Editing Pomacanthidae

{{Cleanup section|reason=Many claims are missing citations, and there is also a tone problem. Some content is also in the wrong sections.|date=February 2025}}
{{Short description|Family of fishes}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Marine angelfish
| image = Beauty and Brains (8457803488).jpg
| image_caption = [[French angelfish]] (''Pomacanthus paru'')
| taxon = Pomacanthidae
| authority = [[David Starr Jordan|Jordan]] & [[Barton Warren Evermann|Evermann]], 1898<ref name = VDLEF>{{cite journal | author1 = Richard van der Laan | author2 = William N. Eschmeyer | author3 = Ronald Fricke | name-list-style = amp |year=2014 | title = Family-group names of Recent fishes | url = https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3882.1.1/10480 | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 3882 | issue =2 | pages = 001–230| doi = 10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1 | pmid = 25543675 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision = See text
}}

'''Marine angelfish''' are [[perciform]] [[fish]] of the family '''Pomacanthidae'''. They are found on shallow [[reef]]s in the tropical [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]], [[Indian Ocean|Indian]], and mostly western [[Pacific Ocean]]s.  The family contains seven genera and about 86 species. They should not be confused with the [[freshwater angelfish]], tropical [[cichlid]]s of the [[Amazon Basin]].

==Description==
[[Image:Regal angelfish.jpg|left|thumbnail|[[Royal angelfish]] (''Pygoplites diacanthus'') from [[East Timor]]]]
With their bright colours and deep, laterally compressed bodies, marine angelfishes are some of the more conspicuous residents of the [[reef]]. They most closely resemble the [[butterflyfish]]es, a related family of similarly showy reef fish. Marine angelfish are distinguished from butterflyfish by the presence of strong [[Operculum (fish)|preopercle]] spines (part of the [[gill]] covers) in the former. This feature also explains the family name Pomacanthidae; from the [[Greek language|Greek]] πομα, ''poma'' meaning "cover" and ακάνθα, ''akantha'' meaning "thorn".

Many species of marine angelfishes have streamer-like extensions of the soft [[dorsal fin|dorsal]] and [[anal fin]]s. The fish have small mouths, relatively large [[pectoral fin]]s, and rounded to lunate tail fins. The largest species, the [[gray angelfish]], ''Pomacanthus arcuatus'', may reach a length of {{convert|60|cm|abbr=on}}; at the other extreme, members of the genus ''[[Centropyge]]'' do not exceed {{convert|15|cm|abbr=on}}. A length of {{convert|20|to|30|cm|abbr=on}} is typical for the rest of the family. The smaller species are popular amongst [[Aquarium|aquarist]]s, whereas the largest species are occasionally sought as a food fish; however,  [[ciguatera poisoning]] has been reported as a result of eating marine angelfish.

Angelfish vary in color and are very hardy fish. When kept in aquariums they can easily adapt to pH and hardness changes in water and can handle conditions that are not considered to be perfect. They are usually a long-living species and are easy to care for. They were very expensive in the aquarium trade when first discovered, but have become more popular and therefore less pricey.

The [[queen angelfish]] grows to be {{convert|45|cm|abbr=on}}. With neon blue and yellow scales and [[iridescent]] purple and orange markings, surprisingly it is not conspicuous, and actually hides very well, and is very shy.

As juveniles, some species are different colors than when they reach adulthood. For example, the Blue Angelfish is a vibrant, electric blue color with black and white stripes or spots. When they reach adulthood, they turn a grayish color with yellow and blue fins and dark spots on their bodies.

==Behavior==
[[File:Bluering Angelfish.jpg|thumb|Blue ring angelfish ''[[Pomacanthus annularis]]'' at Bomb bay, Netrani Island, India]]The larger species are also quite bold and seemingly fearless; they are known to approach divers. While the majority adapts easily to captive life, some are specialist feeders which are difficult to maintain. Feeding habits can be strictly defined through genus, with ''[[Genicanthus]]'' species feeding on [[zooplankton]] and ''[[Centropyge]]'' preferring filamentous [[alga]]e. Other species focus on sessile [[benthic]] [[invertebrate]]s; [[sea sponge|sponge]]s, [[tunicate]]s, [[bryozoa]]ns, and [[hydroid (zoology)|hydroids]] are staples. On Caribbean coral reefs, angelfishes primarily eat sponges, and have an important role in preventing the overgrowth of reef-building corals by eating faster-growing sponge species.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Chemical defenses and resource trade-offs structure sponge communities on Caribbean coral reefs|journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date = 2014|pmid = 24567392|pages = 4151–4156|volume = 111|issue = 11|doi = 10.1073/pnas.1321626111|first1 = T-L|last1 = Loh|first2 = JR|last2 = Pawlik|pmc=3964098|bibcode = 2014PNAS..111.4151L|doi-access = free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lgPuNMJdgrk|title = Angels on the Pinnacle| website=[[YouTube]] | date=18 July 2013 |quote = French and gray angelfishes eating sponges on Conch Reef, Florida Keys.}}</ref>

Most marine angelfishes restrict themselves to the shallows of the reef, seldom venturing deeper than {{convert|50|m|abbr=on}}. The recently described ''Centropyge abei'' is known to inhabit depths of {{convert|150|m|abbr=on}}. They are [[diurnal animal|diurnal]] animals, hiding amongst the nooks and crevices of the reef by night. Some species are solitary in nature and form highly territorial mated pairs; others form [[harem (zoology)|harem]]s with a single male dominant over several females. As juveniles, some species may eke out a living as [[cleaner fish]].

