Editing Politics of Rwanda

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{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox political system
| name                          = Politics of Rwanda
| native_name                   = Politiki y'u Rwanda ([[Kinyarwanda language|Kinyarwanda]])<br />Politique en Rwanda ([[French language|French]])<br />Siasa ya Rwanda ([[Swahili language|Swahili]])
| image                         = Coat of arms of Rwanda.svg
| image_size                    = 100
| caption                       = [[Seal of Rwanda]]
| type                          = ''[[De facto]]'': [[one-party state]]<br />Nominally [[Unitary state|unitary]] [[Dominant-party system|dominant-party]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]] [[Constitutionalism|constitutional]] [[republic]]
| constitution                  = [[Constitution of Rwanda]]
| legislature                   = [[Parliament of Rwanda|Parliament]]
| legislature_type              = [[Bicameralism|Bicameral]]
| legislature_place             = 
| legislature_speaker           =
| legislature_speaker_title     =
| upperhouse                    = [[Senate (Rwanda)|Senate]]
| upperhouse_speaker            = [[Augustin Iyamuremye]]
| upperhouse_speaker_title      = Speaker of the Senate
| upperhouse_appointer          = 
| lowerhouse                    = [[Chamber of Deputies (Rwanda)|Chamber of Deputies]]
| lowerhouse_speaker            = [[Donatille Mukabalisa]]
| lowerhouse_speaker_title      = Speaker of the Chamber of Deputies
| lowerhouse_appointer          =
| title_hos                     = [[List of presidents of Rwanda|President of Rwanda]]
| current_hos                   = [[Paul Kagame]]
| appointer_hos                 = [[Elections in Rwanda|Direct popular vote]]
| title_hog                     = [[Prime Minister of Rwanda|Prime Minister]]
| current_hog                   = [[Édouard Ngirente]]
| appointer_hog                 = President
| title_hosag                   =
| current_hosag                 =
| appointer_hosag               =
| cabinet                       = [[Cabinet of Rwanda]]
| current_cabinet               = [[Cabinet of Rwanda#Members of Cabinet|Kagame government]]
| cabinet_leader                = President
| cabinet_deputyleader          = Prime Minister
| cabinet_appointer             = President
| cabinet_hq                    =
| cabinet_ministries            =
| judiciary                     = 
| judiciary_head                = 
| courts                        =
| court                         = [[Supreme Court of Rwanda]]
| chief_judge                   = [[Faustin Ntezilyayo]]
| court_seat                    = 
| court1                        =
| chief_judge1                  =
| court_seat1                   =
}}
{{Politics of Rwanda}}

