Editing Pope John XXIII

{{Short description|Head of the Catholic Church from 1958 to 1963}}
{{For|the 15th-century Pisan antipope|Antipope John XXIII}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Pope
| honorific-prefix = [[List of popes|Pope]] [[List of canonised popes|Saint]]
| name = John XXIII
| title = [[Bishop of Rome]]
| image = Ioannes XXIII, by De Agostini, 1958–1963.jpg
| caption = Official portrait, 1958–1963
| church = [[Catholic Church]]
| term_start = 28 October 1958
| term_end = 3 June 1963
| predecessor = [[Pius XII]]
| successor = [[Paul VI]]
| previous_post = {{Indented plainlist|
* [[Apostolic Visitor]] to [[Kingdom of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] (1925{{nbnd}}1931)
* [[Rabba#Titular see|Titular Archbishop of Areopolis]] (1925{{nbnd}}1934)
* [[Apostolic Delegate]] to Bulgaria (1931{{nbnd}}1934) 
* [[Titular Archbishop]] of [[Nesebar|Mesembria]] (1934{{nbnd}}1953)
* Apostolic Delegate to [[Turkey]] (1934{{nbnd}}1944)
* Apostolic Delegate to [[Kingdom of Greece|Greece]] (1934{{nbnd}}1944)
* [[Apostolic Nuncio to France]] (1944{{nbnd}}1953)
* Cardinal Priest of [[Santa Prisca]] (1953{{nbnd}}1958)
* [[Patriarch of Venice]] (1953{{nbnd}}1958)}}
| ordination = 10 August 1904
| ordained_by = [[Giuseppe Ceppetelli]]
| consecration = 19 March 1925
| consecrated_by = [[Giovanni Tacci Porcelli]]
| cardinal = 12 January 1953
| created_cardinal_by = [[Pius XII]]
| rank = [[Cardinal priest]]
| birth_name = Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli
| birth_date = {{birth date|1881|11|25|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Sotto il Monte Giovanni XXIII|Sotto il Monte]], [[Lombardy]], Italy
| death_date = {{death date and age|1963|06|03|1881|11|25|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Apostolic Palace]], Vatican City
| buried = Altar of St. Jerome, [[St. Peter's Basilica]]
| education = {{indented plainlist|
* [[Pontifical Roman Athenaeum Saint Apollinare]] ([[Doctor of Theology|ThD]])
* [[Pontifical Roman Major Seminary]] ([[Doctor of Canon Law (Catholic Church)|JCD]])}}
| motto = {{langnf|la|Obedientia et pax|Obedience and peace|break=yes}}
| signature = John XXIII signature.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert
| coat_of_arms = C o a Johannes XXIII.svg
| feast_day = {{plainlist|
* 11 October ([[Catholic Church]])
* 3 June ([[Evangelical Lutheran Church in America]], [[Anglican Church of Australia]])
* 4 June ([[Episcopal Anglican Church of Brazil]], [[Anglican Church of Canada]], [[Scottish Episcopal Church]], [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal Church (USA)]])<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bEq7DwAAQBAJ |title=Lesser Feasts and Fasts 2018 |date=17 December 2019 |publisher=Church Publishing, Inc. |isbn=978-1-64065-235-4 |language=en}}</ref>}}
| venerated = {{plainlist|
* [[Catholic Church]]
* [[Evangelical Lutheran Church&nbsp;in&nbsp;America]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f66TtwEACAAJ|title=Lutheran Book of Worship|date=26 March 1978 |page=11|publisher=Augsburg Fortress, Publishers |isbn=978-0-8006-3360-8 |access-date=15 December 2023}}</ref>
* [[Anglican Church]]
* [[Palmarian Church]]}}
| beatified_date = 3 September 2000
| beatified_place = {{br list|[[St. Peter's Square]],|[[Vatican&nbsp;City]]}}
| beatified_by = [[Pope John Paul II]]
| canonized_date = 27 April 2014
| canonized_place = {{br list|St. Peter's Square,|Vatican&nbsp;City}}
| canonized_by = [[Pope Francis]]
| attributes = {{plainlist|
* [[Papal tiara]]
* Papal vestments
* [[Camauro]]}}
| patronage = {{plainlist|
* [[Nuncio|Papal delegates]]<ref>{{Citation |contribution-url=http://saints.sqpn.com/patrons-of-papal-delegates/ |publisher=SQPN |title=Saints |contribution = Patrons of Papal Delegates}}</ref>
* [[Patriarch of Venice|Patriarchy of Venice]]
* [[Second Vatican Council]]
* [[Ecumenism|Christian unity]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vaticaninsider.lastampa.it/en/reviews/detail/articolo/giovanni-xxiii-juan-xxiii-john-xxiii-falasca-32938/|title=St. John XXIII, patron saint of Christian unity?|work=Vatican Insider|date=24 March 2014|access-date=18 March 2015}}</ref>
* [[Diocese of Bergamo]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.diocesibg.it/home_page/notizie/00002649_Il_12_ottobre_nella_memoria_di_S._Giovanni_XXIII_dedicazione_della_chiesa_all_ospedale..html|title=On October 12, in memory of St. John XXIII dedication of the church hospital|publisher=Diocese of Bergamo|date=2014|access-date=26 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082837/http://www.diocesibg.it/home_page/notizie/00002649_Il_12_ottobre_nella_memoria_di_S._Giovanni_XXIII_dedicazione_della_chiesa_all_ospedale..html|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Sotto il Monte Giovanni XXIII|Sotto il Monte]]
* [[Valsamoggia]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.famigliacristiana.it/articolo/papa-buono.aspx|title=Saint John XXIII for the first time becomes the patron|access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref>
* [[Italian Army]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lastampa.it/2017/09/06/vaticaninsider/ita/news/san-giovanni-xxiii-sar-patrono-dellesercito-LCfCqLz5bD5RtxZiJXEDvL/pagina.html|title=San Giovanni XXIII sarà patrono dell'Esercito|newspaper=La Stampa|date=6 September 2017|author=Marco Roncalli|access-date=7 September 2017}}</ref>}}
| module = {{Ordination|embed=yes|denomination=Catholic
|ordained priest by           = [[Giuseppe Ceppetelli]]
|date of priestly ordination  = 10 August 1904
|place of priestly ordination = [[Santa Maria in Montesanto, Rome]]
|consecrated by               = [[Giovanni Tacci Porcelli]]
|co-consecrators              = {{ubl|[[Giuseppe Palica]]|[[Francesco Marchetti Selvaggiani]]}}
|date of consecration         = 19 March 1925
|place of consecration        = [[Sant'Ambrogio e Carlo al Corso]], Rome
|elevated by                  = [[Pope Pius XII]]
|date of elevation            = 12 January 1953}}
| module2 = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Mensagem do Papa João XXIII ao povo brasileiro – edited.wav|title=Pope John XXIII's voice|type=speech|description=Message of Pope John XXIII at the inauguration of [[Brasília]] as the new capital of Brazil<br/>Recorded 1960}}
| other = John
}}
<!--A discussion on Wikipedia produced an overwhelming consensus to end the 'style wars' by replacing styles at the start by a style infobox later in the text. It is now installed below.-->

'''Pope John XXIII''' ({{langx|la|Ioannes PP. XXIII}}; {{langx|it|Giovanni XXIII}}; in his native {{langx|lmo|label=[[Bergamasque dialect]]|Gioàn XXIII}}; born '''Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli''';{{efn|{{IPA|it|ˈandʒelo dʒuˈzɛppe roŋˈkalli|lang|small=no}}; {{langx|lmo|label=Bergamasque|Àngel Giózep Roncàli}} {{IPA|lmo|ˈandʒɛl ˈdʒozɛp roŋˈkali|}}.}} 25&nbsp;November 1881{{spaced ndash}}3 June 1963) was head of the [[Catholic Church]] and sovereign of the [[Vatican City State]] from 28 October 1958 until his death on 3 June 1963.

Roncalli was among 13 children born to Marianna Mazzola and Giovanni Battista Roncalli in a family of [[sharecropping|sharecroppers]] who lived in [[Sotto il Monte Giovanni XXIII|Sotto il Monte]], a village in the [[province of Bergamo]], [[Lombardy]].<ref>{{cite web|place=[[Italy|IT]] |url=https://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/saints/ns_lit_doc_20000903_john-xxiii_en.html |title=Pope John XXIII |publisher=Vatican |access-date=23 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605050817/https://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/saints/ns_lit_doc_20000903_john-xxiii_en.html |archive-date=5 June 2013}}</ref> He was ordained to the [[Priesthood (Catholic Church)|priesthood]] on 10&nbsp;August 1904 and served in a number of posts, as [[nuncio]] in [[Apostolic Nunciature to France|France]] and a delegate to [[Kingdom of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], [[Kingdom of Greece|Greece]] and [[Apostolic Nunciature to Turkey|Turkey]]. In a [[Papal consistory|consistory]] on 12 January 1953 [[Pope Pius XII]] made Roncalli a cardinal as the Cardinal-priest of [[Santa Prisca]] in addition to naming him as the [[Patriarch of Venice]]. Roncalli was unexpectedly elected [[pope]] on 28 October 1958 at age 76 after [[Pope Pius XII]]'s death. Pope John XXIII surprised those who expected him to be a caretaker pope by calling the historic [[Second Vatican Council]] (1962–1965), the first session opening on 11&nbsp;October 1962, which is now his [[Calendar of saints|feast]].

John XXIII made many passionate speeches during his pontificate. His views on equality were summed up in his statement, "We were all made in God's image, and thus, we are all Godly alike."<ref>{{Citation |date=4 July 2013 |url=http://nationalcatholic.org.uk/2013/07/05/canonisation-of-blessed-john-paul-ii-and-blessed-john-xxiii/ |title=Canonisation of Blessed John Paul II and Blessed John XXIII |publisher=The National Catholic Church of the United Kingdom and Ireland |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407075746/http://nationalcatholic.org.uk/2013/07/05/canonisation-of-blessed-john-paul-ii-and-blessed-john-xxiii/ |archive-date=7 April 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Pope Francis : the people's pope |last=Gormley |first=Beatrice |publisher=Aladdin |isbn=978-1481481410 |location=New York |oclc=973067191|year= 2017 }}</ref> He made a major impact on the Catholic Church, opening it up to the changes of the Second Vatican Council and by his own dealings with other churches and nations. In Italian politics, he prohibited bishops from interfering with local elections, and he helped the [[Christian Democracy (Italy)|Christian Democracy]] party to cooperate with the [[Italian Socialist Party]]. In international affairs, his {{lang|de|[[Ostpolitik]]}} engaged in dialogue with the communist countries of Eastern Europe. He especially reached out to the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox churches]].

His overall goal was to modernize the Church by emphasizing its [[pastoral role]], and its necessary involvement with affairs of state. He dropped the traditional rule of 70 cardinals, increasing the size to 85. He used the opportunity to name the first cardinals from Africa, Japan, and the Philippines. He promoted [[Ecumenism|ecumenical]] movements in cooperation with other Christian faiths. In doctrinal matters, he was a traditionalist, but he ended the practice of automatically formulating social and political policies on the basis of old theological propositions.<ref>David Wilsford. ed., ''Political Leaders of Contemporary Western Europe: A Biographical Dictionary'' (Greenwood, 1995) pp. 203–207.</ref>

He did not live to see the Second Vatican Council to completion. In September 1962, he was diagnosed with stomach cancer and died eight months later on 3 June 1963. His cause for [[canonization]] was opened on 18 November 1965 by his successor, [[Pope Paul VI]], who declared him a [[Servant of God]]. He was beatified by [[Pope John Paul II]] in 2000. On 5&nbsp;July 2013, [[Pope Francis]] – bypassing the traditionally required second miracle – declared John XXIII a saint, based on his virtuous, model lifestyle, and because of the good which had come from his opening of the Second Vatican Council. He was canonized alongside Pope John Paul II himself on 27 April 2014.<ref>{{Citation |date=30 September 2013 |url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/popes-john-paul-ii-john-xxiii-to-be-declared-saints-in-april/ |title=Popes John Paul II, John XXIII to be declared saints in April |publisher=Fox News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XG0DDhiskh0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/XG0DDhiskh0| archive-date=11 December 2021 |url-status=live|title=Pope Francis declares Popes John Paul II and John XXIII Saints|first=Rajamanickam|last=Antonimuthu|website=[[YouTube]]|format=YouTube|date=27 April 2014|access-date=27 April 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref> John XXIII today is affectionately known as "'''the Good Pope'''" ({{langx|it|il papa buono|links=no}}).

