Editing Pope Adrian VI

{{Short description|Head of the Catholic Church from 1522 to 1523}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Pope
| honorific-prefix = [[List of popes|Pope]]
| name = Adrian VI
| title = [[Bishop of Rome]]
| image = Portrait of Pope Adrian VI (by Jan van Scorel).jpg
| caption = Portrait after [[Jan van Scorel]], {{circa|1625}} {{avoid wrap|([[Centraal Museum]], [[Utrecht]])}}
| image_size = 
| birth_name = Adriaan Floriszoon Boeyens
| church = [[Catholic Church]]
| term_start = 9 January 1522
| term_end = 14 September 1523
| predecessor = [[Leo X]]
| successor = [[Clement VII]]
| ordination = 30 June 1490
| ordinated_by = 
| consecration = August 1516
| consecrated_by = [[Diego Ribera de Toledo]]
| cardinal = 1 July 1517
| created_cardinal_by = Leo X
| birth_date = 2 March 1459
| birth_place = [[Utrecht]], [[Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht|Bishopric of Utrecht]], [[Holy Roman Empire]]
| death_date = 14 September 1523 (aged 64)
| death_place = [[Rome]], [[Papal States]]
| buried = [[Santa Maria dell'Anima]], Rome
| previous_post = {{Indented plainlist|
* [[Bishop of Tortosa]] (1516–1522)
* [[Santi Giovanni e Paolo, Rome|Cardinal-Priest of Santi Giovanni e Paolo]] (1517–1522)
}}
| other = Adrian
| coat_of_arms = C o a Hadrianus VI.svg
| motto = ''Patere et sustine'' ("Respect and wait")
| nationality = Dutch
| signature = Signature of Cardinal Adriaan Florensz Boeyens (later Pope Adrian VI).svg{{!}}class=skin-invert
}}

{{Infobox popestyles
|image            = C o a Hadrianus VI.svg
|dipstyle         = [[His Holiness]]
|offstyle         = Your Holiness
|relstyle         = Holy Father
|deathstyle       = None
}}

'''Pope Adrian VI''' ({{langx|la|Hadrianus VI}}; {{langx|it|Adriano VI}}; {{langx|de|Hadrian VI.}}; {{langx|nl|Adrianus/Adriaan VI}}), born '''Adriaan Florensz Boeyens'''<ref>Dedel, according to ''[[Collier's Encyclopedia]]''.</ref> (2 March 1459&nbsp;– 14 September 1523), was head of the [[Catholic Church]] and ruler of the [[Papal States]] from 9 January 1522 until his death on 14 September 1523. The only [[Dutch people|Dutchman]] to become [[pope]], he was the last non-Italian pope until the Polish [[John Paul II]] 455 years later.

Born in the [[Episcopal principality of Utrecht]] of the [[Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation]], Adrian studied at the [[Old University of Leuven|University of Leuven]] in the [[Low Countries]], where he rose to the position of professor of theology, also serving as its [[rector (academia)|rector]] (the equivalent of president or [[Chancellor (education)#Vice-chancellor|vice-chancellor]]). In 1507, he became the tutor of the future [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]], who later trusted him as both his [[Ambassador|emissary]] and his [[regent]]. In 1516, Charles, now King of [[Crown of Castile|Castile]] and [[Crown of Aragon|Aragon]], appointed Adrian [[bishop of Tortosa]], Spain, and soon thereafter [[Grand Inquisitor]] of the kingdoms of Aragon and Castile. [[Pope Leo X]] made him a cardinal in 1517 and after Leo's death he was elected pope in 1522 as a compromise candidate.

Adrian came to the papacy in the midst of one of its greatest crises, threatened not only by [[Lutheranism]] to the north but also by the advance of the [[Ottoman Turks]] to the east. He refused to compromise with Lutheranism theologically, demanding [[Martin Luther|Luther]]'s condemnation as a [[heretic]]. However, he is noted for having attempted to [[Counter-Reformation|reform]] the Catholic Church administration in response to the [[Protestant Reformation]]. Adrian's admission that the [[Roman Curia]] itself was at fault for the turmoil in the Church was read at the 1522–1523 [[Diet of Nuremberg]].

His efforts at reform proved fruitless, as they were resisted by most of his contemporaries, and he did not live long enough to see his efforts through to their conclusion. He was succeeded by the second [[Medici]] pope, [[Clement VII]]. Adrian VI and [[Marcellus II]] are the only popes of the modern era to retain their [[baptismal name]]s after their election. Adrian VI is the last pope to date to take on the pontifical name "Adrian".