'''Politically,''' [[Rwanda]] is a ''de facto'' [[one-party state]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Holmes |first1=Georgina |title=Gendering the Rwanda Defence Force: A Critical Assessment |journal=Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding |date=2014 |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=321–333 |doi=10.1080/17502977.2014.964449|s2cid=144474675 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Thomson |first1=Susan |author1-link=Susan Thomson |title=Rwanda: From Genocide to Precarious Peace |date=2018 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-23591-3 |page=185 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RbxODwAAQBAJ&q=one-party+state |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ph.D |first1=Joseph Sebarenzi |last2=Twagiramungu |first2=Noel |title=Rwanda's economic growth could be derailed by its autocratic regime |url=https://theconversation.com/rwandas-economic-growth-could-be-derailed-by-its-autocratic-regime-114649 |access-date=5 September 2023 |work=The Conversation |date=8 April 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Waldorf |first1=Lars |title=Handbook of Restorative Justice |date=2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-203-34682-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jGV_AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT619 ?] |chapter=Rwanda's failing experiment in restorative justice}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Beswick |first1=Danielle |title=Aiding State Building and Sacrificing Peace Building? The Rwanda–UK relationship 1994–2011 |journal=Third World Quarterly |date=2011 |volume=32 |issue=10 |pages=1911–1930 |doi=10.1080/01436597.2011.610593|s2cid=153404360 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bowman |first1=Warigia |title=Four. Imagining a Modern Rwanda: Sociotechnological Imaginaries, Information Technology, and the Postgenocide State |date=2015 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-27666-3 |page=87 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7208/9780226276663-004/html?lang=en |language=en |doi=10.7208/9780226276663-004 |doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Reyntjens |first1=Filip |title=Behind the Façade of Rwanda's Elections |journal=Georgetown Journal of International Affairs |date=2011 |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=64–69 |jstor=43133887  |issn=1526-0054}}</ref> ruled by the [[Rwandan Patriotic Front]] and its leader [[Paul Kagame]] since the end of the [[Rwandan genocide|1994 genocide]] against members of the [[Tutsi]] [[Ethnicity|ethnic group]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Outreach Programme on the Rwanda Genocide and the United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/en/preventgenocide/rwanda/ |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stroh |first1=Alexander |title=Electoral rules of the authoritarian game: undemocratic effects of proportional representation in Rwanda |journal=Journal of Eastern African Studies |date=2010 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1080/17531050903550066|s2cid=154910536 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Matfess |first1=Hilary |title=Rwanda and Ethiopia: Developmental Authoritarianism and the New Politics of African Strong Men |journal=African Studies Review |date=2015 |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=181–204 |doi=10.1017/asr.2015.43|s2cid=143013060 |doi-access=free }}</ref>  Although Rwanda is nominally democratic, elections are manipulated in various ways, which include banning opposition parties, arresting or assassinating critics, and [[electoral fraud]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Waldorf |first1=Lars |editor1-last=Themnér |editor1-first=Anders |title=Warlord Democrats in Africa: Ex-Military Leaders and Electoral Politics |date=2017 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic / [[Nordic Africa Institute]] |isbn=978-1-78360-248-3 |url=http://files.webb.uu.se/uploader/1576/Warlord-Democrats-in-Africa.pdf#page=79 |language=en |chapter=The Apotheosis of a Warlord: Paul Kagame}}</ref>

Rwandan law developed from Belgian and German civil law systems<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title = Politics in Rwanda {{!}} About Rwanda|url = http://www.aboutrwanda.com/politics-in-rwanda/|website = www.aboutrwanda.com|access-date = 12 November 2015|archive-date = 5 March 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305131102/http://www.aboutrwanda.com/politics-in-rwanda/}}</ref> and customary law takes place in a framework of a [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential]] [[republic]], whereby the [[List of presidents of Rwanda|president of Rwanda]] is the [[head of state]] with significant [[executive power]], with the [[Prime Minister of Rwanda|prime minister of Rwanda]] being the [[Constitution of Rwanda|constitutional]] [[head of government]].

[[Legislative power]] is vested in both the [[government]] and the two chambers of parliament, the [[Senate of Rwanda|Senate]] and the [[Chamber of Deputies of Rwanda|Chamber of Deputies]]. On 5 May 1995, the Transitional National Assembly adopted a new constitution which included elements of the constitution of 18 June 1991 as well as provisions of the 1993 Arusha peace accord and the November 1994 multiparty protocol of understanding.

== National legislature ==
In [[Rwanda]] the Chamber of Deputies is composed of eighty Deputies. Among them, fifty-three Deputies are elected by direct universal suffrage in secret, elected from a fixed list of names of candidates proposed by political organizations or independent candidates; twenty-four women elected by specific electoral colleges in accordance with the national administrative entities; two Deputies elected by the National Youth Council; one Deputy elected by the National Council of Persons with Disabilities.

Senate is composed of twenty six members. Among them, there are twelve Senators elected by the specific councils in accordance with the administrative entities; eight Senators appointed by the President of the Republic; four Senators designated by the National Forum of Political organizations; one Senator elected among lecturers and researchers of Public Universities and higher learning institutions; and one Senator elected among lecturers and researchers of Private Universities and higher learning institutions.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title = EIUCountry Login|url = http://country.eiu.com/article.aspx?articleid=151847999&Country=Rwanda&topic=Summary&subtopic=Political+structure|website = country.eiu.com|access-date = 12 November 2015}}</ref>

==Historical background==
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2022}}
{{Main|History of Rwanda|German East Africa|Ruanda-Urundi}}
After its military victory in July 1994, the [[Rwandese Patriotic Front]] organized a coalition government similar to that established by President [[Juvénal Habyarimana]] in 1992. Called The Broad Based Government of National Unity, its fundamental law is based on a combination of the constitution, the Arusha accords, and political declarations by the parties. The [[MRND]] party was outlawed.