==Early life==
[[File:Young Pope John XXIII.jpg|thumb|The young Roncalli]]
Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli was born on 25 November 1881 in [[Sotto il Monte Giovanni XXIII|Sotto il Monte]], a small country village in the [[Province of Bergamo|Bergamo province]] of the [[Lombardy]] region of [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]]. He was the eldest son of Giovanni Battista Roncalli (1854–1935) and his wife Marianna Giulia Mazzola (1855–1939), and fourth in a family of thirteen. His siblings were:<ref>Journal of a Soul, Pope John XXIII, tr. Dorothy White, Geoffrey Chapman (a Continuum imprint), 1965 (2000), p. xxxv, "Chronology 1881–1963"</ref>
* Maria Caterina (1877–1883)
* Teresa (1879–1954), who married Michele Ghisleni in 1899
* Ancilla (1880–1953)
* Francesco Saverio (1883–1976), who married Maria Carrara in 1907
* Maria Elisa (1884–1955)
* Assunta Casilda (1886–1980),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1338&dat=19800326&id=CFdOAAAAIBAJ&pg=2999,2948285|title=Spokane Daily Chronicle |via=Google News Archive Search}}</ref> who married Giovanni Battista Marchesi in 1907
* Domenico Giuseppe (1888–1888)
* Alfredo (1889–1972)
* Giovanni Francesco (1891–1956), who married Caterina Formenti in 1919
* Enrica (1893–1918)
* Giuseppe Luigi (1894–1981),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1338&dat=19800326&id=CFdOAAAAIBAJ&pg=2999,2948285|title=Spokane Daily Chronicle - Google News Archive Search|website=news.google.com}}</ref> who married Ida Biffi in 1922
* Luigi (1896–1898)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/saints/ns_lit_doc_20000903_john-xxiii_en.html |title=Pope John XXIII |place=[[Rome]], [[Italy|IT]] |publisher=Vatican |access-date=12 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100804232501/https://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/saints/ns_lit_doc_20000903_john-xxiii_en.html |archive-date=4 August 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EGymkVOEJIsC&pg=PA337 |title=Jean XXIII |access-date=12 September 2010|isbn=978-2-7010-0404-4|year=1970|last1=Kerdreux |first1=Michel de|publisher=Editions Beauchesne }}</ref>

His family worked as [[Sharecropping|sharecroppers]], as did most of the people of Sotto il Monte – a striking contrast to that of his predecessor, Eugenio Pacelli ([[Pope Pius XII]]), who came from a family established in senior roles in the Papal administration. Roncalli was nonetheless a descendant of an Italian noble family, albeit from a secondary and impoverished branch;<ref>{{Citation |title=Armas e Troféus |trans-title=Arms & trophies |language=pt |place=[[Portugal|PT]] |publisher=Instituto Português de Heráldica |year=1990s}}</ref> "(he) derived from no mean origins but from worthy and respected folk who can be traced right back to the beginning of the fifteenth century." The Roncallis maintained a vineyard and cornfields and kept cattle.<ref>Journal of a Soul, Pope John XXIII, tr. Dorothy White, Geoffrey Chapman (a Continuum imprint), 1965 (2000), pp. 409–410</ref>

In 1889, Roncalli received both his [[First Communion]] and [[Confirmation in the Catholic Church|Confirmation]] at the age of 8.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.vatican.va/special/canonizzazione-27042014/documents/biografia_gxxiii_canonizzazione_en.html|title=Biography of John XXIII|publisher=Holy See|access-date= 28 April 2014}}</ref>

On 1 March 1896, Luigi Isacchi, the spiritual director of his seminary, enrolled him into the [[Secular Franciscan Order]]. He professed his vows as a member of that order on 23 May 1897.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/libretti/2014/20140427-libretto-canonizzazione.pdf|title=Rito della Canonizzazione e Celebrazione Eucaristica|trans-title=Rite of Canonization and Eucharistic Celebration|language=it|publisher=Holy See|access-date=25 April 2014}}</ref>

In 1904, Roncalli completed his [[Doctor of Canon Law|doctorate in canon law]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.saint-mike.org/library/papal_library/johnxxiii/biography.html |type=biography |title=Pope John XXIII |work=The Papal Library |publisher=Saint Mike |access-date=23 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203064434/http://www.saint-mike.org/library/papal_library/johnxxiii/biography.html |archive-date=3 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and was [[ordination|ordained]] a [[Presbyter|priest]] in the [[Santa Maria in Montesanto (Rome)|Church of Santa Maria in Montesanto]] in [[Piazza del Popolo]] in Rome on 10 August. Shortly after that, while still in Rome, Roncalli was taken to [[Saint Peter's Basilica]] to meet [[Pope Pius X]]. After this, he would return to his town to celebrate Mass for the Assumption.<ref>{{Citation |first=Peter |last=Hebblethwaite |title=John XXIII, Pope of the Council |edition=  rev |publisher=Harper Collins |place=Glasgow |year=1994 |page=46}}</ref>

===Priesthood===
In 1905, [[Giacomo Radini-Tedeschi]], the new [[Bishop of Bergamo]], appointed Roncalli as his secretary. Roncalli worked for Radini-Tedeschi until the bishop's death on 22&nbsp;August 1914, two days after the death of Pius X. Radini-Tedeschi's last words to Roncalli were "Angelo, pray for peace". The death of Radini-Tedeschi had a deep effect on Roncalli.<ref>{{Citation |first=Peter |last=Hebblethwaite |title=John XXIII, Pope of the Council |edition=rev |publisher=Harper Collins |place=Glasgow |year=1994 |pages=76–77}}</ref> During this period Roncalli was also a lecturer in the diocesan [[seminary]] in [[Bergamo]].

During [[World War I]], Roncalli was drafted into the [[Royal Italian Army]] as a [[sergeant]], serving in the medical corps as a stretcher-bearer and as a [[Military Chaplain|chaplain]]. After being honorably discharged from the army in early 1919, he was named [[Spiritual direction|spiritual director]] of the seminary.<ref>{{cite web|work=Liturgy |url=https://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/saints/ns_lit_doc_20000903_john-xxiii_en.html |type=news |title=Pope John XXIII |publisher=Vatican |place=Rome, IT |date=3 September 2000 |access-date=23 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605050817/https://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/saints/ns_lit_doc_20000903_john-xxiii_en.html |archive-date=5 June 2013}}</ref> On 7 May 1921, Roncalli was appointed a [[Prelate of Honour of His Holiness|Domestic Prelate of His Holiness]], which gave him the title of ''[[Monsignor]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-13-1921-ocr.pdf|title=SEGRETARIA DI STATO |trans-title=SECRETARIAT OF STATE |journal=Acta Apostolicae Sedis - Commentarium Officiale |department=Diarium Romanae Curiae |date=1 June 1921|volume=XIII |issue=7 |page=277 |language=it |access-date=9 July 2022}}</ref> On 6 November, he travelled to Rome where he was scheduled to meet the Pope. After their meeting, [[Pope Benedict XV]] appointed him as the Italian president of the [[Society for the Propagation of the Faith]]. Roncalli would recall Benedict XV as being the most sympathetic of the popes he had met.<ref>{{Citation |first=Peter |last=Hebblethwaite |title=John XXIII, Pope of the Council |edition=rev |publisher=Harper Collins |place=Glasgow |year=1994 |page=96}}</ref>

==Episcopate==
In February 1925, the Cardinal Secretary of State [[Pietro Gasparri]] summoned him to the Vatican and informed him of [[Pope Pius XI]]'s decision to appoint him the [[apostolic visitor|Apostolic Visitor]] to [[Kingdom of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] (1925–1935). On 3 March, Pius XI also appointed him [[titular archbishop]] of [[Rabba|Areopolis]],<ref>{{Citation |title=Provisio ecclesiarum |trans-title=Ecclesiastical provision |journal=[[Acta Apostolicae Sedis]] |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS%2017%20%5B1925%5D%20-%20ocr.pdf |volume=17 |year=1925 |page=140 |language=la |place=Rome, IT }}</ref> [[Jordan]].<ref>{{Catholic|no-icon=1|wstitle=Areopolis}}</ref> Roncalli was initially reluctant about a mission to Bulgaria, but he soon relented. His nomination as apostolic visitor was made official on 19 March.<ref>{{Citation |trans-title=Congregation for the Oriental Churches: nominations |title=Sacra congregatio pro ecclesia orientali: Nominationes |language=la |place=Rome, IT |journal=[[Acta Apostolicae Sedis]] |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS%2017%20%5B1925%5D%20-%20ocr.pdf |volume=17 |year=1925 |page=204}}</ref> Roncalli was consecrated a bishop by [[Giovanni Tacci Porcelli]] in the church of [[Sant'Ambrogio e Carlo al Corso|San Carlo al Corso]] in Rome, on 25 March 1925.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pope John XXIII (St. Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli) [Catholic-Hierarchy] |url=https://catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/broncalli.html |access-date=19 July 2024 |website=catholic-hierarchy.org}}</ref>

On 30 November 1934, he was appointed [[Apostolic Nunciature to Turkey|Apostolic Delegate to Turkey]] and [[Apostolic Nunciature to Greece|Greece]] and titular archbishop of [[Nesebar|Mesembria]], Bulgaria.<ref>{{Citation |place=Rome, IT |title=Provisio ecclesiarum |journal=[[Acta Apostolicae Sedis]] |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS%2027%20%5B1935%5D%20-%20ocr.pdf |volume=27 |year=1935 |language=la |trans-title=Ecclesiastical provision |page=10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Doino |first=William |url=http://www.firstthings.com/web-exclusives/2012/07/pope-john-xxiii-conserver-of-tradition |title=Pope John XXIII: Conserver of Tradition &#124; Web Exclusives &#124; Daily Writings From Our Top Writers |date=2 July 2012 |publisher=First Things |access-date=28 April 2014}}</ref> He became known in Turkey's predominantly Muslim society as "the [[Turkophilia|Turcophile]] Pope".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/dunya/27668954.asp|title=Papa Françesko'nun Türkiye ziyaretinin programı|date=28 November 2014}}</ref> Roncalli took up this post in 1935 and used his office to help the Jewish underground in saving thousands of refugees in Europe, leading some to consider him to be a [[Righteous Among the Nations|Righteous Gentile]] (see [[Pope John XXIII and Judaism]]). In October 1935, he led Bulgarian pilgrims to Rome and introduced them to [[Pope Pius XI]] on 14 October.<ref>{{Citation |first=Peter |last=Hebblethwaite |title=John XXIII, Pope of the Council |edition=rev |publisher=Harper Collins |place=Glasgow |year=1994 |page=121}}</ref>

In February 1939, he received news from his sisters that his mother was dying. On 10 February 1939, Pope Pius XI died. Roncalli was unable to see his mother for the end as the death of a pontiff meant that he would have to stay at his post until the election of a new pontiff: she died on 20 February 1939, during the nine days of mourning for the late Pius XI. He was sent a letter by Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli, and Roncalli later recalled that it was probably the last letter Pacelli sent until his election as [[Pope Pius XII]] on 2 March 1939. Roncalli expressed happiness that Pacelli was elected and, on the radio, listened to the [[Papal coronation|coronation]] of the new pontiff.<ref>{{Citation |first=Peter |last=Hebblethwaite |title=John XXIII, Pope of the Council |edition=rev |publisher=Harper Collins |place=Glasgow |year=1994 |pages=156–159}}</ref>