==Early life==
[[Image:Geboortehuis van Paus Adriaan.jpg|thumb|upright|Pope Adrian VI's birthplace in [[Utrecht (city)|Utrecht]]]]
Adriaan Florensz was born on 2 March 1459 in the city of [[Utrecht (city)|Utrecht]], which was then the capital of the Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht,<ref name=loughlin/> a part of the [[Burgundian Netherlands]] in the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. He was born into modest circumstances as the son of Florens Boeyensz, also born in Utrecht, and his wife Geertruid. He had three older brothers, Jan, Cornelius, and Claes.<ref>Rodocanachi, p. 301.</ref>  Adrian consistently signed with ''Adrianus Florentii'' or ''Adrianus de Traiecto'' ("Adrian of Utrecht") in later life, suggesting that his family did not yet have a surname but used patronymics only.<ref name=martens>Jos Martens, [http://histoforum.net/recensies/adrianus.html Bio and review of Verweij book] at Histoforum Magazine.</ref>

Adrian was probably raised in a house on the corner of the Brandstraat and Oude Gracht that was owned by his grandfather Boudewijn (Boeyen, for short). His father, a carpenter and likely [[shipwright]], died when Adrian was 10 years or younger.<ref>Gerard Weel [http://www.gerardweel.nl/adrianus/adrianus_1.php  Life and times of Adrian of Utrecht] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025172453/http://www.gerardweel.nl/adrianus/adrianus_1.php |date=25 October 2014 }} (in Dutch)</ref> Adrian studied from a very young age under the [[Brethren of the Common Life]], either at [[Zwolle]] or [[Deventer]] and was also a student of the [[Latin school]] (now ''Gymnasium Celeanum'') in [[Zwolle]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Coster |title=Metamorfoses|pages=17, 19 |chapter=De Latijnse School te Zwolle }} Rodocanachi, p. 301-302.</ref>

==Leuven==
In June 1476, he started his studies at the [[Old University of Leuven|University of Leuven]],<ref>The date was 1 June 1476 according to the ''Matriculation Register'': Rodocanachi, p. 302 and n. 1.</ref> where he pursued philosophy, [[theology]] and [[Canon law (Catholic Church)|Canon Law]], thanks to a scholarship granted by [[Margaret of York]], Duchess of Burgundy. In 1478 he had the title of ''Primus Philosophiae'', as well as that of ''Magister Artium''  (that is, he took his undergraduate degree). In 1488 he was chosen by the Faculty of Arts to be their representative on the Council of the university.<ref>Rodocanachi, p. 302.</ref>

On 30 June 1490, Adrian was ordained a priest.<ref>David Cheney, ''Catholic-Hierarchy:''  [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bflo.html ''Adrian Florenszoom Dedel''.] Retrieved: 14 May 2016.</ref>

After the regular 12 years of study, Adrian became a [[Doctorate|Doctor]] of Theology in 1491. He had been a teacher at the university since 1490, was chosen [[vice-chancellor]] of the university in 1493, and [[dean (religion)|Dean]] of [[St. Peter's Church, Leuven|St. Peter's]] in 1498. In the latter function he was permanent vice-chancellor of the university and de facto in charge of hiring. His lectures were published, as recreated from his students' notes; among those who attended was the young [[Erasmus]]. Adrian offered him a professorate in 1502, but Erasmus refused.<ref name=martens/>

In November 1506 [[Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy]], became [[Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands]] and chose Adrian as her advisor. The next year [[Emperor Maximilian I]] appointed him also tutor to his seven-year-old grandson, and Margaret's nephew, who in 1519 became [[Emperor Charles V]]. By 1512 Adrian was Charles's advisor, and his court obligations were so time-consuming that he quit his positions at the university.<ref name=martens/>

==Spain==
In 1515, Charles sent Adrian to Spain to convince his maternal grandfather, [[Ferdinand II of Aragon]], that the Spanish lands should come under his rule, and not Charles's Spanish-born younger brother [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand]], whom his grandfather had in mind. Adrian succeeded in that just before Ferdinand's death in January 1516.<ref name=martens/> Ferdinand of Aragon,<ref>Paolo Giovio, ''Vita Hadriani VI'',  p. 119.</ref> and subsequently Charles V, appointed Adrian [[Bishop of Tortosa]], which was approved by Pope Leo X on 18 August 1516.<ref>Gulik and Eubel, p. 186.</ref> He was consecrated by Bishop Diego Ribera de Toledo.

