Editing Pope Clement IV

{{Short description|Head of the Catholic Church from 1265 to 1268}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2011}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
 | type              = Pope
 | image             = Tour Ferrande - Clément IV & Charles 1er de Sicile (cropped).JPG
 | caption           = Clement IV depicted in a 13th century fresco
 | honorific-prefix  = [[List of popes|Pope]]
 | name              = Clement IV
 | title             = [[Bishop of Rome]]
 | birth_name        = Gui Foucois
 | church            = [[Catholic Church]]
 | term_start        = 5 February 1265
 | term_end          = 29 November 1268
 | predecessor       = [[Urban IV]]
 | successor         = [[Gregory X]]
<!---------- Orders ---------->
 | ordination        = 
 | ordinated_by      = 
 | consecration      = 1257
 | consecrated_by    = 
 | cardinal          = 17 December 1261
 | created_cardinal_by = [[Pope Urban IV|Urban IV]]
 | rank              = 
 | previous_post     = {{Indented plainlist|
* [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Le Puy-en-Velay|Bishop of Le Puy-en-Velay]] (1257–1259)
* [[Ancient Diocese of Narbonne|Archbishop of Narbonne]] (1259–1261)
* [[Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Sabina-Poggio Mirteto|Cardinal-Bishop of Sabina]] (1261–1265)
* Major Penitentiary (1263–1265)
* Legate to England (1263–1265)
}}
 | birth_date        = {{circa}} 23 November 1190
 | birth_place       = [[Saint-Gilles-du-Gard]], [[County of Toulouse]], [[France in the Middle Ages|Kingdom of France]]
 | death_date        = 29 November 1268 (aged 78)
 | death_place       = [[Viterbo]], [[Papal States]]
 | coat_of_arms      = C o a Clemente IV.svg
 | other             = Clement
}}
{{Ordination
| denomination = Roman Catholic
| ordained deacon by = 
| date of diaconal ordination = 
| place of diaconal ordination = 
| ordained priest by = 
| date of priestly ordination = 
| place of priestly ordination = 
| consecrated by = [[Raymond Amaury]]
| co-consecrators = 
| date of consecration = 1257
| place of consecration = 
| elevated by = 
| elevation date = 
| bishop 1 = [[Paperone de’ Papareschi]], [[Dominican Order|O.P.]]
| consecration date 1 = 27 June 1265
| bishop 2 = [[Marino de Eboli]]
| consecration date 2 = ?? ???? 1266
| bishop 3 = [[Giacomo de Castiglione]]
| consecration date 3 = March 1266
| bishop 4 = [[Ugolino Acquaviva]]
| consecration date 4 = ?? ???? 1266
| bishop 5 = [[Pedro Morella]]
| consecration date 5 = 12 October 1266
| bishop 6 = [[Pierre de Charny]]
| consecration date 6 = ?? ???? 1267
| bishop 7 = {{interlanguage link|Nicolas Lis|pl}}
| consecration date 7 = ?? ???? 1267
| bishop 8 = [[Archbishop Nicola]]
| consecration date 8 = ?? ???? 1267
| bishop 9 = [[Archbishop Hugues]]
| consecration date 9 = 20 June 1268
| bishop 10 = [[Archbishop Jean Rufus|Jean (Jon) Rufus (Raude)]]
| consecration date 10 = 24 June 1268
| bishop 11 = [[Juan Villahoz]]
| consecration date 11 = 3 September 1268
}}