Political organizing was banned until 2003. The first post-Genocide of Tutsi, presidential and legislative elections were held in August and September 2003, respectively.

The biggest problems facing the government were the reintegration of more than 2 million refugees returning from as long ago as 1959; the end of the [[insurgency]] and [[counter-insurgency]] among ex-military and [[Interahamwe]] militia and the Rwandan Patriotic Army, which is concentrated in the north and south west; and the shift away from crisis to medium- and long-term development planning. The prison population will continue to be an urgent problem for the foreseeable future, having swelled to more than 100,000 in the 3 years after the [[Rwandan Civil War|war]]. 

The government prohibits any form of discrimination by gender, ethnicity, race or religion. The government has passed laws prohibiting emphasis on Hutu or Tutsi identity in most types of political activity.

== Political-economical focus ==
From 2005 to 2010 the political headcount ration on national poverty lines decreased by more than 10 percent and the life expectancy of about 64 years is higher than that of similar Sub-Sahara African countries as well as other low income countries.<ref name="worldbank" />

In 2011, Rwanda's [[Greenhouse gas emissions|{{CO2}} emissions]] totaled 0.1 metric tons per capita, which was much lower than similar Sub-Sahara African countries as well as other low income countries. Rwanda´s school enrollment rate is much higher than similar Sub-Sahara African countries as well as other low income countries.<ref name="worldbank" />

As of 2014, Rwanda was still considered a low income country with $7.890 billion GDP, based on U.S. dollars, with a total population of 11.34 million people.<ref name="worldbank">{{Cite web |last=World Bank |date=2015 |title=Rwanda {{!}} Data |url=http://data.worldbank.org/country/rwanda#cp_wdi |access-date=12 November 2015 |website=data.worldbank.org}}</ref>

As of 2015 Rwanda had made a shift towards economic improvement, centralizing its foreign exchange around coffee and tea production, "helping to reduce poverty and inequality". The [[World Bank]] has praised Rwanda´s efforts.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Rwanda country profile - Overview - BBC News|url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14093238|website = BBC News|access-date = 12 November 2015|language = en-GB}}</ref>
Kagame has reached out to large companies, such as [[Costco]] and [[Starbucks]], who as of 2015 were the two largest buyers of Rwandan coffee beans.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Rwanda Rising: A New Model of Economic Development|url = http://www.fastcompany.com/1208900/rwanda-rising-new-model-economic-development|website = Fast Company|access-date = 12 November 2015|language = en-US}}</ref>

==Executive branch==
{{Further|Cabinet of Rwanda|}}
{{office-table}}
|[[President of Rwanda|President]]
|[[Paul Kagame]]
|[[Rwandese Patriotic Front]]
|24 March 2000
|-
|[[Prime Minister of Rwanda|Prime Minister]]
|[[Édouard Ngirente]]
|[[Social Democratic Party (Rwanda)|Social Democratic Party]]
|30 August 2017
|}
The [[List of Presidents of Rwanda|President of Rwanda]] is elected for a seven-year term by the people. The Prime Minister and the [[Council of Ministers of Rwanda|Council of Ministers]] are appointed by the president. The president has numerous powers that include creating policy in conjunction with the Cabinet, signing presidential orders, put into effect the prerogative of mercy, negotiating and passing treaties, commanding the armed forces, and declaring war or a state of crisis.<ref name=":5" />