On 14 November 1516 the King commissioned him [[Inquisitor]] General of Aragon.

In his fifth Consistory for the creation of cardinals, on 1 July 1517, [[Pope Leo X]] (1513–21) named thirty-one [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinals]] among whom was Adrianus de Traiecto,<ref name=loughlin/> naming him [[Cardinal-Priest]] of the [[Basilica]] of [[Santi Giovanni e Paolo, Rome|Santi Giovanni e Paolo]] on the [[Caelian Hill]].<ref>Gulik and Eubel, pp. 16 and 63.</ref>

During the minority of Charles V, Adrian was named to serve with Cardinal [[Francisco Jimenez de Cisneros]] as [[List of Spanish regents|co-regent of Spain]]. After the death of Jimenez, Adrian was appointed (14 March 1518) General of the Reunited [[Inquisition]]s of [[Crown of Castile|Castile]] and [[Crown of Aragon|Aragon]], in which capacity he acted until his departure for [[Rome]].<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=1|wstitle=Adrian (popes) |display=Adrian |volume=1 |page=216}}</ref> When Charles V left Spain for the Netherlands in 1520, he appointed Cardinal Adrian [[Regent of Spain]], during which time he had to deal with the [[Revolt of the Comuneros]].
[[File:Pope Adrian VI.JPG|thumb|Pope Adrian VI, 1598 engraving by [[Théodore Galle]]]]

==Papal election==
{{Main|1521–22 Papal conclave}}
In the conclave after the death of the Medici [[Pope Leo X]], Leo's cousin, Cardinal [[Pope Clement VII|Giulio de' Medici]], was the leading figure. With Spanish and French cardinals in a deadlock, the absent Adrian was proposed as a compromise and on 9 January 1522 he was elected by an almost unanimous vote. Charles V was delighted upon hearing that his tutor had been elected to the papacy but soon realised that Adrian VI was determined to reign impartially. [[Francis I of France]], who feared that Adrian would become a tool of the Emperor, and had uttered threats of a schism, later relented and sent an embassy to present his homage.<ref>Baumgartner, p. 95</ref>

Fears of a Spanish [[Avignon Papacy|Avignon]] based on the strength of his relationship with the Emperor as his former tutor and regent proved baseless, and Adrian, having notified the College of Cardinals of his acceptance,<ref>{{cite book|author=Adrian VI|title=Copia Brevis S. D. N. Adriani VI. in summum Pontificem electi, ad sacrosanctum Cardinalium Collegium|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=we9aAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR6|year=1522|location=Caesaraugusta (Saragossa)|language=la}}</ref> left for Italy after six months of preparations and trying to decide which route to take, making his solemn entry into Rome on 29 August. He had forbidden elaborate decorations, and many people stayed away for fear of the plague that was raging. Pope Adrian was crowned at [[St. Peter's Basilica]] on 31 August 1522, at the age of 63.<ref>Baumgartner, pp. 97–98</ref>

==Papacy==
{{see also|Cardinals created by Adrian VI}}
He immediately entered upon the path of the reformer. The 1908 edition of the ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' characterised the task that faced him:

:''"To extirpate inveterate abuses; to reform a court which thrived on corruption, and detested the very name of reform; to hold in leash young and warlike princes, ready to bound at each other's throats; to stem the rising torrent of revolt in Germany; to save Christendom from the [[Ottoman Empire|Turks]], who from [[Belgrade]] now threatened [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]], and if [[Hospitaller Rhodes|Rhodes]] fell would be masters of the [[Mediterranean]] - these were herculean labours for one who was in his sixty-third year, had never seen Italy, and was sure to be despised by the Romans as a 'barbarian'.''<ref name=loughlin>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Pope Adrian VI}}</ref>

His plan was to attack notorious abuses one by one; however, in his attempt to improve the system of [[indulgences]] he was hampered by his cardinals.  He found reduction of the number of [[Dispensation (canon law)|matrimonial dispensation]]s to be impossible, as the income had been farmed out for years in advance by [[Pope Leo X]].<ref name="EB1911"/>

