especially as regards an election to the [[See of Trier]] in 1183 contested between the papal candidate [[Folmar of Karden]] and the imperial candidate [[Rudolf of Wied]].

In pursuance of his anti-imperial policy, Lucius declined in 1185 to crown [[Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry of Hohenstaufen]] as Frederick I's [[King of the Romans|destined successor]], and the breach between the Empire and the Curia became wider on questions of Italian politics.

In November 1184 Lucius held a [[Synod of Verona|synod at Verona]] which condemned the [[Cathars|Cathars and Paterines]], [[Waldensians]], [[Josephines]], [[Pasagians]] and [[Arnoldists]], and [[anathema]]tized all those declared as [[Heresy|heretics]] and their abettors.<ref name=EB1911>{{EB1911|wstitle=Lucius|inline=1}}</ref> Contrary to what is often said, he did not institute the [[Inquisition]], which was not created until the reign of [[Pope Gregory IX]] in 1234.

Despite the fulminations of the first three [[Lateran Councils]] against married clergy, Lucius wrote in 1184 to the abbot of [[Augustine of Canterbury#Death and legacy|St. Augustine]] [[Canterbury]] suggesting that the parson of [[Willesborough]] should retire and pass the benefice to his promising son, who could then pursue his studies,<ref>[[Austin Lane Poole|A. L. Poole]], Domesday Book to Magna Carta, quoting [[Holtzmann]], Papsturkunden</ref> showing continued papal tolerance of married clergy at this late date.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}

==Death==
In 1185 preparations began for the [[Third Crusade]] in answer to the appeals of King [[Baldwin IV of Jerusalem]]. Before they were completed, Lucius III died in Verona.

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography|Christianity|History}}
*[[List of popes]]
*[[Cardinals created by Lucius III]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Catholic|wstitle=Pope Lucius III}}

==Sources==
*Philippe Levillain, John W. O'Malley, ''The Papacy. An Encyclopedia'', 2002
*{{Schaff-Herzog}}

==Further reading==
{{Sister project auto|d=yes}}
* J. M. Brixius, ''Die Mitglieder des Kardinalkollegiums voin 1130–1181'', Berlin 1912

{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|ca}}
{{s-bef
| before = Ugone
}} 
{{s-ttl
| title = [[Bishop of Ostia]]
| years = 1158–81
}} 
{{s-aft
| after = [[Theobald of Ostia|Theobald]]
}}
{{s-bef
| before = [[Pope Alexander III|Alexander III]]
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[Pope]]
| years = 1181–85
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Urban III]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Popes}}
{{Catholicism}}
{{History of the Catholic Church}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lucius 3}}
[[Category:Pope Lucius III| ]]
[[Category:1185 deaths]]
[[Category:Religious leaders from Lucca]]
[[Category:Italian popes]]
[[Category:Deans of the College of Cardinals|Allucingoli, Ubaldo]]
[[Category:Cardinal-bishops of Ostia]]
[[Category:12th-century Italian Roman Catholic bishops]]
[[Category:Italian Cistercians]]
[[Category:Popes]]
[[Category:12th-century popes]]
[[Category:People from Lucca]]
[[Category:1100s births]]