== Current Presidential Overview ==
The current President of Rwanda is Paul Kagame, born in 1957. He is the 6th President of Rwanda<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title = Profile: Rwanda's President Paul Kagame - BBC News|url = https://www.bbc.com/news/10479882|website = BBC News|access-date = 12 November 2015|language = en-GB}}</ref> and was elected in 2003. In 2007, the former president, Pasteur Bizimungu, was released from prison on a presidential pardon. Kagame was reelected in 2010, receiving 93.1 percent of the votes cast.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Rwanda: Constitution and politics {{!}} The Commonwealth|url = http://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/rwanda/constitution-politics|website = thecommonwealth.org|access-date = 12 November 2015|archive-date = 7 December 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151207041503/http://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/rwanda/constitution-politics}}</ref> Since taking office, Kagame has raised business, reduced crime and corruption, and has attracted the likes of many foreign investors.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title = King Paul|url = https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21647365-successful-man-no-successor-king-paul?zid=309&ah=80dcf288b8561b012f603b9fd9577f0e|newspaper = The Economist|access-date = 2015-11-12|issn = 0013-0613}}</ref>

Kagame has not groomed anyone to be his successor, so there is nothing that points to who his successor could or should be.<ref name=":1" />

President Paul Kagame and his Rwandan Patriotic Front are the dominant political forces in Rwanda. There is only one registered opposition party and many political opponents have fled into exile.<ref>{{Cite web|title=20 Years After Genocide, Rwanda Prospers but Political Freedom Remains Elusive|url=https://www.voanews.com/africa/20-years-after-genocide-rwanda-prospers-political-freedom-remains-elusive|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616213759/https://www.voanews.com/africa/20-years-after-genocide-rwanda-prospers-political-freedom-remains-elusive|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 June 2021|access-date=28 September 2020|website=VOA}}</ref>

President Kagame received military training in Uganda, Tanzania and the United States.<ref name=":3" /> He was a founding member of current Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni's rebel army in 1979 and headed its intelligence wing, helping Mr Museveni take power in 1986.<ref name=":3" />

==Legislative branch==
The [[Parliament of Rwanda|Parliament]] (''Inteko Ishinga Amategeko ''or'' Parlement'') has two [[bicameralism|chambers]]. The [[Chamber of Deputies of Rwanda|Chamber of Deputies]] ''(Umutwe w'Abadepite/Chambre des Députés)'' has 80 members, 53 of them elected for a five-year term by [[proportional representation]] with a 5% threshold, 24 (female members) elected by provincial councils, 2 by the National Youth Council and 1 by the Federation of the Associations of the Disabled. It is the only legislative chamber in the world where women (45) outnumber men (35).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/politics/revealed-the-best-and-worst-places-to-be-a-woman-7534794.html|title=Revealed: The best and worst places to be a woman|date=4 March 2012|website=independent.co.uk}}</ref>

The [[Senate of Rwanda|Senate]] ''(Umutwe wa Sena ''or'' Sénat)'' has 26 members elected or appointed for an eight-year term: 12 elected by provincial and sectoral councils, 8 appointed by the president to ensure the representation of historically marginalized communities, 4 by the Forum of political formations and 2 elected by the staff of the universities. Additional former presidents can request to be member of the senate. Rwanda is a [[one party dominant state]] with the [[Rwanda Patriotic Front]] in power. [[Opposition (politics)|Opposition]] [[political parties|parties]] are allowed, and are represented in Parliament, but are widely considered to have no real chance of gaining power.

==Political parties and elections==
{{elect|List of political parties in Rwanda|Elections in Rwanda}}

==Judicial branch==
The [[Supreme Court of Rwanda]] is the highest judicial power in Rwanda.  It and the High Council of the Judiciary oversee the courts of lower ordinary jurisdictions and courts of the special jurisdictions in Rwanda. The Supreme Court consists of the Court President, Vice President, and 12 judges.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title = Rwanda Judicial branch - Government|url = http://www.indexmundi.com/rwanda/judicial_branch.html|website = www.indexmundi.com|access-date = 12 November 2015}}</ref>

Established in 2001, the Gacaca Court was established by the National Unity Government to try cases of genocide against the Tutsis.<ref name=":2" />

Judges are nominated by the president of the republic, after consulting with the Cabinet and the Superior Council of the Judiciary. They are then approved by the Senate. The court president and vice president are appointed for 8-year nonrenewable terms.<ref name=":2" />

With regard to the legal profession, although the Rwanda Bar Association has been in existence since at least 1997,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rwandabar.org.rw/about/|title=About|publisher=rwandabar.org.rw|access-date=2017-11-06|archive-date=6 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171106122154/http://www.rwandabar.org.rw/about/}}</ref> there is no clear indication as to how certain demographic groups, such as women, have fared in the legal field.