Roncalli remained in Bulgaria at the time that World War II commenced, optimistically writing in his journal in April 1939, "I don't believe we will have a war." When the war began, he was in Rome, meeting with Pope Pius XII on 5 September 1939. In 1940, Roncalli was asked by the Vatican to devote more of his time to Greece; therefore, he made several visits in January and May of that year.<ref>{{Citation |first=Peter |last=Hebblethwaite |title=John XXIII, Pope of the Council |edition=rev |publisher=Harper Collins |place=Glasgow |year=1994 |pages=159–162}}</ref> He maintained close relations with the Jews and also intervened to convince Bulgaria's King [[Boris III of Bulgaria|Boris III]] to cancel deportations of Greek Jews during the [[Axis occupation of Greece|Nazi occupation of Greece]].<ref name=xxiiijews>{{cite web | url=https://insidethevatican.com/magazine/pope/incomparable-pope-john-xxiii-jews-long/ |title = An Incomparable Pope – John XXIII and the Jews (Extended)|date = April 2014}}</ref>

===Efforts during the Holocaust===
As nuncio, Roncalli made efforts during [[the Holocaust]] in [[World War II]] to save refugees, mostly Jewish people, from the [[Nazis]]. Among his efforts were:
* Delivery of "immigration certificates" to [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]] through the [[Nunciature]] diplomatic courier.<ref name=Raoul>{{cite web|url=http://www.raoulwallenberg.net/general/humanitarian-actions-monsignor/ |title="Humanitarian actions of Monsignor Angelo Roncalli," The International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation |work=The International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation |publisher=Raoulwallenberg.net |access-date=28 April 2014 |last1=Ar |first1=Convistaalmar. com }}</ref>
* Rescue of Jews by means of certificates of "baptism of convenience" sent by Monsignor Roncalli to priests in Europe.<ref name=Raoul/>
* Children managed to leave [[Slovak Republic (1939–1945)|Slovakia]] due to his interventions.<ref>{{cite web|last=Klinghoffer |first=David |url=http://www.jewishjournal.com/arts/article/hitlers_pope_story_a_myth_rabbi_finds_20051104 |title=Hitler's Pope Story a Myth, Rabbi Finds – Arts |work=Jewish Journal |date= 3 November 2005 |access-date=23 June 2013}}</ref>
* Jewish refugees whose names were included on a list submitted by Rabbi Markus of Istanbul to Nuncio Roncalli.
* Jews held at [[Jasenovac concentration camp]], near [[Stara Gradiška]], were liberated as a result of his intervention.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.raoulwallenberg.net/roncalli/tributes-29/two-italian-productions-about/|title=Two Italian productions about the "Turkish Pope" who saved Jewish lives|last=conVistaAlMar.com.ar|website=The International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation|language=en-US|access-date=19 February 2019}}</ref>
* Bulgarian Jews who left [[Kingdom of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], a result of his request to King [[Boris III of Bulgaria]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Hume |first=Brit |url=http://spectator.org/archives/2006/08/18/hitlers-pope/print |work=The American Spectator |title=Hitler's Pope? |date=18 August 2006 |access-date=23 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130211203429/http://spectator.org/archives/2006/08/18/hitlers-pope/print |archive-date=11 February 2013}}</ref>
* [[Kingdom of Romania|Romanian]] Jews from [[Transnistria]] left Romania as a result of his intervention.<ref name=Raoul />
* Italian Jews helped by the Vatican as a result of his interventions.<ref name=Raoul />
* Orphaned children of Transnistria on board a refugee ship that weighed anchor from [[Constanța]] to Istanbul, and later arriving in Palestine as a result of his interventions.<ref name=":0" />
* Jews held at the [[Sereď concentration camp]] who were spared from being deported to German death camps as a result of his intervention.<ref name=":0" />
* [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920-1946)|Hungarian]] Jews who saved themselves through their conversions to Christianity through the baptismal certificates sent by Nuncio Roncalli to the Hungarian Nuncio, Monsignor [[Angelo Rota]].<ref name=Raoul/>

In 1965, the ''[[Catholic Herald]]'' newspaper quoted Pope John XXIII as saying:
{{Blockquote | We are conscious today that many, many centuries of blindness have cloaked our eyes so that we can no longer see the beauty of Thy chosen people nor recognise in their faces the features of our privileged brethren. We realize that the mark of Cain stands upon our foreheads. Across the centuries our brother Abel has lain in blood which we drew, or shed tears we caused by forgetting Thy love. Forgive us for the curse we falsely attached to their name as Jews. Forgive us for crucifying Thee a second time in their flesh. For we know not what we did.<ref>{{cite news|title=Our Eyes Have Been Cloaked |url=http://archive.catholicherald.co.uk/article/14th-may-1965/1/our-eyes-have-been-cloaked|access-date=2 March 2014|newspaper=Catholic Herald|date=14 May 1965 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302203528/http://archive.catholicherald.co.uk/article/14th-may-1965/1/our-eyes-have-been-cloaked |archive-date=2 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Three Popes and the Jews |first=Pinchas |last=Lapide |author-link=Pinchas Lapide |year=1967 |publisher=Hawthorn}}</ref>}}

On 7 September 2000, the [[International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation]] launched the International Campaign for the Acknowledgement of the humanitarian actions undertaken by Vatican Nuncio Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli for people, most of whom were Jewish, persecuted by the Nazi regime. The launching took place at the Permanent Observation Mission of the [[Holy See and the United Nations|Vatican to the United Nations]], in the presence of [[Vatican Secretary of State|Vatican State Secretary]] Cardinal [[Angelo Sodano]].

The International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation has carried out exhaustive historical research related to different events connected with interventions of Nuncio Roncalli in favour of Jewish refugees during the Holocaust. As of September 2000 three reports have been published compiling different studies and materials of historical research about the humanitarian actions carried out by Roncalli when he was nuncio.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.raoulwallenberg.net/?en/roncalli/research/summary/introduction.10218.htm |title=Summary of the research work of the International Angelo Roncalli Committee |publisher=The International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.raoulwallenberg.net/?en/roncalli/research/summary/introduction.10218.htm |title=Synopsis of the Angelo Roncalli Dossier |publisher=The International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation |date= 1 February 2011}}, submitted to [[Yad Vashem]].</ref>

In 2011, the International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation submitted a massive file (the Roncalli Dossier) to [[Yad Vashem]], with a strong petition and recommendation to bestow upon him the title of [[Righteous among the Nations]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Eurnekian |first=Eduardo |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/good-pope-joseph/ |title=Good Pope 'Joseph' |newspaper=The Times of Israel |date=3 June 2013 |access-date=23 June 2013}}</ref>

===Relations with Israel===
After 1944, he played an active role in gaining Catholic Church support for the establishment of the [[State of Israel]]. His support for [[Zionism]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zanini |first1=Paolo |title=Angelo Roncalli Nuncio to Paris and the Establishment of the State of Israel |journal=Israel Studies |date=Fall 2017 |volume=22 |issue=3 |page=117 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/664756/pdf |access-date=4 December 2019}}</ref> and the establishment of Israel was the result of his cultural and religious openness toward other faiths and cultures, and especially concern with the fate of Jews after the war. He was one of the Vatican's most sympathetic diplomats toward Jewish immigration to Palestine, which he saw as a humanitarian issue, and not a matter of biblical theology.<ref>Paolo Zanini, "Angelo Roncalli Nuncio to Paris and the Establishment of the State of Israel." ''Israel Studies'' 22.3 (2017): 102–124. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/israelstudies.22.3.05 online]</ref>

===Nuncio===
On 22 December 1944, during [[World War II]], [[Pope Pius XII]] named Roncalli to be the new [[Apostolic Nuncio to France|Apostolic Nuncio to recently liberated France]].<ref>{{Citation |place=Rome, IT |title=Segretaria di stato: Nomina |trans-title=State secretary: names |journal=[[Acta Apostolicae Sedis]] |language=it |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS%2036%20%5B1944%5D%20-%20ocr.pdf |volume=36 |year=1944 |page=342}}</ref> In this capacity he had to negotiate the retirement of [[Bishop (Catholic Church)|bishops]] who had collaborated with the [[German occupation of France during World War II|German occupying power]].

Roncalli was chosen among several other candidates, one of whom was Archbishop [[Giuseppe Fietta]]. Roncalli met with [[Domenico Tardini]] to discuss his new appointment, and their conversation suggested that Tardini did not approve of it. One curial prelate referred to Roncalli as an "old fogey" while speaking with a journalist.<ref>{{Citation |first=Peter |last=Hebblethwaite |title=John XXIII, Pope of the Council |edition=rev |publisher=Harper Collins |place=Glasgow |year=1994 |pages=200–201}}</ref>

Roncalli left Ankara on 27 December 1944 on a series of short-haul flights that took him to several places, such as [[Beirut]], [[Cairo]] and Naples. He ventured to Rome on 28 December and met with both Tardini and his friend [[Pope Paul VI|Giovanni Battista Montini]]. He left for France the next day to commence his newest role.<ref>{{Citation |first=Peter |last=Hebblethwaite |title=John XXIII, Pope of the Council |edition=rev |publisher=Harper Collins |place=Glasgow |year=1994 |page=200}}</ref> In November 1948, he went for his yearly retreat to the [[En-Calcat Abbey]] in Southern France.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roncalli |first1=Angelo Giuseppe |title=Journal of a Soul |date=9 July 2000 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-0-567-12306-0 |page=132 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oSCr4lQbl30C |access-date=1 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==Cardinal==
{{more citations needed section|date=October 2017}}<!--3 paragraphs have no citations-->
[[File:Legion Honneur Commandeur ribbon.svg|thumb|left|upright|Commander of the [[Legion of Honour]] received in 1953]]
Roncalli received a message from Montini on 14 November 1952 asking him if he would want to become the new [[Patriarch of Venice]] in light of the nearing death of [[Carlo Agostini]]. Furthermore, Montini told him via letter on 29 November 1952 that Pius XII had decided to raise him to the cardinalate. Roncalli knew that he would be appointed to lead the patriarchy of Venice due to the death of Agostini, who was to have been raised to the rank of cardinal.<ref>{{Citation |first=Peter |last=Hebblethwaite |title=John XXIII, Pope of the Council |edition=rev |publisher=Harper Collins |place=Glasgow |year=1994 |pages=232–233}}</ref>
[[File:Paus_Johannes_XXIII,_Bestanddeelnr,_254-7064.jpg|thumb|Roncalli as [[Patriarch of Venice]]]]
On 12 January 1953, he was appointed Patriarch of Venice and raised to the rank of [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal-Priest]] of [[Santa Prisca]] by Pope Pius XII. Before departing Paris he invited to dinner the eight men who had served as [[Prime Minister of France|prime minister]] during Roncalli's term as nuncio.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.americamagazine.org/content/all-things/blessed-angelo-roncalli-blessed-john-xxiii| title = Martin SJ, James. "Blessed Angelo Roncalli, Blessed John XXIII," ''America'', October 11, 2010 | date = 11 October 2010}}</ref> Roncalli left France for Venice on 23 February 1953, stopping briefly in Milan and then to Rome. On 15 March 1953, he took possession of his new diocese in Venice. As a sign of his esteem, the [[President of France]], [[Vincent Auriol]], claimed the ancient privilege possessed by French monarchs and bestowed the red [[biretta]] on Roncalli at a ceremony in the [[Élysée Palace]]. It was around this time that he, with the aid of Monsignor [[Bruno Heim]], formed his coat of arms with a [[lion of Saint Mark]] on a white ground. Auriol also awarded Roncalli three months later with the award of Commander of the [[Legion of Honour]].

Roncalli decided to live on the second floor of the residence reserved for the patriarch, choosing not to live in the first-floor room once resided in by Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto, who later became [[Pope Pius X]]. On 29 May 1954, the late Pius X was canonized, and Roncalli ensured that the late pontiff's patriarchal room was remodeled into a 1903 (the year of the new saint's papal election) look in his honor. With Pius X's few surviving relatives, Roncalli celebrated a Mass in his honor.