'''Pope Clement IV''' ({{langx|la|Clemens IV}}; {{circa}} 23 November 1190 – 29 November 1268), born '''Gui Foucois''' ({{langx|la|Guido Falcodius}}; {{langx|fr|Guy de Foulques}} or ''{{lang|fr|Guy Foulques}}'')<ref>{{citation |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=g85Z7eeE9DwC&pg=PA129 129] |contribution=Clemens {{angle brackets|Papa, IV.}} |title=Personal Names of the Middle Ages }}.</ref> and also known as '''Guy le Gros''' ([[French language|French]] for "Guy the Fat"; {{langx|it|Guido il Grosso}}), was [[bishop of Le Puy]] (1257–1260), [[archbishop of Narbonne]] (1259–1261), [[cardinal of Sabina]] (1261–1265), and head of the [[Catholic Church]] from 5 February 1265 until his death. [[Papal election, 1264–1265|His election as pope]] occurred at a conclave held at [[Perugia]] that lasted four months while cardinals argued over whether to call in [[Charles I of Anjou]], the youngest brother of [[Louis IX of France]], to carry on the papal war against the [[Hohenstaufen]]s. Pope Clement was a patron of [[Thomas Aquinas]] and of [[Roger Bacon]], encouraging Bacon in the writing of his ''[[Opus Majus]]'', which included important treatises on [[optics]] and the [[scientific method]].

==Life before election==
Clement was born in [[Saint-Gilles-du-Gard]] in the [[County of Toulouse]], to a successful lawyer, Pierre Foucois, and his wife Marguerite Ruffi. At the age of nineteen, he enrolled as a soldier to fight the Moors in Spain. He then pursued the study of law in Toulouse, Bourges and Orleans, becoming a noted advocate in Paris. In the latter capacity he acted as secretary to [[Louis IX of France|King Louis IX]], to whose influence he was chiefly indebted for his elevation to the cardinalate. He married the daughter of Simon de Malbois and had two daughters. Upon the death of his wife, he followed his father's example and gave up secular life for the Church.<ref name=loughlin>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04019a.htm Loughlin, James. "Pope Clement IV." The Catholic Encyclopedia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417022550/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04019a.htm |date=April 17, 2016 }} Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. 2 January 2016</ref>

His rise was rapid. Ordained in the {{ill|abbey of Saint-Magloire|fr}}, Paris, he became pastor of Saint-Gilles in 1255. In 1257, he was appointed [[Bishop of Le Puy]]; in 1259, he was appointed [[Archbishop of Narbonne]]; and in December 1261, he became the first cardinal created by [[Pope Urban IV]], for the [[See of Sabina]].<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Clement/Clement IV|display=Clement s.v. Clement IV|volume=6|page=483|first=William Walker|last=Rockwell}}</ref> He was the [[papal legate]] in England between 1262 and 1264.<ref name=loughlin/> He was named a cardinal ([[Apostolic Penitentiary|grand penitentiary]]) in 1263.<ref name=Miranda>{{cite web| url = http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1261.htm#Foucois| title = Miranda, Salvador. "Foucois, Gui", ''Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church''| access-date = January 2, 2016| archive-date = May 20, 2013| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130520130636/http://www2.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1261.htm#Foucois| url-status = dead}}</ref>

==Pontificate==
In this period, the [[See of Rome]] was engaged in a conflict with [[Manfred, King of Sicily]], the illegitimate son and designated heir of [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II of Hohenstaufen]], but whom papal loyalists, the [[Guelf]]s, called "the usurper of [[Naples]]". Clement IV, who was in France at the time of his [[Papal election, 1264–65|election]], was compelled to enter [[Italy]] in disguise. He immediately took steps to ally himself with Charles of Anjou, his erstwhile patron's brother and the impecunious French claimant to the Neapolitan throne. Charles was willing to recognize the Pope as his [[Feudalism|feudal overlord]] (a bone of contention with the Hohenstaufens) and was crowned by cardinals in [[Rome]], where Clement IV, permanently established at [[Viterbo]], dared not venture, since the anti-papal [[Ghibelline]] party was so firmly in control there.<ref name=loughlin/>

