Editing Pope Innocent IX

{{Short description|Head of the Catholic Church in 1591}}

{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Pope
| honorific-prefix = [[List of popes|Pope]]
| name = Innocent IX
| title = [[Bishop of Rome]]
| image = Innocent9.jpg
| image_size = 
| caption = Portrait [[engraving]] by [[Agostino Carracci]], 1591
| birth_name = Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti
| church = [[Catholic Church]]
| term_start = 29 October 1591
| term_end = 30 December 1591
| predecessor = [[Gregory XIV]]
| successor = [[Clement VIII]]
| birth_date = 20 July 1519
| birth_place = [[Bologna]], [[Papal States]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1591|12|30|1519|7|20|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Rome]], Papal States
| previous_post = {{Indented plainlist|
* [[Parma|Governor of Parma]] (1556–1558)
* [[Apostolic Signatura|Referendary of the Apostolic Signatura]] (1559–1560)
* [[Bishop of Nicastro]] (1560–1575)
* [[Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem]] (1572–1585)
* [[Santi Quattro Coronati|Cardinal-Priest of Santi Quattro Coronati]] (1584–1591)
* Prefect of the Apostolic Signatura (1591)
}}
| coat_of_arms = C o a Inocentius IX.svg
| signature = Signature of Cardinal Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti (later Pope Innocent IX).svg{{!}}class=skin-invert
| other = Innocent
| ordination = 11 March 1544
| ordinated_by = 
| consecration = 1560
| consecrated_by = 
| cardinal = 12 December 1583
| created_cardinal_by = [[Pope Gregory XIII|Gregory XIII]]
| education = [[University of Bologna]]
}}

'''Pope Innocent IX''' ({{langx|la|Innocentius IX}}; {{langx|it|Innocenzo IX}}; 20 July 1519&nbsp;– 30 December 1591), born '''Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti''', was head of the [[Catholic Church]] and ruler of the [[Papal States]] from 29 October to 30 December 1591.

Prior to his short papacy, he had been a [[Canon law (Catholic Church)|canon lawyer]], [[diplomat]], and chief administrator during the reign of [[Pope Gregory XIV]] (r. 1590–1591).

He entered the service of the influential [[Alessandro Farnese (cardinal)|Cardinal Alessandro Farnese]]. As [[papal legate]] to [[Republic of Venice|Venice]], he helped negotiate the formation of the [[Holy League (1571)|Holy League]], an alliance of Spanish and Italian maritime powers to challenge the [[Ottoman Empire]]’s control of the eastern Mediterranean, and which resulted in victory at the [[Battle of Lepanto]].

==Biography==
===Early life and priesthood===
Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti was born in [[Bologna]] on 22 July 1519,{{sfn|Germe-Tizon|2002|p=800}} son of Antonio della Noce, called "il Facchinetto", and Francesca Cini. His father's family was originally from [[Cravegna]], in the [[Val d'Ossola]] (where his birthplace still stands).{{cn|date=December 2024}} The surname of his family seems to have actually been Nocetti (or de Nuce), but in fact the future pontiff was called Facchinetti after the humble job carried out by his father, who was a porter.{{cn|date=December 2024}}

Giovanni studied at the [[University of Bologna]] - which was pre-eminent in jurisprudence&nbsp;— where he obtained a doctorate in both civil and canon law in 1544. He was later ordained to the priesthood on 11 March 1544 and was appointed a canon of the church of Saints Gervasio and Protasio of [[Domodossola]] in 1547.{{sfn|Martin|1993|p=183}}

Giovanni traveled to Rome and he became the secretary to Cardinal [[Niccolò Ardinghelli]].{{sfn|Weber|1910}} He entered the service of Cardinal Alessandro Farnese, the [[Archbishop of Avignon]], who sent Facchinetti to Avignon as his ecclesiastical representative and subsequently recalled him to the management of his affairs at Parma.{{sfn|Grendler|1971|p=449}} He was also made the Referendary of the [[Apostolic Signatura]] in 1559 and held that post for a year.

===Episcopate and cardinalate===
In 1560, Facchinetti was named as the [[Bishop of Nicastro]],{{sfn|Martin|1993|p=183}} in [[Calabria]], and in 1562 was present at the [[Council of Trent]]. He was the first bishop to actually reside in the diocese in three decades. [[Pope Pius V]] (1566–1572) sent him as [[papal nuncio]] to [[Republic of Venice|Venice]] in 1566{{sfn|Martin|1993|p=183}} to further the papal alliance with [[Habsburg Spain|Spain]] and Venice against the [[Ottoman Empire|Turks]], which ultimately resulted in the victory of [[Battle of Lepanto|Lepanto]] in 1571. He was recalled from Venice in 1572 and was made the Prior Commendatario of [[Sant'Andrea, Padua|Sant'Andrea]] di Carmignano in the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Padua|diocese of Padua]] from 1576 to 1587.{{sfn|McBrien|2000|p=295}}

Relinquishing his [[episcopal see|see]] to pursue his career in Rome in 1575 and also because of health reasons, he was named the Titular [[Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem]] in 1572.{{sfn|Weber|1910}} He occupied that post until he was made a cardinal. [[Pope Gregory XIII]] made him a [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|cardinal]] on 12 December 1583 as the Cardinal-Priest of [[Santi Quattro Coronati]] and he was to receive the red hat and title on 9 January 1584. [[Pope Gregory XIV]] made him the Prefect of the Apostolic Signatura in 1591.