His sister Ancilla would soon be diagnosed with stomach cancer in the early 1950s. Roncalli's last letter to her was dated 8 November 1953 where he promised to visit her within the next week. He could not keep that promise, as Ancilla died on 11 November 1953 at the time when he was consecrating a new church in Venice. He attended her funeral back in his hometown. In his will around this time, he mentioned that he wished to be buried in the crypt of [[St Mark's Basilica]] in Venice with some of his predecessors rather than with the family in Sotto il Monte.

In 1958, he held a diocesan synod.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.vatican.va/content/john-xxiii/en/biography/documents/hf_j-xxiii_bio_16071997_biography.html| title = "Pope John XXIII," Libreria Editrice Vaticana}}</ref>

==Papacy==
{{Infobox popestyles
| image      = C o a Johannes XXIII.svg
| dipstyle=[[His Holiness]]
| offstyle=Your Holiness
| relstyle=Holy Father
| deathstyle=[[Canonization|Saint]]}}
{{Ordination
|ordained deacon by   =
|date of diaconal ordination =
|place of diaconal ordination =
|ordained priest by   = [[Giuseppe Ceppetelli]]
|date of priestly ordination = 10 August 1904
|place of priestly ordination = Santa Maria in Monte Santo in Piazza del Popolo, [[Rome]], Italy
|consecrated by              = [[Giovanni Tacci Porcelli|Giovanni Tacci Card. Porcelli]]
|co-consecrators             = [[Giuseppe Palica]]<br />[[Francesco Marchetti Selvaggiani]]
|date of consecration  = 19 March 1925
|place of consecration = San Carlo alla Corso, [[Rome]], Italy
|elevated by          = [[Pope Pius XII]]
|date of elevation    = 12 January 1953
|bishop 1             = [[Antonio Gregorio Vuccino]]
|consecration date 1  = 25 July 1937
|bishop 2             = [[Alfredo Pacini]]
|consecration date 2  = 11 June 1946
|bishop 3             = [[Giacomo Testa]]
|consecration date 3  = 26 August 1953
|bishop 4             = [[Silvio Oddi|Silvio Angelo Pio Oddi]]
|consecration date 4  = 27 September 1953
|bishop 5             = [[Angelo Dell'Acqua]]
|consecration date 5  = 27 December 1958
|bishop 6             = [[Pope John Paul I|Albino Luciani]]
|consecration date 6  = 27 December 1958
|bishop 7             = [[Domenico Tardini]]
|consecration date 7  = 27 December 1958
|bishop 8             = [[Charles Msakila]] 
|consecration date 8  = 27 December 1958
|bishop 9             = [[James Hagan (bishop)|James Hagan]]
|consecration date 9  = 8 May 1960
|bishop 10            = [[Pericle Felici]]
|consecration date 10 = 28 October 1960
|bishop 11            = [[Alfredo Ottaviani]]
|consecration date 11 = 19 April 1962
|bishop 12            = [[Alberto di Jorio]]
|consecration date 12 = 19 April 1962
|bishop 13            = [[Augustin Bea]]
|consecration date 13 = 19 April 1962
|bishop 14            = [[Enrico Dante]]
|consecration date 14 = 21 September 1962
|bishop 15            = [[Pietro Palazzini]]
|consecration date 15 = 21 September 1962
|bishop 16            = [[Paul-Pierre Philippe]]
|consecration date 16 = 21 September 1962
}}

===Papal election===
{{Main |1958 papal conclave}}
Following the death of [[Pope Pius XII]] on 9 October 1958, Roncalli watched the live funeral on his last full day in [[Venice]] on 11 October.{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}} His journal was specifically concerned with the funeral and the abused state of the late pontiff's corpse. Roncalli left Venice for the conclave in Rome well aware that he was ''[[papabile]]'',{{efn|William Doino is one of the commentators who claim that Roncalli was ''papabile'' and argue that "[b]y the time of Pius XII’s death, in 1958, Cardinal Roncalli 'contrary to the idea he came out of nowhere to become pope' was actually one of those favored to be elected. He was well known, well-liked, and trusted."<ref name=FirstThings>{{Cite journal|journal=First Things|url=http://www.firstthings.com/web-exclusives/2012/07/pope-john-xxiii-conserver-of-tradition|title=Pope John XXIII: Conserver of Tradition|last=Doino|first=William Jr.|date=2 July 2012|access-date=28 April 2014}}</ref>}} and after eleven ballots, was elected to succeed the late Pius XII, so it came as no surprise to him, though he had arrived at the Vatican with a return train ticket to Venice.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lee |first1=Dr. Jean |title=Saints for Today: John XXIII, Pope (1881–1963) |url=https://voiceofthesouthwest.org/saints-for-today-john-xxiii-pope-1881-1963/ |website=voiceofthesouthwest.org |date=9 October 2014 |access-date=31 August 2021}}</ref>

Many had considered [[Pope Paul VI|Giovanni Battista Montini]], the [[Archbishop of Milan]], a possible candidate, but, although he was the archbishop of one of the most ancient and prominent [[Episcopal see|sees]] in Italy, he had not yet been made a cardinal.<ref>{{Citation |url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/biography/documents/hf_p-vi_bio_16071997_biography_en.html |title=Pope Paul VI: 1963–1978 |type=biography |place=Rome, IT |publisher=Vatican |access-date=28 February 2006}}</ref> Though his absence from the 1958 conclave did not make him ineligible – under [[Canon law (Catholic Church)|Canon Law]] any Catholic male who is capable of receiving priestly ordination and episcopal consecration may be elected – the [[College of Cardinals]] usually chose the new pontiff from among the Cardinals who attend the papal conclave. At the time, as opposed to modern practice, the participating Cardinals did not have to be below age 80 to vote, there were few Eastern-rite Cardinals,{{efn|At the 1958 conclave, the two Eastern Catholic cardinal-electors were [[Gregorio Pietro Agagianian]], [[Patriarchate of Cilicia|Patriarch of Cilicia]] of the [[Armenian Catholic Church]] and [[Ignatius Gabriel I Tappouni]], Patriarch of Antioch of the [[Syriac Catholic Church]]}} and some Cardinals were just priests at the time of their elevation.{{efn|At the 1958 conclave, [[Nicola Canali]] the Cardinal protodeacon was only an ordained priest and [[Alfredo Ottaviani]], the Cardinal-Deacon of ''[[Santa Maria in Domnica]]'' had not yet been consecrated as a bishop.}}

Roncalli was summoned to the final ballot of the conclave at 4:00&nbsp;pm. He was elected pope at 4:30&nbsp;pm with a total of 38 votes. After the long pontificate of Pope Pius XII, the cardinals chose a man who – it was presumed because of his advanced age – would be a short-term or "stop-gap" pope. They wished to choose a candidate who would do little during the new pontificate. Upon his election, Cardinal [[Eugène Tisserant]] asked him the ritual questions of whether he would accept and, if so, what name he would take for himself. Roncalli gave the first of his many surprises when he chose "John" as his [[papal name]]. Roncalli's exact words were, "I will be called John." This was the first time in over 500 years that this name had been chosen; previous popes had avoided its use since the time of the [[Antipope John XXIII]] during the [[Western Schism]] several centuries before.

On the choice of his papal name, Pope John XXIII said to the cardinals:
{{Blockquote|I will be called John... a name sweet to [[Royal we|us]] because it is the name of our father, dear to us because it is the name of the humble parish church where we were baptized, the solemn name of numberless cathedrals scattered throughout the world, including our own basilica [St. John Lateran]. [[Pope John (numbering)|Twenty-two Johns]] of [[Antipope|indisputable legitimacy]] have [been Pope], and almost all had a brief pontificate. We have preferred to hide the smallness of our name behind this magnificent succession of Roman Pontiffs.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.vatican.va/content/john-xxiii/la/speeches/1958/documents/hf_j-xxiii_spe_19581028_accettazione-mandato.html | title=Accettazione del Supremo mandato, 28 Ottobre 1958, Giovanni XXIII &#124; Ioannes XXIII }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,938062,00.html |title=I Choose John... |newspaper=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=10 November 1958}}</ref>}}

Upon his choosing the name, there was some confusion as to whether he would be known as John XXIII or John XXIV; in response, he declared that he was John XXIII, thus affirming the antipapal status of [[antipope John XXIII]].

Before this antipope, the most recent popes called John had been [[Pope John XXII|John XXII]] (1316–1334) and [[Pope John XXI|John XXI]] (1276–1277). No [[Pope John XX]] existed, owing to confusion caused by medieval historians misreading the [[Liber Pontificalis]] to refer to another Pope John between [[Pope John XIV|John XIV]] and [[Pope John XV|John XV]].

After his election, he confided in Cardinal [[Maurice Feltin]] that he had chosen the name "in memory of France and in the memory of John XXII who continued the history of the papacy in France."<ref>{{Citation |first=Peter |last=Hebblethwaite |title=John XXIII, Pope of the Council |edition=rev |publisher=Harper Collins |place=Glasgow |year=1994 |page=220}}</ref>

After he answered the two ritual questions, the traditional [[Habemus Papam]] announcement was delivered by Cardinal [[Nicola Canali]] to the people at 6:08&nbsp;pm, an exact hour after the white smoke appeared. A short while later, he appeared on the balcony and gave his first [[Urbi et Orbi]] blessing to the crowds of the faithful below in [[Saint Peter's Square]]. That same night, he appointed [[Domenico Tardini]] as his [[Cardinal Secretary of State]]. Of the three cassocks prepared for whoever the new pope was, even the largest was not enough to fit his obese frame, which had to be let out in certain places and only to be held together with great effort by safety pins. When he first saw himself in the mirror in his new vestments, he said with an appraising and critical look, "This man will be a disaster on television!" while later saying he felt his first appearance before the globe was as if he were a "newborn babe in swaddling clothes."<ref name=ALL>{{cite web |url=https://www.americamagazine.org/content/all-things/pope-and-president-john-xxiii-and-dwight-d-eisenhower-era-di-belli-was-beaut |title=When Pope John and Ike Laughed It up in the Vatican|date=16 September 2015}}</ref>

His [[Papal coronation|coronation]] took place on 4 November 1958, on the feast of Saint [[Charles Borromeo]], in the central loggia of the Vatican. He was crowned with the 1877 [[Palatine Tiara]]. His coronation lasted the traditional five hours.

In John XXIII's first [[Papal consistory|consistory]] on 15 December of that same year, Montini was created a cardinal and would become John XXIII's successor in 1963, taking the name of [[Pope Paul VI|Paul VI]]. That consistory was notable for being the first to expand the Sacred College membership beyond the then-traditional 70.
[[File:Pope John XXIII blessing the Crowd (1958).jpg|thumb|left|Pope John XXIII's coronation on 4 November 1958. He was crowned wearing the 1877 [[Palatine Tiara]].]]