[[File:Portrait of Pope Adrian VI.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Pope Adrian VI (1568)]]
Adrian VI was not successful as a peacemaker among Christian princes, whom he hoped to unite in a war against the Turks. In August 1523 he was forced into an alliance with the [[Holy Roman Empire|Empire]], [[Kingdom of England|England]], and [[Republic of Venice|Venice]] against [[Kingdom of France|France]]; meanwhile, in 1522 [[Suleiman the Magnificent]] (1520–66) had conquered Rhodes.<ref>[https://catholicsaints.info/new-catholic-dictionary-pope-adrian-vi/ "Pope Adrian VI". ''New Catholic Dictionary''] CatholicSaints.Info. 18 October 2018</ref>

In his reaction to the early stages of the [[Lutheran]] revolt, Adrian VI did not completely understand the gravity of the situation. At the [[Diet of Nuremberg]], which opened in December 1522, he was represented by [[Francesco Chieregati]], whose private instructions contain the frank admission that the disorder of the Church was perhaps the fault of the [[Roman Curia]] itself, and that it should be reformed.<ref>Pigafetta, Antonio and Theodore J. Cachey, ''The first voyage around the world, 1519–1522'', (University of Toronto Press, 2007), 128.</ref><ref>Hans Joachim Hillerbrand, ''The division of Christendom: Christianity in the sixteenth century'', (Westminster John Knox Press, 2007), 141.</ref> However, the former professor and Inquisitor General was strongly opposed to any change in doctrine, and demanded that [[Martin Luther]] be punished for teaching [[Christian heresy|heresy]].<ref name="EB1911"/>

He made only one cardinal in the course of his pontificate, [[Willem van Enckevoirt]], made a [[cardinal-priest]] in a [[papal consistory|consistory]] held on 10 September 1523.<ref>[[Petrus Johannes Blok|P.J. Block]] and [[Philipp Christiaan Molhuysen|P.C. Molhuysen]] (1912), ''Nieuw Nederlandsch biographisch woordenboek(NNBW), deel 2'', part 2, p. 437. [https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/molh003nieu02_01/molh003nieu02_01_0948.php Free digitalised version] {{in lang|nl}}</ref>

Adrian VI held no beatifications in his pontificate but canonized Saints [[Antoninus of Florence]] and [[Benno of Meissen]] on 31 May 1523.<ref>{{Catholic |last=McMahon |first=Arthur Lawrence |wstitle=St. Antoninus |volume=1 |inline=1 |prescript=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Heuser |first=Herman Joseph |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ovnNAAAAMAAJ&dq=adrian+vi+benno+meissen+1523&pg=PA265 |title=The American Ecclesiastical Review |date=1948 |publisher=Catholic University of America Press |pages=265 |language=en}}</ref>

Charles V's ambassador in Rome, [[Juan Manuel, lord of Belmonte]], wrote that he was worried that Charles's influence over Adrian waned after Adrian's election, writing "The Pope is 'deadly afraid' of the College of Cardinals. He does whatever two or three cardinals write to him in the name of the college."<ref>British History Online. ([http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/spain/vol2/pp412-419 15 April 1522 entry])</ref>

==Death==
[[File:SantaMariaAnima-TombaAdrianoVI01-SteO153.JPG|thumb|The funeral monument for Adrian VI in [[Santa Maria dell'Anima]] in [[Rome]]]]
Adrian VI died in Rome on 14 September 1523, after one year, eight months and six days as pope.<ref name=loughlin/> Most of his official papers were lost after his death. He published ''Quaestiones in quartum sententiarum praesertim circa sacramenta'' (Paris, 1512, 1516, 1518, 1537; Rome, 1522), and ''Quaestiones quodlibeticae XII.'' (1st ed., Leuven, 1515).<ref name="EB1911" /> He is buried in the [[Santa Maria dell'Anima]] church in Rome.<ref name=loughlin/>

He bequeathed property in the Low Countries for the foundation of a college at the University of Leuven that became known as [[Pope's College, Leuven|Pope's College]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gordon |first1=Bruce |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cQwyAQAAQBAJ&dq=pope%2527s+college+leuven+adrian&pg=PA247 |title=Shaping the Bible in the Reformation: Books, Scholars and Their Readers in the Sixteenth Century |last2=McLean |first2=Matthew |date=22 June 2012 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-22950-1 |pages=247 (footnote 32) |language=en}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
[[File:Engraving of the birthhouse of pope hadrian.jpg|thumb|The birth house of Pope Adrian and accompanying poem. Detail of an engraving of 'Famous Dutch Men and Women'.]]