==Papacy==
{{Infobox popestyles
|image      = C o a Inocentius IX.svg
|dipstyle   = [[His Holiness]]
|offstyle   = Your Holiness
|relstyle   = Holy Father
|deathstyle = None
|}}
{{main|1591 papal conclave}}
[[File:001-19 Innocentius papa face.jpg|thumb|Medal of Innocent IX (1591).]]
Even before Pope Gregory XIV died, Spanish and anti-Spanish factions were electioneering for the next pope. [[Philip II of Spain]]'s (r. 1556–1598) high-handed interference at the previous [[Papal conclave|conclave]] was not forgotten: he had barred all but seven cardinals. This time the Spanish party in the [[College of Cardinals]] did not go so far, but they still controlled a majority, and after a quick conclave they raised Facchinetti to the papal chair as Pope Innocent IX. It took three ballots to elect him as pope. Facchinetti received 24 votes on 28 October but was not successful. He received 28 votes on 29 October in the second ballot while the third saw him prevail.<ref name=Adams>{{cite web|url=http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/SV1591.html|author=Adams, John Paul|title=Sede Vacante 1591|date=24 July 2015|access-date=21 January 2019}}</ref> Facchinetti took his papal name to honor [[Pope Innocent III]].
[[File:Innocent9.jpg|thumb|[[Engraving]] by [[Agostino Carracci]], 1591]]
The cardinal [[protodeacon]] [[Andreas von Austria]] crowned Innocent IX as pontiff on 3 November 1591. He elevated two cardinals to the cardinalate in the only papal consistory of his papacy on 18 December 1591.

Mindful of the origin of his success, Innocent IX supported, during his two months' pontificate, the cause of Philip II and the [[Catholic League (French)|Catholic League]] against [[Henry IV of France]] (r. 1589–1610) in the [[French Wars of Religion]] (1562–1598), where a Papal army was in the field.<ref>McBrien 2000, p. 296.</ref>

His grandnephew Giovanni Antonio Cardinal Facchinetti de Nuce Jr., was one of two cardinals appointed during the weeks of Innocent IX's pontificate. A later member of the cardinalate was his great-grandnephew [[Cesare Facchinetti]] (made a cardinal in 1643).

==Death==
[[File:Tomb of pope Innocent IX.jpg|thumb|Tomb of Innocent IX in the Vatican Grottoes.]]
On 18 December, despite being ill, the pope made a pilgrimage of Rome's seven pilgrimage churches and caught a cold as a result. This became a heavy cough combined with a fever that led to his death shortly after he received [[Extreme Unction]].<ref name=Adams/>

Innocent IX died in the early morning of 30 December 1591. He was buried in the [[Vatican Grottoes]] in a simple tomb.

==See also==
*[[Cardinals created by Innocent IX]]
*[[Pope Innocent (disambiguation)|Popes named Innocent]]

{{commons category|Innocentius IX}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite encyclopedia |title=Innocent IX |first=Anne-Cecile |last=Germe-Tizon |encyclopedia=The Papacy |volume=2: Gaius-Proxies |editor-first1= Philippe |editor-last1=Levillain |editor-first2=John W. |editor-last2=O'Malley |publisher=Routledge |year=2002 |page=800}}
*{{cite book |chapter=The Concept of Humanist in Cinquecento Italy |first=Paul F. |last=Grendler |title=Renaissance: Studies in Honor of Hans Baron |editor-first1=Anthony |editor-last1=Molho |editor-first2=John A. |editor-last2=Tedeschi |publisher=Northern Illinois University Press |year=1971 }}
*{{cite book |title=Venice's Hidden Enemies: Italian Heretics in a Renaissance City |first=John |last=Martin |publisher=University of California Press |year=1993 }}
*{{cite book |first=Richard P. |last=McBrien |title=Lives of the Popes |publisher=HarperCollins |year=2000 }}
*{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08020a.htm |last=Weber |first=Nicholas |title=Pope Innocent IX |encyclopedia=The Catholic Encyclopedia |volume=8 |publisher=Robert Appleton Company |year=1910 }}

{{Catholic|wstitle=Pope Innocent IX}}

==External links==
*[http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1583.htm The Cardinals]
*[http://www.cravegna.it/chiesa/index.htm Cravegna official website] (in Italian)

{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|ca}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-vac|unknown}}
{{s-ttl|title= [[Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem|Titular Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem]]|years=1572–85}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Scipione Gonzaga]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Pope Gregory XIV|Gregory XIV]]}}
{{s-ttl|title= [[List of Popes|Pope]]|years=29 October&nbsp;– 30 December 1591}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Pope Clement VIII|Clement VIII]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Popes}}
{{Catholicism}}
{{History of the Catholic Church}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Portalbar|Biography|Catholicism|Christianity|History|Italy|Politics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Innocent 09}}
[[Category:1519 births]]
[[Category:1591 deaths]]
[[Category:Apostolic nuncios to the Republic of Venice]]
[[Category:Italian popes]]
[[Category:Latin Patriarchs of Jerusalem]]
[[Category:Participants in the Council of Trent]]
[[Category:People from the Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola]]
[[Category:Popes]]
[[Category:16th-century popes]]
[[Category:Burials at St. Peter's Basilica]]