Following his election, the new pope told the tale of how, in his first weeks, he was walking when he heard a woman exclaim in a loud voice: "My God, he's so fat!" The new pope casually remarked: "Madame, the holy conclave isn't exactly a beauty contest!"<ref name=ALL />

===Visits around Rome===
[[File:Pope John XXIII - Porto Viro - Rovigo.jpg|thumb|Monument to Pope John XXIII in [[Porto Viro]] ([[Rovigo]])]]
[[File:Pope John XXIII - 1959.jpg|thumb|Pope John XXIII in 1959]]
On 25 December 1958, he became the first pope since 1870 to make pastoral visits in his [[Diocese of Rome]], when he visited children infected with [[polio]] at the [[Bambino Gesù Hospital]] and then visited [[Ospedale di Santo Spirito in Sassia|Santo Spirito Hospital]]. The following day, he visited Rome's [[Regina Coeli prison]], where he told the inmates: "You could not come to me, so I came to you." These gestures created a sensation, and he wrote in his diary: "... great astonishment in the Roman, Italian and international press. I was hemmed in on all sides: authorities, photographers, prisoners, warders..."<ref>{{Cite book|first=Peter |last=Hebblethwaite|title=Pope John XXIII: Shepherd of the Modern World|publisher=Image Books |year=1987|page=303}}</ref>

During these visits, John XXIII put aside the normal papal use of the [[Majestic plural|formal "we"]] when referring to himself, such as when he visited a reformatory school for juvenile delinquents in Rome telling them "I have wanted to come here for some time". The media noticed this and reported that "He talked to the youths in their own language."<ref>{{cite news |title=Look Ahead, Pontiff Advises Young Inmates|agency=Associated Press|work=St Petersburg Times|date=12 November 1962|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=0Z4oAAAAIBAJ&pg=2896,1214486&dq=ottaviani}}</ref>

==="Ostpolitik" and Eastern Europe===
In international affairs, his "Ostpolitik" ["Eastern policy"] engaged in dialogue with the Communist countries of Eastern Europe. He worked to reconcile the Vatican with the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] to settle tensions between the local churches. The Second Vatican Council did not condemn Communism and did not even mention it, in what some{{Who|date=March 2025}} have called a secret agreement between the Holy See and the [[Soviet Union]].{{citation-needed|date=March 2025}} In ''[[Pacem in terris]],'' John XXIII also sought to prevent nuclear war and tried to improve relations between the Soviet Union and the United States. He began a policy of dialogue with Soviet leaders in order to seek conditions in which Eastern Catholics could find relief from persecution.<ref>Dennis J. Dunn "The Vatican's Ostpolitik: Past and Present." ''Journal of International Affairs'' (1982) 36#2 : 247–255. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24356438 online]</ref>

===Relations with Jews===
{{Main| Pope John XXIII and Judaism}}
Pope John XXIII made several gestures to demonstrate his sympathetic feelings for the Jewish community. He sent a message to the [[Chief Rabbi of Israel]] announcing his election, even though the Holy See did not recognize the State of Israel. On 17 October 1960, he met with a delegation of 130 American Jews associated with the [[United Jewish Appeal]]. He greeted them with words from the Bible, "I am Joseph your brother," to establish that he and they were starting a new relationship despite what may have passed between Catholics and Jews before, as [[Joseph (Genesis)#Family reunited|Joseph reconciled with his brothers]] in [[Book of Genesis]]. On 17 March 1962, he stopped his car when he saw people exiting the synagogue in Rome and blessed them in the morning. A rabbi described the scene: "After a moment of understandable bewilderment, the Jews surrounded him and applauded him enthusiastically. It was in fact the first time in history that a pope had blessed Jews and it was perhaps the first real gesture of reconciliation."<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Madges| editor-first1=William| title=Vatican II: Forty Years Later|date=2005|publisher=Wipf & Stock|location=Eugene, Oregon|page=309|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9D9NAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA309|accessdate=17 January 2018 | first= Elena | last= Procario-Foley | chapter= Heir or Orphan? Theological Evolution and Devolution before and after ''Nostra Aetate''| isbn=9781610977395}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Jews Throughout World Pray for Pope John; Send Messages to Vatican|url=https://www.jta.org/1963/06/03/archive/jews-throughout-world-pray-for-pope-john-send-messages-to-vatican|accessdate=17 January 2018|work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency|date=3 June 1963}}</ref>

One of the notable acts of Pope John XXIII, in 1960, was to eliminate the description of Jews as ''perfidius'' (Latin for "perfidious" or "faithless") in the prayer for the [[Conversion of the Jews (future event)|conversion of the Jews]] in the [[Good Friday prayer for the Jews|Good Friday liturgy]]. He interrupted the first Good Friday liturgy in his pontificate to address this issue when he first heard a celebrant refer to the Jews with that word. He also made a confession for the Church for [[antisemitism]] through the centuries.<ref>{{cite web |last=Schulweis |first=Harold |author-link=Harold M. Schulweis |title=Catholic-Jewish Relations: Post-Holocaust Yom Kippur, 1999 |url=http://www.vbs.org/page.cfm?p=497 |publisher=VBS |access-date=23 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029185117/http://www.vbs.org/page.cfm?p=497 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Also, in 1960, John XXIII modified the language used in the baptism of adults, removing the warning against returning to one's earlier religious faith, with texts available for a pagan, Muslim, Jew, and heretical Christian. In the case of a Jewish convert the text was: "You should abhor Hebrew perfidy and reject Hebrew superstition." The modification was made because Pope John wanted "to emphasize everything that unites and to remove anything that unduly divides believers in God".<ref>{{cite news|title=Vatican Changes Converts' Rites|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1960/08/02/99770073.pdf|accessdate=18 January 2018|work=New York Times|date=2 August 1960}}</ref>

While Vatican II was being held, John XXIII tasked Cardinal [[Augustin Bea]] with creating several important documents that pertained to reconciliation with Jewish people. The declaration [[Nostra aetate]] is generally thought to have been influenced by Pope John's teachings.

These words and actions endeared him to the Jewish people. The Chief Rabbi of Israel, [[Yitzhak Nissim]], later mourned his death as "A loss that saddens all those who seek peace and human love."<ref>Laclal V'elaprat, part 1, p. 439</ref>

===Calling the Council===
[[File:Pope John XXIII and Sami as-Solh.png|thumb|John XXIII with Prime Minister of Lebanon [[Sami as-Solh]] in 1959]] 
Far from being a mere "stopgap" pope, to great excitement, John XXIII called for an [[ecumenical council]] fewer than 90 years after the [[First Vatican Council]] (Vatican I's predecessor, the [[Council of Trent]], had been held in the 16th century). This decision was announced on 25 January 1959 at the [[Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls]]. Cardinal Giovanni Battista Montini, who later became [[Pope Paul VI]], remarked to [[Giulio Bevilacqua]] that "this holy old boy doesn't realize what a hornet's nest he's stirring up."<ref>{{Citation |first=George |last=Weigel |url=http://www.firstthings.com/article/2007/01/thinking-through-vatican-ii |title=Thinking Through Vatican II |newspaper=First Things |date=June–July 2001 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609185705/http://www.firstthings.com/article/2007/01/thinking-through-vatican-ii |archive-date=9 June 2011 |access-date=22 April 2010 }}</ref> From the [[Second Vatican Council]] came changes that reshaped the face of Catholicism: a [[Mass of Paul VI|comprehensively revised liturgy]], a stronger emphasis on [[ecumenism]], and a new approach to the world.

Prior to the first session of the council, John XXIII visited [[Assisi]] and [[Loreto, Marche|Loreto]] on 4 October 1962 to pray for the new upcoming council as well as to mark the feast day of Saint [[Francis of Assisi]]. He was the first pope to travel outside Rome since [[Pope Pius IX]]. Along the way, there were several halts at [[Orte]], [[Narni]], [[Terni]], [[Spoleto]], [[Foligno]], [[Fabriano]], [[Iesi]], [[Falconara Marittima]] and [[Ancona]] where the crowds greeted him.<ref>{{Citation |first=Peter |last=Hebblethwaite |title=John XXIII, Pope of the Council |edition=rev |publisher=Harper Collins |place=Glasgow |year=1994 |page=425}}</ref>

===Moral and doctrinal theology===
{{Main|Moral theology of John XXIII}}
In matters of [[doctrinal theology]], John XXIII has been considered to be a traditionalist. Stravinskas notes his "determination ... to ensure doctrinal fidelity" with past church teaching while ensuring that there was a contemporary tone in how such teaching was communicated.<ref>Stravinskas, P., [https://web.archive.org/web/20221011093118/https://www.catholicworldreport.com/2022/10/11/on-pope-john-xxiiis-opening-address-at-the-second-vatican-council/ On Pope John XXIII’s opening Address at the Second Vatican Council], ''The Catholic World Report,'' published and archived on 11 October 2022, accessed on 5 October 2024</ref>

====Contraception====
[[File:Olympische Spelen te Rome, Paus Johannes XXIII zegent de deelnemers aan de Spele, Bestanddeelnr 911-5390.jpg|thumb|left|John XXIII greets sportsmen for the [[1960 Summer Olympics]] on 28 August 1960.]]
In 1963, John XXIII established a [[Pontifical Commission on Birth Control|commission]] of six non-theologians to investigate questions of [[birth control]].<ref name=shannon>{{cite book |last=Shannon |first=William Henry |title=The lively debate: response to Humanae vitae |year=1970 |publisher=Sheed & Ward |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8362-0374-5 |pages=76–104 |chapter=VII. The Papal Commission on Birth Control}}</ref><ref name=mcclory>{{cite book |last=McClory |first=Robert |title=Turning point: the inside story of the Papal Birth Control Commission, and how Humanae vitae changed the life of Patty Crowley and the future of the church |year=1995 |publisher=Crossroad |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8245-1458-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/turningpointinsi0000mccl }}</ref>

====Human rights====
John XXIII was an advocate for human rights, including the rights of the unborn and the elderly. He wrote about human rights in his [[encyclical]] ''[[Pacem in terris]]''. He wrote, "Man has the right to live. He has the right to bodily integrity and to the means necessary for the proper development of life, particularly food, clothing, shelter, medical care, rest, and, finally, the necessary social services. In consequence, he has the right to be looked after in the event of ill health; disability stemming from his work; widowhood; old age; enforced unemployment; or whenever through no fault of his own he is deprived of the means of livelihood."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_xxiii/encyclicals/documents/hf_j-xxiii_enc_11041963_pacem_en.html |title=Encyclical ''Pacem in terris'' of John XXIII, 11 April 1963 |publisher=Vatican.va |access-date=28 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928182928/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_xxiii/encyclicals/documents/hf_j-xxiii_enc_11041963_pacem_en.html |archive-date=28 September 2012}}</ref>

====Divorce====
John XXIII said that human life is transmitted through the family, which is founded on the sacrament of marriage and is both one and indissoluble as a union in God, therefore, it is against the teachings of the Church for a married couple to [[divorce]].<ref name="Mater et magistra, 193">''Mater et magistra'', 193</ref>

===Pope John XXIII and papal ceremonial===
{{Main|Ceremonial of John XXIII}}
Pope John XXIII was the last pope to use [[papal inauguration|full papal ceremony]], some of which was abolished after [[Vatican II]], while the rest fell into disuse. His [[papal coronation]] ran for the traditional five hours (Pope Paul&nbsp;VI, by contrast, opted for a shorter ceremony, while later popes declined to be crowned). Pope John XXIII, like his predecessor Pius XII, chose to have the coronation itself take place on the balcony of [[St. Peter's Basilica]], in view of the crowds assembled in [[Saint Peter's Square]] below.

He wore a number of papal tiaras during his papacy. On the most formal of occasions, he would don the 1877 Palatine [[Papal tiara|tiara]] he received at his coronation, but on other occasions, he used the 1922 tiara of Pope Pius XI, which was used so often that it was associated with him quite strongly. The people of Bergamo gave him an expensive silver [[Tiara of Pope John XXIII|tiara]], but he requested that the number of jewels used be halved and that the money be given to the poor.

===Liturgical reform===
Maintaining continuity with his predecessors, John XXIII continued the gradual reform of the Roman liturgy and published changes that resulted in the [[1962 Roman Missal]], the last typical edition containing the [[Tridentine Mass]] codified in 1570 by [[Pope Pius V]] after the [[Council of Trent]]. It inserted into the [[canon of the Mass]] the name of [[Saint Joseph]], the first change for centuries in the canon of the Mass.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catholicdigest.com/articles/faith/saints/2013/06-24/st-joseph--the-mass |title=Richard Breyer, "St. Joseph & the Mass" in ''Catholic Digest'' |access-date=28 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226061339/http://www.catholicdigest.com/articles/faith/saints/2013/06-24/st-joseph--the-mass |archive-date=26 February 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Many [[Traditional Catholicism|traditionalist Catholics]], today, continue to use the 1962 Roman Missal, to celebrate Mass.

===Beatifications and canonization ceremonies===
{{Main|List of saints canonized by Pope John XXIII}}
[[File:Pope John XXIII - Time Magazine Cover - January 4, 1963.jpg|left|thumb|Pope John XXIII on ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine cover of 4 January 1963|alt=]]
John XXIII [[Beatification|beatified]] four individuals in his reign: [[Elena Guerra]] (26 April 1959), [[Innocenzo da Berzo]] (12 November 1961), [[Elizabeth Ann Seton]] (17 March 1963) and [[Luigi Maria Palazzolo]] (19 March 1963).