==Decentralization system==
{{Main|Decentralization in Rwanda}}

Rwanda is composed of 4 [[Provinces of Rwanda|provinces]] and capital city, 30 districts, 416 sectors, 2,148 cells and 14,837 villages.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.clgf.org.uk/default/assets/File/Country_profiles/Rwanda.pdf|title=THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT SYSTEM IN RWANDA|last=COUNTRY PROFILE 2017–18|first=Commonwealth Local Government Forum|website=www.clgf.org.uk/|access-date=27 February 2019}}</ref> The four provinces, headed by a governor include the [[Northern Province, Rwanda|Northern]], [[Southern Province, Rwanda|Southern]], [[Eastern Province, Rwanda|Eastern]] and the [[Western Province, Rwanda|Western Provinces]]. The districts, formerly known as communes, are headed by mayors, two vice mayors, and a district council. As of 2006, Kigali has 3 districts, the Northern Province has 5, the Southern Province has 8, and both the Eastern and Western Provinces have 7 districts. Sectors are responsible for implementing and developing programs which deliver services for the social welfare of the population and promote good governance. Sectors are governed by an Executive Secretary and Sector Council. The council includes representatives of cells; members representing persons with disabilities, women, and youth; members representing all primary and secondary schools; members representing health service organizations; and members representing NGOs and cooperative societies. Cells are administrative providers of public services and development. They are governed by an Executive Secretary and Cell Council, whose membership is similar to that of the Sector Council. Villages are governed by A Village Council, an executive committee, and a village head. The Village council is made up of all residents who are at least 18. The executive committee are elected members who provide services to the community, such as information and training, social welfare, and security.<ref>{{cite web |title=Administrative Structure |url=https://www.gov.rw/government/administrative-structure |website=Ministry of Local Government |publisher=Government of Rwanda |access-date=26 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327054121/https://www.gov.rw/government/administrative-structure |archive-date=27 March 2023 |location=Kigali, Rwanda |date=2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Key ministers ==
[https://www.gov.rw/cabinet]{{Main|Cabinet of Rwanda}}
* President: [[Paul Kagame]]
* Prime minister: Dr. [[Edouard Ngirente]]
* Agriculture & animal resources: Dr. [[Ildephonse Musafiri]]
* Cabinet affairs: [[Ines Mpambara]]
* Defence: [[Juvenal Marizamunda]]
* Emergency Management: Maj Gen [[Albert Murasira]]
* Education: [[Gaspard Twagirayezu]]
* Family & gender: Dr [[Valentine Uwamariya]]
* Finance & economic planning: [[Uzziel Ndagijimana|Dr. Uzziel Ndagijimana]]
* Foreign affairs & co-operation: Dr. [[Vincent Biruta]]
* Health: Dr. [[Sabin Nsanzimana]]
* Infrastructure: Dr. [[Jimmy Gasore]]
* Internal security: [[Alfred Gasana]]
* Justice/attorney-general: Dr. [[Emmanuel Ugirashebuja]]
* Local government: [[Jean Claude Musabyimana]]
* Natural resources: [[Jeanne d'Arc Mujawamariya|Amb. Dr. Jeanne d'Arc Mujawamariya]]
* President's office: [[Judith Uwizeye]]
* Public service & labour: Prof [[Jeannette Bayisenge]]
* Sports: [[Aurore Mimosa Munyangaju]]
* Minister of Youth : Dr. [[Utumatwishima Jean Nepo Abdallah]]
* Trade & industry: Prof. [[Jean Chrysostome Ngabitsinze]]
* ICT and Innovation: [[Paula Ingabire]]<ref name=":4" />
* Minister of National Unity and Civic Engagement: Dr. [[Jean-Damascène Bizimana]]