===Reproduction===
Common to many species is a dramatic shift in coloration associated with maturity. For example, young male [[ornate angelfish]], ''[[Genicanthus]] bellus'', have broad, black bands and are indistinguishable from females; as they mature, bright orange bands develop on the flanks and back.  Thought to correspond to social rank, these colour shifts are not necessarily confined to males; all marine angelfish species are known to be [[protogynous hermaphrodite]]s. This means that if the dominant male of a harem is removed, a female will turn into a functional male.

As [[pelagic]] spawners, marine angelfishes release many tiny buoyant eggs into the water which then become part of the [[plankton]]. The [[egg (biology)|eggs]] float freely with the currents until hatching, with a high number falling victim to planktonic feeders.

In aquariums, two fish usually will breed within their community but will harass other fish in the tank, so it is best they have their own with plenty of room.

== Taxonomy ==
{{commons category|Pomacanthidae}}

The Pomacanthidae is frequently placed within the large order Perciformes but taxonomists have also placed the family within the order Acanthuriformes, alongside the Chaetodontidae and Acanthuridae, among others.<ref name = ETYFish>{{cite web | url = http://www.etyfish.org/acanthuriformes1/ | title =Order ACANTHURIFORMES (part 1): Families LOBOTIDAE, POMACANTHIDAE, DREPANEIDAE and CHAETODONTIDAE | work = The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database | accessdate = 23 February 2021 | date = 21 July 2020 | author1 = Christopher Scharpf | author2 = Kenneth J. Lazara | name-list-style = amp | publisher = Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref> Other authorities have resolved the family as ''[[incertae sedis]]''.<ref name = deepfin>{{cite journal  | author1 = Ricardo Betancur-R | author2 = Edward O. Wiley | author3 = Gloria Arratia | author4 = Arturo Acero | author5 = Nicolas Bailly | author6 = Masaki Miya | author7 = Guillaume Lecointre | author8 = Guillermo Ortí | display-authors = 3 | year = 2017 | title = Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 17 | issue = 162 (2017) | page = 162 | doi = 10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3| pmid = 28683774 | pmc = 5501477 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2017BMCEE..17..162B }}</ref>

There are 88 species in eight genera:<ref name = Fishbase>{{FishBase family|family=Pomacanthidae|month=December|2019}}</ref><ref name = CofF>{{Cof family | family = Pomacanthidae | access-date = 8 January 2021}}</ref> 

The more speciose genera are, generally speaking, widely distributed, however some species, especially of the Centropyge genus, are range restricted or endemic to specific islands or small island groups. 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Image !! Genus  !!  Number of Extant Species
|-
|[[File: Apolemichthys xanthurus.JPG |120px]]|| ''[[Apolemichthys]]'' <small>[[Maurice Burton|M. Burton]], 1934</small>||  8
|-
|[[File:Flame angelfish (Centropyge loricula).jpg|120px]]|| ''[[Centropyge]]'' <small>[[Johann Jakob Kaup|Kaup]], 1860</small> ||  35
|-
|[[File:Bluestriped angelfish Chaetodontoplus septentrionalis Side 1883px.jpg|120px]]|| ''[[Chaetodontoplus]]'' <small>[[Pieter Bleeker|Bleeker]], 1876</small> ||  13
|-
|[[File:Genicanthus personatus NOAA.jpg|120px]]|| ''[[Genicanthus]]'' <small>[[William Swainson|Swainson]], 1839</small> ||  10
|-
|[[File:Holacanthus ciliaris 2.jpg|120px]]|| ''[[Holacanthus]]'' <small>[[Bernard Germain de Lacépède|Lacépède]], 1803</small> || 8
|-
|[[File:Centropyge multifasciata.jpg|120x120px]]|| ''[[Paracentropyge]]'' <small>[[Warren E. Burgess|W. E. Burgess]], 1992</small> ||  1
|-
|[[File:Pomocanthus imperator facing right.jpg|120px]]|| ''[[Pomacanthus]]''  <small> Lacépède, 1802</small> ||  13
|-
|[[File:Pygoplites diacanthus 01.jpg|120px]]|| ''[[Pygoplites]]''  <small>[[Alec Fraser-Brunner|Fraser-Brunner]], 1933</small> ||  1
|-
|}

==Timeline==

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 from: -55.8   till:  -33.9    color:eocene  text:[[Eocene]] 
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 from: -33.9   till:  -23.03    color:oligocene  text:[[Oligocene]]            
 from: -23.03    till: -5.332    color:miocene    text:[[Miocene]]
 from: -5.332    till: -2.588    color:pliocene    text:[[Plio.]]
 from: -2.588    till: -0.0117   color:pleistocene    text:[[Pleist.]]
 from: -0.0117    till: 0    color:holocene    text:[[Holocene|H.]]

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 from: -65.5   till:  -23.03    color:paleogene  text:[[Paleogene]]         
 from: -23.03    till: -2.588    color:neogene    text:[[Neogene]]
 from: -2.588    till: 0   color:quaternary    text:[[Quaternary|Q.]]

</timeline>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Further reading===
* {{FishBase family|family=Pomacanthidae|year=2005|month=November}}

==External links==
* Skaphandrus.com [https://web.archive.org/web/20151124005904/http://skaphandrus.com/en/underwater-photography/photos?family=210 Pomacanthidae photos]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q320913}}

[[Category:Pomacanthidae| ]]
[[Category:Acanthuriformes families]]
[[Category:Marine fish families]]
[[Category:Taxa named by David Starr Jordan]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Barton Warren Evermann]]