He also [[Canonization|canonized]] a small number of individuals: he canonized [[Charles of Sezze]] and [[Joaquina Vedruna de Mas]] on 12 April 1959, [[Gregorio Barbarigo]] on 26 May 1960, [[Juan de Ribera]] on 12 June 1960, [[Maria Bertilla Boscardin]] on 11 May 1961, [[Martin de Porres]] on 6 May 1962, and [[Antonio Maria Pucci]], [[Francis Mary of Camporosso]] and [[Peter Julian Eymard]] on 9 December 1962. His final canonization was that of [[Vincent Pallotti]] on 20 January 1963.

====Doctor of the Church====
John XXIII proclaimed Saint [[Lawrence of Brindisi]] as a [[Doctor of the Church]] on 19 March 1959 and conferred upon him the title "''Doctor apostolicus''" ("Apostolic Doctor").

====Relationship with Padre Pio====
According to the Italian historian Sérgio Luzzatto, the relationship between Pope John XXIII and [[Pio of Pietrelcina]] (or "Padre Pio") was controversial and characterized by skepticism and criticism of Padre Pio made by John XXIII. He also accused and believed that Padre Pio was a fraud and a lost soul who had an almost medieval faith and incorrect relationships with several women.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=29 July 2009 |date=25 October 2007 |language=en |publisher=Times Online |title=Italy's favourite saint was a fraud believed former pope |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/faith/article2739751.ece}}<!-- auto-translated from Portuguese by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>

However, another source stated that John XXIII's attitude towards Padre Pio was generally very positive. But, due to the wrong and negative information he received, John XXIII became quite skeptical and critical. However, according to this same source, shortly before his death, the Pope confessed that he had been wrongly informed and recognized the holiness of Padre Pio, and even asked Padre Pio to pray for him.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=29 July 2009 |date=2008 |language=en |publisher=Sunday Catholic Weekly Niedziela |title=Saint Father Pio – a sign and challenge |url=http://sunday.niedziela.pl/artykul.php?dz=swiat&id_art=00102}}<!-- auto-translated from Portuguese by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>

===Consistories===
{{main|Cardinals created by John XXIII}}
The pope created 52 cardinals in five consistories, including his successor who would become Pope Paul VI. John XXIII decided to expand the size of the College of Cardinals beyond its limit of seventy that [[Pope Sixtus V]] established in 1586.<ref>{{cite book|last=Noonan|first=James-Charles|title=The Church Visible: The Ceremonial Life and Protocol of the Roman Catholic Church, Revised Edition|year=2012|publisher=Sterling Ethos|location=New York|isbn=978-1-40278730-0|pages=8–9}}</ref> The pope also reserved three additional cardinals "''[[in pectore]]''" in 1960 which meant he secretly named cardinals without revealing their identities. The pope died before he could reveal these names, therefore meaning that these appointments were never legitimized. John XXIII also sought to further internationalize the College of Cardinals like Pius XII attempted, while also naming the first-ever cardinals from countries such as [[Japan]] ([[Peter Doi]]) and [[Tanzania]] ([[Laurean Rugambwa]]). Unlike his predecessor, John XXIII held frequent consistories in a marked departure from Pius XII, returning to the frequency seen in the earlier 20th century.

John XXIII also issued a rule in 1962 mandating that all cardinals should be bishops; he himself ordained as bishops the twelve non-bishop cardinals in April 1962.<ref>{{cite news |work= The New York Times |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1962/04/20/443411692.pdf |date=20 April 1962|access-date=25 October 2017 |title=Catholic Cardinals Now Are All Bishops |quote=From today therefore, perhaps for the first time in the history of the Roman Catholic Church, all Cardinals are Bishops.}}</ref>

According to a June 2007 interview, [[Loris Francesco Capovilla]] revealed that [[Francesco Lardone]] was one of the cardinals that John XXIII had reserved ''in pectore'' in 1960. According to Capovilla, Lardone's precarious position in [[Turkey]] meant that he would have to abandon his position if he were named to the cardinalate. Lardone was of the opinion that he could assist bishops in the [[Iron Curtain]] from his posting which he would be unable to do if he was relocated to accept a position in Rome. In November 1960, in preparation for the next consistory, John XXIII offered the cardinalate to Diego Venini who declined the offer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cardinals.fiu.edu/consistories-xx.htm#JohnXXIII|title=John XXIII (1958-1963)|publisher=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church|author=Salvador Miranda|date=|accessdate=18 February 2022}}</ref>

===Vatican II: The first session===
[[File:Giovanni XXIII durante il Concilio Vaticano II (Lothar Wolleh).jpg|thumb|John XXIII presiding the opening Mass of the Second Vatican Council]]
On 11 October 1962, the first session of the [[Second Vatican Council]] was held in the Vatican. He gave the [[Gaudet Mater Ecclesia]] speech, which served as the opening address for the council. The day consisted of electing members for several council commissions that would work on the issues presented in the council.<ref name="S1-1">{{cite book |last=Bokenkotter |first=Thomas |title=A Concise History of the Catholic Church |publisher=Image |location=New York |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-385-51613-6 |page=413}}</ref> On the night following the conclusion of the first session, the people in Saint Peter's Square chanted and yelled with the objective of having John XXIII appear at the window to address them.

Pope John XXIII appeared at the window and delivered a speech to the people below, and told them to return home and hug their children, telling them that the hug came from the pope. This speech would later become known as the so-called 'Speech of the Moon.'<ref name="Speech2012">{{cite web |title=John XXIII: the speech to the moon above ... |publisher=Vatican Radio |url=http://www.news.va/en/news/john-xxiii-the-speech-to-the-moon-above |access-date=2 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020121910/http://www.news.va/en/news/john-xxiii-the-speech-to-the-moon-above |archive-date=20 October 2012}}</ref>

The first session ended in a solemn ceremony on 8 December 1962, with the next session scheduled to occur in 1963 from 12 May to 29 June – this was announced on 12 November 1962. John XXIII's closing speech made subtle references to [[Pope Pius IX]], and he had expressed the desire to see Pius IX beatified and eventually canonized. In his journal in 1959, during a spiritual retreat, John XXIII made this remark: "I always think of Pius IX of holy and glorious memory, and by imitating him in his sacrifices, I would like to be worthy to celebrate his canonization."

===Final months and death===
[[File:Funeral procession of Pope John XXIII.jpg|thumb|The body of John XXIII carried to St. Peter's Basilica for lying in state]]
[[File:St. Peter's Basilica - Tomb of Pope John XXIII.jpg|thumb|The original tomb of John XXIII (until 2000) in the Vatican necropolis]]
On 23 September 1962, Pope John XXIII was diagnosed with [[stomach cancer]]. The diagnosis, which was kept from the public, followed nearly eight months of occasional stomach hemorrhages and reduced the pontiff's appearances. Looking pale and drawn during these events, he gave a hint to his ultimate fate in April 1963, when he said to visitors, "That which happens to all men perhaps will happen soon to the Pope who speaks to you today."

Pope John XXIII offered to mediate between US President [[John F. Kennedy]] and [[Nikita Khrushchev]] during the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]] in October 1962. Both men applauded the pope for his deep commitment to peace. Khrushchev would later send a message via [[Norman Cousins]] and the letter expressed his best wishes for the pontiff's ailing health. John XXIII personally typed and sent a message back to him, thanking him for his letter. Cousins, meanwhile, traveled to [[New York City]] and ensured that John would become [[Time (magazine)|''Time'' magazine's]] '[[Time Person of the Year|Man of the Year]].' John XXIII became the first Pope to receive the title, followed by [[Pope John Paul II|John Paul II]] in 1994 and [[Pope Francis|Francis]] in 2013.

On 10 February 1963, John XXIII officially opened the process of beatification for the late Cardinal [[Andrea Carlo Ferrari]], [[Archbishop of Milan]] from 1894 to 1921. This conferred upon him the title of [[Servant of God]].

On 7 March 1963, the feast of the university's patron Saint [[Thomas Aquinas]], Pope John XXIII visited the [[Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas]] ''Angelicum'' and with the ''[[motu proprio]]'' ''Dominicanus Ordo'',<ref>{{Citation |journal=[[Acta Apostolicae Sedis]] |volume=55 |year=1963 |place=[[Rome]], [[Italy|IT]] |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS%2055%20%5B1963%5D%20-%20ocr.pdf |title=Acta Ioannis Pp. XXIII |pages=205–208 |access-date=9 September 2012}}</ref> raised the ''Angelicum'' to the rank of [[Pontifical University]]. Thereafter, it would be known as the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas in the city.<ref>{{Citation |url=https://www.vatican.va/news_services/or/or_quo/interviste/2008/083q04c1.html |publisher=Vatican |place=Rome, IT |language=it |title=Interviste |trans-title=Interviews |year=2008 |volume=83 |number=4 |at=c. 1 |access-date=5 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |url=http://toninomeneghetti.iobloggo.com/tag/ontospychology |title=Io bloggo |work=Ontospychology |first=Antonio 'Tonino' |last=Meneghetti |access-date=5 February 2013 |quote=On 8 March 1963, Pope Giovanni XXIII came to the Angelicum to celebrate the passage from Ateneo Angelicum to University: Pontificia Universitas Studiorum Sancti Tomae Aquinatis in Urbe.}}</ref>

On 10 May 1963, John XXIII received the [[Balzan Prize]] in private at the Vatican but deflected achievements of himself to the five popes of his lifetime, [[Pope Leo XIII]] to Pius XII. On 11 May, the Italian President [[Antonio Segni]] officially awarded Pope John XXIII with the Balzan Prize for his engagement for peace. While in the car en route to the official ceremony, he suffered great stomach pains but insisted on meeting with Segni to receive the award in the [[Quirinal Palace]], refusing to do so within the Vatican. He stated that it would have been an insult to honor a pontiff on the remains of the crucified [[Saint Peter]].<ref name="Hebblethwaite 1994 502">{{Citation |first=Peter |last=Hebblethwaite |title=John XXIII, Pope of the Council |edition=rev |publisher=Harper Collins |place=Glasgow |year=1994 |page=502}}</ref> It was the pope's last public appearance.

On 25 May 1963, the pope suffered another hemorrhage and required several blood transfusions, but cancer had perforated the stomach wall, and [[peritonitis]] soon set in. The doctors conferred in a decision regarding this matter, and John XXIII's aide [[Loris F. Capovilla]] broke the news to him, saying that the cancer had done its work and nothing could be done for him. Around this time, his remaining siblings arrived to be with him. By 31 May, it had become clear that the cancer had overcome the resistance of John XXIII – it had left him confined to his bed.