The first series of engravings used to educate Dutch school children at the turn of the 18th century includes Adrian VI in its woodcut on 'Famous Dutch Men and Women' with the following poem:
:''In Utrecht wijst men nog dit huis den vreemdeling aan, ''
:''En noemt het om zijn naam 't huis van Paus Adriaan,''
:''Nog praalt 's mans borstbeeld in den gevel. Min verheven''
:''Was 't het stamhuis van dien Paus, een schuitemakers zoon,''
:''Zijn naam blijft nog vol lof op duizend tongen zweeven,''
:''Kort droeg hij, maar met roem, de pauselijke kroon.'''

:''In Utrecht they still point out this house to strangers,''
:''And name it after him: the house of pope Adrian,''
:''Still his bust stands in its [[façade]]. Less elevated''
:''Was the ancestry of this pope, the son of a boat builder,''
:''His name is still proudly spoken by thousands of tongues,''
:''Only briefly, but with honor, he wore the papal crown.''

Pope Adrian VI appears as a character in [[Christopher Marlowe]]'s stage drama ''[[Doctor Faustus (play)|The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus]]'' (1604).<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/779/779-h/779-h.htm#2H_4_0002 |title=The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus |first=Christopher |last=Marlowe |chapter=Dramatis Personae |via=Project Gutenberg |year=1604}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |last=Baumgartner |first=Frederic J. |year=2003 |title=Behind Locked Doors: A History of the Papal Elections |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=0-312-29463-8 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/behindlockeddoor00fred }}
*{{cite book|first1=Peter G. |last1=Bietenholz|first2=Thomas Brian |last2=Deutscher|title=Contemporaries of Erasmus: A Biographical Register of the Renaissance and Reformation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hruQ386SfFcC&pg=PR6-IA3|date=6 September 2003|publisher=University of Toronto Press|location=Toronto|isbn=978-0-8020-8577-1|pages=5–9}}
*Creighton, Mandell. ''A History of The Papacy during the Period of the Reformation'' Volume V (London 1894).
*{{cite book|last=Creighton|first=Mandell |title=A History of the Papacy from the Great Schism to the Sack of Rome|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IyYRAAAAYAAJ|volume=VI|year=1897|publisher=Longmans, Green, and Company|location=London|isbn=9780837077819 }}
* Domarus, M. v. "Die Quellen zur Geschichte des Papstes Hadrian VI.," ''Historisches Jahrbuch'' 16 (München 1895), 70–91.
*{{cite book|last=Giovio|first=Paolo |title=Vita Leonis Decimi, pontifici maximi: libri IV...Hadriani VI... et Pompeii Columnae...|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VrVQAAAAcAAJ|year=1551|publisher=Lorenzo Torrentini|location=Florence|language=la}}
*Gregorovius, Ferdinand. ''The History of Rome in the Middle Ages'' (translated from the fourth German edition by A. Hamilton) Volume 8 part 2 [Book XIV, Chapter 4-5] (London 1902)
* Gross, Ernie. ''This Day In Religion.'' New York:Neal-Schuman Publishers, Inc, 1990. {{ISBN|1-55570-045-4}}.
*{{cite book|author1=Gulik, Guilelmus van|author2=Konrad Eubel|editor=L. Schmitz-Kallenberg|title=Hierarchia catholica medii aevi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R1iB4_0XlXoC|edition=editio altera|volume=III|year=1923|publisher=sumptibus et typis librariae Regensbergianae|location=Münster|language=la}}
*{{cite book|author=((Karl Adolf Constantin, Ritter von Höfler))|title=Papst Adrian VI. 1522–1523|url=https://archive.org/details/papstadrianvi01hfgoog|year=1880|publisher=Wilhelm Braumüller|location=Vienna|language=de}}
* Luther, Martin. ''Luther's Correspondence and Other Contemporary Letters,'' 2 vols., tr.and ed. by Preserved Smith, Charles Michael Jacobs, The Lutheran Publication Society, Philadelphia, Pa. 1913, 1918. [https://books.google.com/books?id=m4r3cwHjnvUC&dq=%22Luther%27s+Correspondence+and+Other+Contemporary+Letters%22&pg=PA1 vol.I (1507–1521)] and [https://books.google.com/books?id=oEy_3aDT61sC&q=%22%09Luther%27s+Correspondence+and+Other+Contemporary+Letters%22 vol.2 (1521–1530)] from [[Google Books]]. Reprint of Vol.1, Wipf & Stock Publishers (March 2006). {{ISBN|1-59752-601-0}}
* Malerba, Luigi. ''Le maschere'', Milan: A. Mondadori, 1995. {{ISBN|88-04-39366-1}}
*{{cite journal|last1=McNally|first1=Robert E.|title=Pope Adrian VI (1522-23) and Church Reform|journal=Archivum Historiae Pontificiae|date=1969|volume=7|pages=253–285|jstor=23563708}}
*Pasolini, Guido.  ''Adriano VI. Saggio Storico''  (Rome, 1913).
*Pastor, Ludwig. ''History of the Popes'' (tr. R.F. Kerr) Volume VIII (St. Louis 1908).
*Paulus Jovius, "Vita Hadriani VI," in Gaspar Burmann, ''Analecta historica de Hadriano Sexto'' (Utrecht 1727) 85–150.
*{{cite journal|last1=Rodocanachi|first1=E.|title=La jeunesse d' Adrien VI|journal=Revue Historique|date=1931|volume=56|issue=2|pages=300–307|jstor=40944759}}
* [[:fr:Michiel Verweij|Verweij, Michiel]]. ''Adrianus VI (1459–1523): de tragische paus uit de Nederlanden'', Antwerpen & Apeldoorn: Garant Publishers, 2011. {{ISBN|90-44-12664-4}}