Then, fortified with papal money and supplies, Charles marched into Naples. Having defeated and slain Manfred in the great [[Battle of Benevento]], Charles established himself firmly in the kingdom of [[Sicily]] at the conclusive [[Battle of Tagliacozzo]], in which [[Conradin]], the last of the house of [[Hohenstaufen]], was taken prisoner. Clement IV is said to have disapproved of the cruelties committed by his protégé, but the statement by [[Gregorovius]] that Clement IV became an accomplice by refusing to intercede for the unfortunate Conradin whom Charles had beheaded in the marketplace of Naples seems contentious. However, Gregorovius may be basing this conclusion on the position of Urban IV's predecessors, Innocent IV and Alexander IV, who were Conradin's official guardians.<ref>P. Touron, "Alexandre IV contre Manfred," Le Moyen Âge 69 (1963), pp. 391–99.</ref>

===Acts===
[[File:Clemens – Registres de Clément 4., 1893-1945 – BEIC 13794071.jpg|thumb|Collection of writings by Clemens, published in Paris between 1893 and 1945<ref>{{cite book|title=Registres de Clément IV|publisher=Thorin & fils|location=Paris|year=1893–1945|language=fr|url=https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=13794071}}</ref>]]

In 1264, Clement IV renewed the prohibition of the [[Talmud]] promulgated by [[Pope Gregory IX|Gregory IX]], who had it publicly burnt in France and in Italy. Though Clement did not condemn to death at the stake those who harboured copies of it,<ref>As reported, for example in Arsene Damestetter, ''The Talmud'', 1897:94.</ref> and, responding to a denunciation of the Talmud by [[Pablo Christiani]],<ref>Shlomo Simonsohn, ''The Apostolic See and the Jews'' (Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies) 1991:311.</ref> he ordered that the Jews of the [[Crown of Aragon]] submit their books to Dominican censors for expurgation.<ref>{{cite book | first = William | last = Popper| title = The Censorship of Hebrew Books | pages = 13–14 | publisher=Knickerbocker Press | year = 1889}}.</ref>

In February 1265 Clement summoned [[Thomas Aquinas]] to Rome to serve as papal theologian.<ref>''A Biographical Study of the Angelic Doctor'', by Placid Conway, O.P., Longmans, Green and Co., 1911, Part III: Evening, Chapter VI - His Writings: Second Period, {{cite web |url=http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/stt03003.htm |title=Saint Thomas Aquinas, by Placid Conway, OP |access-date=2013-02-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501085258/http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/stt03003.htm |archive-date=May 1, 2013 |df=mdy-all }} Accessed October 27, 2012</ref>  It was during this period that Aquinas also served as [[regent master]] for the Dominicans at Rome.<ref>Acta Capitulorum Provincialium, Provinciae Romanae Ordinis Praedicatorum, 1265, n. 12, in Corpus Thomisticum, http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/a65.html Accessed 4-8-2011</ref>  With the arrival of Aquinas the existing ''studium conventuale'' at [[Santa Sabina]], which had been founded in 1222, was transformed into the Order's first ''studium provinciale'' featuring the study of philosophy (''studia philosophiae'') as prescribed by Aquinas and others at the chapter of [[Valenciennes]] in 1259, an intermediate school between the ''studium conventuale'' and the ''studium generale''. This ''studium'' was the forerunner of the 16th century College of Saint Thomas at [[Santa Maria sopra Minerva]] and the [[Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas|Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, ''Angelicum'']]. In 1266, after the [[Battle of Benevento]], Pope Clement IV conceded for gratitude his coat of arms to the [[Guelphs and Ghibellines|Guelph Party]] of [[Florence]] as official approval to their supremacy and therefore they could take power in many of the other northern Italian cities. In 1267–68 Clement engaged in correspondence with the Mongol [[Ilkhanate]] rule [[Abaqa]]. The latter proposed a [[Franco-Mongol alliance]] between his forces, those of the West, and the [[Byzantine emperor]] [[Michael VIII Palaeologos]] (Abaqa's father-in-law). Pope Clement welcomed Abaqa's proposal in a non-committal manner, but did inform him of an upcoming Crusade. In 1267, Pope Clement IV and King [[James I of Aragon]] sent an ambassador to the Mongol ruler Abaqa in the person of [[Jayme Alaric de Perpignan]].<ref>Runciman, p. 330–331</ref> In his 1267 letter written from Viterbo, the Pope wrote:

{{blockquote|The kings of France and [[Navarre]], taking to heart the situation in the [[Holy Land]], and decorated with the [[Christian cross|Holy Cross]], are readying themselves to attack the enemies of the Cross. You wrote to us that you wished to join your father-in-law (the Greek emperor [[Michael VIII Palaiologos]]) to assist the Latins. We abundantly praise you for this, but we cannot tell you yet, before having asked to the rulers, what road they are planning to follow. We will transmit to them your advice, so as to enlighten their deliberations, and will inform your Magnificence, through a secure message, of what will have been decided.<ref>Quoted in Grousset, p. 644</ref>}}

Although Clement's successors continued to engage in diplomatic contacts with the Mongols for the rest of the century, they were never able to coordinate an actual alliance.<ref name=atwood-583>"Despite numerous envoys and the obvious logic of an alliance against mutual enemies, the papacy and the Crusaders never achieved the often-proposed alliance against Islam". Atwood, "Western Europe and the Mongol Empire" ''Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire'', p. 583</ref>

==Death and burial==

Within months Clement IV was dead as well, and was buried at the Dominican convent, [[Santa Maria in Gradi, Viterbo|Santa Maria in Gradi]], just outside [[Viterbo]], where he resided throughout his pontificate.<ref>Richard P. McBrien, ''Lives of the Popes'', (HarperCollins, 2000), 218.</ref> In 1885, his remains were transferred to the church, [[San Francesco alla Rocca]], in Viterbo.<ref>Richard P. McBrien, 218.</ref> Owing to irreconcilable divisions among the cardinals, the papal throne [[Papal election, 1268–1271|remained vacant for nearly three years]].

Clement IV's private character was praised by contemporaries for his asceticism, and he is especially commended for his indisposition to promote and enrich his own relatives. He also ordered the Franciscan scholar [[Roger Bacon]] to write the ''[[Opus Majus]]'', which is addressed to him.

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography|Christianity|History}}
*[[List of popes]]

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===

*{{cite book | author=Runciman, Steven | title=The Sicilian Vespers | url=https://archive.org/details/sicilianvesperst00runc | url-access=registration | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=1958 | isbn=978-0-521-43774-5}}
* {{Cite book| publisher = Perrin| last = Grousset| first = René| title = Histoire des croisades et du royaume franc de Jérusalem: 1131–1187, l'équilibre| year = 2006}}
*{{Cite book| edition = 1st| publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]]| last = Runciman| first = Steven|author-link=Steven Runciman| title = A history of the Crusades| location = Cambridge [Eng.]| year = 1951}}
* Jean Dunbabin, ''Charles I of Anjou: Power, Kingship and State-Making in Thirteenth-Century Europe'' (Addison Wesley Longman 1998; London-New York: Routledge 2014).

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Clemens IV|Pope Clement IV}}
*{{wikisource author-inline}}
* "[https://web.archive.org/web/20091009102650/http://www.clement4.com/ Le pape, le roy et l'alchimiste : Clémént IV – saint Louis – Roger Bacon]" by Laurent Ryder {{inlang|fr}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|ca}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Pope Urban IV|Urban IV]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Pope|years=1265–68}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Gregory X]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Popes}}
{{Catholicism}}
{{History of the Catholic Church}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Clement 04}}
[[Category:1195 births]]
[[Category:1268 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Saint-Gilles, Gard]]
[[Category:Cardinals created by Pope Urban IV]]
[[Category:Popes]]
[[Category:French popes]]
[[Category:Diplomats of the Holy See]]
[[Category:Cardinal-bishops of Sabina]]
[[Category:Bishops of Le Puy-en-Velay]]
[[Category:Archbishops of Narbonne]]
[[Category:13th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in France]]
[[Category:Major Penitentiaries of the Apostolic Penitentiary]]
[[Category:Viterbo Papacy]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:13th-century popes]]