{{blockquote|text=At 11&nbsp;am [[Petrus Canisius van Lierde]] as Papal Sacristan was at the bedside of the dying pope, ready to [[Anointing of the Sick (Catholic Church)|anoint]] him. The pope began to speak for the last time: "I had the great grace to be born into a Christian family, modest and poor, but with the fear of the Lord. My time on Earth is drawing to a close. But Christ lives on and continues his work in the Church. Souls, souls, ''[[That they all may be one|ut omnes unum sint]]''."{{Efn |'...that all may be one.'}}  Van Lierde then anointed his eyes, ears, mouth, hands, and feet. Overcome by emotion, van Lierde forgot the right order of anointing. John XXIII gently helped him before bidding those present a last farewell.|author= Peter Hebblethwaite |3 = ''John XXIII, Pope of the Council'' (1994), page 502<ref name="Hebblethwaite 1994 502" />}}

John XXIII died of peritonitis caused by a perforated stomach at 19:49 local time on 3 June 1963 at the age of 81, ending a historic pontificate of four years and seven months. He died just as a Mass for him finished in Saint Peter's Square below, celebrated by [[Luigi Traglia]]. After he died, his brow was ritually tapped to see if he was dead, and those with him in the room said prayers. Then, the room was illuminated, thus informing the people of what had happened. The Italian government announced three days of mourning with flags half-masted and the closure of offices and schools.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1963/06/05/archives/world-mourning-death-of-pontiff-periods-of-grief-declared-italy.html | title=WORLD MOURNING DEATH OF PONTIFF; Periods of Grief Declared-- Italy Closes Schools Newspaper Reports Home Town Draped in Black French of All Faiths Grieve W.E.U. Session Suspended Spain Displays Black Portuguese Flags at Half-Staff Prayers Offered in Britain Macapagal Declares Mourning 3 Days of Mourning in Cuba Bells to Toll in Mexico Episcopal Bishop in Tribute | newspaper=The New York Times | date=5 June 1963 }}</ref> [[Francoist Spain|Spain]] announced ten days of mourning with flags half-masted;<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1963/06/04/index.php?s=1 | title=BOE.es - Sumario del día 04/06/1963 }}</ref> The [[Philippines]] announced nine days of mourning with flags half-masted;<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1963/06/04/proclamation-no-116-s-1963/ | title=Proclamation No. 116, s. 1963 &#124; GOVPH | date=4 June 1963 | access-date=22 May 2022 | archive-date=31 August 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831153202/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1963/06/04/proclamation-no-116-s-1963/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Fourth Brazilian Republic|Brazil]] declared five days of mourning;<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/decreto/1950-1969/d52088.htm | title=D52088 }}</ref> [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Portugal]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://casacomum.org/cc/visualizador?pasta=06549.087.18345|title=06549.087.18345|website=casacomum.org}}</ref> [[Paraguay]] and [[Guatemala]] announced three days of mourning;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.csj.gov.py/par97017/reglamentaciones/modulos/repsolotexto.asp?codigo_acord=125|title=Acordada número 5 de fecha 03/06/1963|website=www.csj.gov.py}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.prensalibre.com/hemeroteca/1963-el-mundo-llora-al-papa-juan-xxiii/ | title=1963: El mundo llora a Juan XXIII, el Papa bueno | date=June 2018 }}</ref> the [[Republic of the Congo]] declared one day of mourning.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K7zib7jMni4C&q=declares+national+mourning+for+john+XXIII+1963&pg=PA16 | title=Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts | year=1963 }}</ref> He was buried on 6 June in the [[Vatican Grottoes]]. Two [[wreath]]s, placed on the two sides of his tomb, were donated by the prisoners of the Regina Coeli prison and the Mantova jail in Verona. On 22 June 1963, one day after his friend and successor [[Pope Paul VI]] was elected, the latter prayed at his tomb. John XXIII's tomb is located near the tombs of both [[Pope Pius X]] and [[Pope John Paul II]].

==Beatification and canonization==
{{Infobox saint
|honorific_prefix = [[Pope]] [[Saint]]
|name             = John XXIII
|feast_day        = 11 October
|venerated_in     = {{unbulleted list|[[Catholic Church]]|[[Evangelical Lutheran Church in America]]|[[Anglicanism]]}}
|image            = Pope St. John XXIII portrait (unframed).jpg
|titles           = [[Pope]] and [[Confessor]]
|beatified_date   = 3 September 2000
|beatified_place  = [[St. Peter's Square]], [[Vatican City]]
|beatified_by     = [[Pope John Paul II]]
|canonized_date   = 27 April 2014
|canonized_place  = St. Peter's Square, Vatican City
|canonized_by     = [[Pope Francis]]
|attributes       = Papal Vestments, Papal Tiara, Camauro
|patronage        = Patriarchy of Venice, Papal Delegates, Second Vatican Council, Christian Unity, Diocese of Bergamo, Sotto il Monte, Valsamoggia, Italian Army
}}
{{Main|Canonization of Pope John XXIII and Pope John Paul II}}
[[File:Reliquienschrein Papst Johannes XXIII. - Petersdom 1.JPG|thumb|left|The body of John XXIII in the altar of Saint Jerome]]
[[File:Canonization 2014- The Canonization of Saint John XXIII and Saint John Paul II (14036819834).jpg|thumb|left|The canonization ceremony of John XXIII and John Paul II]]
He was known affectionately as the "Good Pope".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/popes-john-paul-ii-john-xxiii-canonized-april-083140672.html |agency=Associated Press |title=Popes John Paul II, John XXIII canonized April 27 |date=30 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003075057/https://news.yahoo.com/popes-john-paul-ii-john-xxiii-canonized-april-083140672.html|archive-date=3 October 2013|access-date=6 December 2013 |first=Nicole |last=Weinfeld}}</ref> His cause for canonization was opened under [[Pope Paul VI]] during the final session of the [[Second Vatican Council]] on 18 November 1965,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/speeches/1965/documents/hf_p-vi_spe_19651118_penultima-sessione-concilio_it.html|title=Penultima sessione generale del Concilio|access-date=5 June 2014}}</ref> along with the cause of [[Pope Pius XII]]. On 3 September 2000, John XXIII was declared "Blessed" alongside [[Pope Pius IX]] by [[Pope John Paul II]], the penultimate step on the road to [[saint]]hood, after a miracle of curing an ill woman was discovered. He was the first pope since [[Pope Pius X]] to receive this honour. Following his beatification, his body was moved from its original burial place in the grottoes below the [[St Peter's Basilica|Vatican]] to the altar of [[St. Jerome]] and displayed for the [[veneration]] of the faithful.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Boudreaux |first1=Richard |title=Display of Love for John XXIII |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-jun-04-mn-6245-story.html |work=Los Angeles Times |date=4 June 2001 |access-date=31 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Previous Tomb of John Paul II |url=http://stpetersbasilica.info/Grottoes/JPII/Tomb%20of%20John%20Paul%20II.htm |website=stpetersbasilica.info |access-date=31 August 2021}}</ref>

At the time, the body was observed to be extremely well preserved{{snd}}a condition which the Church ascribes to embalming<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.rte.ie/news/2001/0603/15691-vatican/ |title=Pope John XXIII's exhumed remains at St Peter's |publisher=RTE News|date=3 June 2001 |access-date=28 April 2014}}</ref> and the lack of airflow in his sealed triple coffin rather than a [[miracle]]. When John XXIII's body was moved in 2001, it was once again treated to prevent deterioration.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tomov |first1=Nikola |title=Preserving the Pontiff: an Account of the Body Preservation Methods Used by the Roman Catholic Church |journal=Acta Morphologica et Anthropologica |volume=25 |issue=1–2 |pages=117–121 |url=http://www.iempam.bas.bg/journals/acta/acta25a/117-121.pdf}}</ref> The original vault above the floor was removed and a new one built beneath the ground; it was here that the body of Pope John Paul II was entombed from 9 April 2005 to April 2011, before being moved for his beatification on 1 May 2011.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2001/juneweb-only/6-11-13.0.html/|title=Blessed John XXIII's Remains Are Now on View at St Peter's|magazine=Christianity Today|date=1 June 2001}}</ref> The tomb was ultimately occupied by [[Benedict XVI]] following his death in 2022.

The 50th anniversary of his death was celebrated on 3 June 2013 by [[Pope Francis]], who visited his tomb and prayed there, then addressed the gathered crowd and spoke about the late pope. The people who gathered there at the tomb were from Bergamo, the province where the late pope came from. A month later, on 5&nbsp;July 2013, Francis approved Pope John XXIII for canonization, along with Pope John Paul II, without the traditional second miracle required. Instead, Francis based this decision on John XXIII's merits for the Second Vatican Council.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/vatican-announces-canonisation-of-popes-john-paul-ii-and-john-xxiii-1.1454474 |title=Vatican announces canonization of popes John Paul II and John XXIII |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=6 July 2013}}</ref> On Sunday, 27 April 2014, John XXIII and Pope John Paul II were declared saints on [[Divine Mercy Sunday]].<ref>{{Citation |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-27172118 |title=Vatican declares Popes John Paul II and John XXIII saints |work=BBC News |place=UK|date=27 April 2014}}</ref>

The date assigned for the liturgical celebration of John XXIII is not 3 June, the anniversary of his death, as would be usual (due to the obligatory memorial of saints [[Charles Lwanga]] and his [[Uganda Martyrs|companion martyrs]]), but 11 October, the anniversary of his opening of the Second Vatican Council.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.americancatholic.org/Features/SaintOfDay/default.asp?id=1165 |title=Saint of the Day |publisher=American Catholic |access-date=12 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20050422221459/http://www.americancatholic.org/Features/SaintOfDay/default.asp?id=1165 |archive-date=22 April 2005}}</ref> He is also commemorated in the [[Anglican Church of Canada]], the [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in America]], and some other organizations with a feast day of 3 June or 4 June.<ref name="justus.anglican.org">{{cite web |url =http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bio/177.html|title=Angelo (John XXIII) Roncalli, Bishop|access-date=21 January 2014}}</ref><ref name="Lutheran Book of Worship">{{cite book |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Lutheran Book of Worship |publisher=Augsburg Fortress Press |year=1978 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.satucket.com/lectionary/john_xxiii.htm |title=John XXIII (Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli) |publisher=Satucket.com |access-date=28 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://liturgyandmusic.wordpress.com/2011/06/04/june-4-john-xxiii-angelo-giuseppe-roncalli-bishop-of-rome-1963/ |title=[John XXIII (Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli), Bishop of Rome, 1963&#93; &#124; Standing Commission on Liturgy and Music |publisher=Liturgyandmusic.wordpress.com |date=4 June 2011 |access-date=28 April 2014}}</ref>

==Tributes==
On 3 December 1963, US President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] posthumously awarded him the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]], the United States' highest civilian award, in recognition of the good relationship between Pope John XXIII and the United States of America. The citation for the medal reads:{{blockquote|"His Holiness Pope John XXIII, dedicated servant of God. He brought to all citizens of the planet a heightened sense of the dignity of the individual, of the brotherhood of man, and of the common duty to build an environment of peace for all humankind."}}

Paul VI wrote in his first encyclical letter, ''[[Ecclesiam Suam]]'', that John had "labored with masterly assurance to bring divine truths as far as may be within the reach of the experience and understanding of modern man."<ref>Pope Paul VI (1964), [https://www.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-vi_enc_06081964_ecclesiam.html Ecclesiam Suam], paragraph 68, accessed on 6 September 2024</ref>

==Legacy==
[[File:Estátua de João XXIII (Lourinhã) 03.jpg|thumb|upright|Statue of John XXIII in [[Lourinhã]], Portugal]]
From his teens, when he entered the seminary, he maintained a diary of spiritual reflections that was subsequently published as the ''Journal of a Soul.'' The collection of writings charts Roncalli's goals and his efforts as a young man to "grow in holiness" and continues after his election to the papacy; it remains widely read.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.ncregister.com/site/article/journal-of-a-soul-reflects-john-xxiiis-generous-service/ |title='Journal of a Soul' Reflects John XXIII's Generous Service |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423190844/http://www.ncregister.com/site/article/journal-of-a-soul-reflects-john-xxiiis-generous-service/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 April 2014}}</ref>

The opening titles of [[Pier Paolo Pasolini]]'s film ''[[The Gospel According to St. Matthew (film)|The Gospel According to St. Matthew]]'' (1964) dedicate the film to the memory of John XXIII.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h7ewh5k5-gY | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406163743/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h7ewh5k5-gY&gl=US&hl=en| archive-date=6 April 2012 | url-status=dead|title=The Gospel According to St. Matthew |orig-year=1964 |first=Pier Paolo |last=Pasolini |website=[[YouTube]] |format=YouTube |date=30 September 2011 |access-date=23 June 2013}}</ref>

Institutions named after John XXIII include: [[John XXIII College (Perth)]] in [[Western Australia]]; Escola Estadual de Ensino Médio Cardeal Roncalli, in [[Frederico Westphalen]], [[Rio Grande do Sul]], [[Brazil]]; Pope John Senior High School and Junior Seminary in Koforidua, Ghana; the Catholic Learning Community of John XXIII, a primary school in [[Sydney]]; [[Roncalli College]], located in [[Timaru]], New Zealand; Roncalli High Schools in [[Roncalli High School (Indiana)|Indianapolis, Indiana]], [[Roncalli High School (Aberdeen, South Dakota)|Aberdeen, South Dakota]], [[Manitowoc, Wisconsin]], [[Sparta, New Jersey]] and [[Omaha, Nebraska]]; [[Saint John XXIII College Preparatory]] in [[Katy, Texas]], John XXIII School in [[India]];<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.johnxxiiiagashi.org/php/home.php | title=John Xxiii School, Agashi }}</ref> Jean-XXIII High School in [[Montréal, Québec]]; St. John XXIII Catholic School in [[Kingston, Ontario]], St. John XXIII College Seminary in Pal-ing, [[Malaybalay]] City, Bukidnon in the Philippines, and The Diocese of St John XXIII - Reformed Catholic Church.