==Further reading==
* {{citation |last=Coster |first=Wim |title=Metamorfoses. Een geschiedenis van het Gymnasium Celeanum | year=2003 |publisher= Waanders |location=Zwolle |isbn=978-90-400-8847-6 }}
* {{Citation | last = Creighton | first =  Mandell | author-link  = Mandell Creighton | title = A History of the Papacy from the Great Schism to the Sack of Rome | volume = 6 | location = New York| publisher = Longmans, Green | year = 1919 }}
* {{citation |last= Duke |first= Alastair |contribution= The Elusive Netherlands: The Question of National Identity in the Early Modern Low Countries on the Eve of the Revolt |editor-last= Duke |editor-first= Alastair | editor2-last = Pollmann | editor2-first = Judith | editor3-last = Spicer  | editor3-first = Andrew | title= Dissident identities in the early modern Low Countries |year= 2009 |publisher= Ashgate Publishers |location= Farnham |isbn= 978-0-7546-5679-1  |pages=9–57 }}
* {{citation | last = Frey | first = Rebecca Joyce | title = Fundamentalism | publisher = Infobase Publishing | year = 2007 | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-8160-6767-1 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/fundamentalism0000frey }}
* {{citation |last= Howell |first= Robert B.  |contribution= The Low Countries: A Study in Sharply Contrasting Nationalisms |editor-last= Barbour |editor-first= Stephen | editor2-last = Carmichael| editor2-first = Cathie | title= Language and nationalism in Europe |year= 2000 |publisher= Oxford University Press |location= Oxford |isbn= 978-0-19-823671-9 |pages=130–50 }}
* {{Citation | last = Schlabach | first = Gerald W. | title = Unlearning Protestantism: Sustaining Christian Community in an Unstable Age | location = Grand Rapids | publisher = Brazos Press | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-1-58743-111-1 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/unlearningprotes0000schl }}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Hadrianus VI}}
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=oEy_3aDT61sC&dq=%22%09Luther%27s+Correspondence+and+Other+Contemporary+Letters%22&pg=PA141 Pope Adrian VI to Francesco Chieregati, Nov. 25, 1522]
* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03658b.htm Luther, corruption in the Catholic Church, the need for reform, etc.]
* [http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/01_01_1522-1523-_Hadrianus_VI.html Writings of Pope Adrian VI in Latin]
* [http://catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bflo.html Pope Hadrian VI] at [[Catholic-Hierarchy.org]] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]

{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|ca}}
{{s-bef|rows=2|before=[[Luis Mercader Escolano]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Grand Inquisitor]] of Spain|years=1516–1522}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Alonso Manrique de Lara]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Bishop of Tortosa]]|years=1516–1522}}
{{s-aft|rows=2|after=[[Willem van Enckenvoirt]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Francisco de Remolins]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Cardinal-Priest of [[Santi Giovanni e Paolo, Rome|Ss. Giovanni e Paolo]]|years=1517–1522}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Leo X]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Pope]]|years=1522–1523}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Clement VII]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Popes}}
{{Catholicism}}
{{History of the Catholic Church}}

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