Parishes named after John XXIII are located in [[Evanston, IL]], [[Fort Collins, CO]], [[Fort Myers, FL]], [[Perrysburg, Ohio|Perrysburg, OH]], [[Winchester, OH]], and [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma, WA]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stjohn23evanston.org/|title=Home|website=St. John XXIII Parish}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://saintjohn.church/|title=Saint John XXIII &#124; Catholic Church}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://johnxxiii.net/|title=St. John XXIII Catholic Church – Catholic Church in Fort Myers, FL}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Columbus Catholic |url=https://sjxxiiiparish.org/ |website=John XXIII}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=POPE ST. JOHN XXIII PARISH |url=https://www.psj23.org/ |access-date=7 March 2025 |website=www.psj23.org |language=en}}</ref> There is a [[statue of Pope John XXIII]] in Istanbul, Turkey.

During an event held on 6 May 2019 in Bulgaria, Pope Francis invoked John XXIII's encyclical ''[[Pacem in terris]]'' as a "code of conduct" for peace between Catholics and other religions.<ref name=bulgariaprotect>{{cite web | url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/41198/pope-francis-says-first-communion-mass-in-bulgaria | title=Pope Francis says First Communion Mass in Bulgaria}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2019-05/pope-francis-bulgaria-sofia-peace-meeting.html |title = Pope in Bulgaria prays for peace according to the example of St Francis – Vatican News|date = 6 May 2019}}</ref>

==Controversies==

===Response to sexual abuse===
On 17 August 2003, [[The Guardian|''The Guardian'']], a British newspaper, published a confidential document of the Church, to which it had access, dated 16 March 1962, instructing bishops around the world to cover up cases of sexual abuse by clergy, or they would run the risk of being [[Excommunication|excommunicated from the Church]]. The document, bearing the seal of Pope John XXIII, is named [[Crimen sollicitationis]] translated to "On the Manner of Proceeding in Cases of the Crime of Solicitation"<ref>{{cite web|date=1962 |publisher=Vatican |title=Instruction on the Manner of Proceeding in Causes involving the Crime of Solicitation |url=https://www.vatican.va/resources/resources_crimen-sollicitationis-1962_en.html}}<!-- auto-translated from Portuguese by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> 

In the 69-page document, victims are asked to take an oath of secrecy when making a complaint to Church officials. It states that the instructions must 'be diligently stored in the secret archives of the [Vatican] Curia as strictly confidential. The theme focuses on sexual abuse initiated as part of the confessional relationship between a priest and a member of his congregation, but also covers aspects related to the "indescribable crime" with [[Pedophilia|young people of both sexes]] and [[Zoophilia|sex with animals]]. Bishops are instructed to investigate these cases 'in the most secret way [...] contained by a perpetual silence [...] and all must observe the strictest secret that is commonly considered a secret of the Holy Office, under penalty of excommunication.<ref>{{cite web|date=18 August 2003 |first=Owen |language=en |last=Bowcott |work=The Guardian |title=Row over Vatican order to conceal priests' sex abuse |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/aug/18/uk.religion}}<!-- auto-translated from Portuguese by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref>{{cite web|date=17 August 2003 |first=Antony |language=en |last=Barnett |work=the Guardian |title=Vatican told bishops to cover up sex abuse |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/aug/17/religion.childprotection}}<!-- auto-translated from Portuguese by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> 

The document was valid, until 2001, when a new set of procedures was published by the Vatican, to investigate and judge particularly serious canonical crimes, including certain sexual crimes committed by members of the clergy.<ref>{{cite web|date=15 July 2011 |first=Thomas |last=Doyle |publisher=Arquivado em WayBack Machine |title=The 1922 instruction and the 1962 instruction "Crimen Sollicitationis" promulgated by the Vatican |url=http://www.richardsipe.com/Doyle/2008/2008-10-03-Commentary%20on%201922%20and%201962%20documents.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715183919/http://www.richardsipe.com/Doyle/2008/2008-10-03-Commentary%20on%201922%20and%201962%20documents.pdf |archive-date=15 July 2011 }}<!-- auto-translated from Portuguese by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography|Christianity|History}}
*''[[Aggiornamento]]''
* [[Cardinals created by John XXIII]]
* [[Central Preparatory Commission]]
* [[Eastern Catholic Churches]]
* [[Eastern Orthodox Church]]
* [[List of Catholic saints]]
* [[List of encyclicals of Pope John XXIII]]
* [[List of meetings between the pope and the president of the United States]]
* [[List of popes]]
* [[List of Righteous Among the Nations by country]]
* [[Vatican City]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
* Bonnot, Bernard R. ''Pope John XXIII. An Astute, Pastoral Leader'' (1980), 316pp.
* Cahill, Thomas. ''Pope John XXIII: A Penguin Life'' (2002), 241pp.
* Dunn, Dennis J. "The Vatican's Ostpolitik: Past and Present." ''Journal of International Affairs'' (1982) 36#2 : 247–255. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24356438 online]
*{{Citation
| last = Fairweather 
| first = E.R.
| author-link = E.R. Fairweather
| title = "A Man Sent from God"
| journal = [[Canadian Journal of Theology]]
| volume = IX
| issue = 3
| pages = 147–148
| orig-date = 
| year = 1963
| language = English
| url= https://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/cjt/09-3_147.pdf
| jstor = 
| doi = 
| id = 
| mr = 
| zbl = 
| jfm = }}
* Hebblethwaite, Peter. ''Pope John XXIII, Shepherd of the Modern World'' (1985). 550pp.
* {{cite book |first1=Peter |last1=Hebblethwaite |author-link=Peter Hebblethwaite |first2=Margaret |last2=Hebblethwaite |author2-link=Margaret Hebblethwaite |name-list-style=amp |title=John XXIII: Pope of the Council |publisher=[[Continuum International]] |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-8264-4995-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/johnxxiiipopeof00hebb }}
* {{cite book |first=Gunnar |last=Riebs |title=John XXIII Simple and Humble A Blessed Man. Privileged testimonies |year=2011 |publisher=St Pauls |isbn=978-93-5015-077-1}}
* Wilsford, David. ed., ''Political Leaders of Contemporary Western Europe: A Biographical Dictionary'' (Greenwood, 1995) pp 203–207.
* Zizola, Giancarlo; Barolini, Helen. ''Utopia of Pope John XXIII'' (1979), 379pp.

===Primary sources===
* Coppa, Frank J. "The National Edition of the Diaries of Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli/Pope John XXIII: A Bibliographical Essay." ''The Catholic Historical Review'' 97#1 (2011), pp.&nbsp;81–92 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23052742 online]
* {{Citation |first=Angelo Giuseppe |last=Roncalli |author-link=Pope John XXIII |trans-title=Journal of a Soul |title=Giovanni XXIII Il Giornale dell' Anima |others=White, Dorothy trans |year=1965 |publisher=[[Geoffrey Chapman]] |isbn=978-0-225-66895-7}}. [https://www.amazon.com/Journal-Soul-Pope-John-XXIII/dp/0225668955/ excerpt]; his spiritual diary.

==External links==
{{Sister project links|Pope John XXIII|s=Author:Pope John XXIII}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Pope John XXIII |sopt=t}}
* {{Citation |last=Roncalli |first=Angelo Giuseppe |title=Opera Omnia |url=http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/01_01_1958-1963-_Ioannes_XXIII,_Beatus.html |author-link=Pope John XXIII |trans-title=Complete works |place=[[European union|EU]]|publisher=Documenta catholica omnia |language=la}}.
* {{Citation |last=Rockwell|first=Lew |title=John XXIII was embalmed; Vatican denies he is subject of miracle of incorruptibility |url=http://archive.lewrockwell.com/orig/vennari2.html}}.
* {{Citation|last=Wojtyła |first=Karol Józef |title=Beatification of Pius IX, John XXIII, Tommaso Reggio, William Chaminade and Columba Marmion: Homily of His Holiness John Paul II|date=3 September 2000 |url=https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/homilies/2000/documents/hf_jp-ii_hom_20000903_beatification_en.html |author-link=Pope John Paul II |type=homily |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061026235324/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/homilies/2000/documents/hf_jp-ii_hom_20000903_beatification_en.html |url-status=dead |place=Rome, IT |publisher=Vatican |archive-date=26 October 2006}}.
* {{Citation |title=Pope John XXIII |type=biography |contribution=John XXIII |contribution-url=https://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/saints/ns_lit_doc_20000903_john-xxiii_en.html |place=[[Rome]], [[Italy|IT]]|publisher=Vatican}}.
* {{Citation |title=Everything2|contribution=John XXIII |contribution-url=http://everything2.com/title/John+XXIII }}.
* {{Citation |title=Atheism |type=biography |contribution=Pope John XXIII |contribution-url=http://atheism.about.com/library/glossary/western/bldef_johnxxiii.htm |publisher=About |access-date=28 October 2011 |archive-date=14 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414064700/http://atheism.about.com/library/glossary/western/bldef_johnxxiii.htm |url-status=dead }}.
* {{Citation |title=Britannica |type=encyclopedia|contribution=John XXIII (pope) |contribution-url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/304923/John-XXIII |edition=online}}.
* {{Citation |title=Advocating John XXIII as Righteous Among the Nations |url=http://www.raoulwallenberg.net/?en/news/760.htm |publisher=Raoul Wallenberg}}.
* {{Citation |title=Monuments |contribution=John XXIII |contribution-url=http://www.stpetersbasilica.org/Monuments/JohnXXIII/JohnXXIII.htm |publisher=St Peter’s basilica}}.
* {{Citation |title=Pope John XXIII |url=http://www.intratext.com/Catalogo/Autori/AUT198.HTM |publisher=Intra text}}: text with concordances and frequency list.
* {{Citation |title=Saint of the Day |url=http://www.americancatholic.org/Features/Saints/Saint.aspx?id=1165 |newspaper=American Catholic|date=11 October 2016}}.
* {{Citation |title=Pope John XXIII |url=http://www.britishpathe.com/workspaces/BritishPathe/YWirLPR5 |type=news archive |place=UK|publisher=Pathé}}.
* {{Citation |title=Pope John XXIII |date=4 January 1963 |url=http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19630104,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060821235039/http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19630104,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 August 2006 |newspaper=Time |access-date=2 May 2010}}.
* {{Citation |title=Texts for the Liturgy of the Hours for the Optional Memorial of St. John XXIII|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccdds/documents/rc_con_ccdds_doc_20140912_testi-liturgici-gxxiii_lt.html|type=Latin – English tr. still not published}}
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{{S-ttl|title=[[Apostolic Nunciature to Bulgaria|Apostolic Delegate to Bulgaria]]|years=16 October 1931 – 12 January 1935}}
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{{S-ttl|title=[[Apostolic Nunciature to Greece|Apostolic Delegate to Greece]]|years=12 January 1935 – 23 December 1944}}
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{{S-ttl|title=[[Apostolic Nunciature to Turkey|Apostolic Delegate to Turkey]]|years=12 January 1935 – 23 December 1944}}
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{{S-tul|title=[[Areopolis, Greece|Titular Archbishop of Areopolis]]|years=3 March 1925 – 30 November 1934}}
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{{S-aft|after=[[Silvio Oddi]]}}
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