== Ministers of State ==
* Minister of State in the Ministry of Local Government in charge of Social Affairs: [[Assumpta Ingabire]]
* Minister of State in the Ministry of Justice in Charge of Constitutional and Legal Affairs: Amb. [[Solina Nyirahabimana]]
* Minister of State in the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning in charge of Economic Planning: Dr. [[Claudine Uwera]]
* Minister of State in the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning in Charge of the National Treasury: [[Richard Tusabe]]
* Minister of State in the Ministry of Education in charge of Primary and Secondary Education: [[Gaspard Twagirayezu]]
* Minister of State in the Ministry of Education in Charge of ICT and TVET Education: [[Irere Claudette]]
* Minister of State in the Ministry of Health in charge of Primary Healthcare: Lt Col Dr. [[Tharcisse Mpunga]]  
* Minister of State in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation in charge of the East African Community: Prof. [[Manasseh Nshuti]]
* Minister of State of the Ministry of Youth and Culture: Sandrine Umutoni<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ms. Sandrine Umutoni Appointed as the Minister of State for Youth |website=Ministry of Youth |url=https://www.miniyouth.gov.rw/updates/news-details?tx_news_pi1%5Baction%5D=detail&tx_news_pi1%5Bcontroller%5D=News&tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=30588&cHash=c79a8a09535b20706b70b9dfb61d6610}}</ref>
* Minister of State of the Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources: Prof. [[Jean Chrysostome Ngabitsinze]]

== Other Cabinet Members ==
* Chief Executive Officer of Rwanda Development Board: [[Francis Gatare]]

==International organization participation==
Rwanda is member of
[[Agency for the French-Speaking Community|ACCT]],
[[African, Caribbean, and Pacific Group of States|ACP]],
[[African Development Bank|AfDB]],
[[Commonwealth of Nations|C]],
[[Customs Cooperation Council|CCC]],
[[Economic Community of Central African States|CEEAC]],
[[Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries|CEPGL]],
[[Economic Commission for Africa|ECA]],
[[Food and Agriculture Organization|FAO]],
[[Group of 77|G-77]],
[[International Bank for Reconstruction and Development|IBRD]],
[[International Civil Aviation Organization|ICAO]],
[[International Confederation of Free Trade Unions|ICFTU]],
[[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement|ICRM]],
[[International Development Association|IDA]],
[[International Fund for Agricultural Development|IFAD]],
[[International Finance Corporation|IFC]],
[[International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies|IFRCS]],
[[International Labour Organization|ILO]],
[[International Monetary Fund|IMF]],
[[International Telecommunications Satellite Organization|Intelsat]],
[[International Criminal Police Organization|Interpol]],
[[International Olympic Committee|IOC]],
[[International Organization for Migration|IOM]]&nbsp;(observer),
[[International Telecommunication Union|ITU]],
[[Non-Aligned Movement|NAM]],
[[Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons|OPCW]],
[[United Nations|UN]],
[[United Nations Conference on Trade and Development|UNCTAD]],
[[United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization|UNESCO]],
[[United Nations Industrial Development Organization|UNIDO]],
[[Universal Postal Union|UPU]],
[[World Confederation of Labour|WCL]],
[[World Health Organization|WHO]],
[[World Intellectual Property Organization|WIPO]],
[[World Meteorological Organization|WMO]],
[[World Tourism Organization|WToO]],
[[World Trade Organization|WTrO]]

Rwanda joined the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] in 2009, making the country one of only two in the Commonwealth without a [[British Empire|British colonial past]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8384930.stm|title=Rwanda admitted to Commonwealth|date=29 November 2009|via=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> the other being the former [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese colony]] [[Mozambique]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20121223005922/http://www.gov.rw/ Official website of the Republic of Rwanda]
*[http://www.primature.gov.rw/ Official website of the Office of the Prime Minister of Rwanda]
*[http://www.primature.gov.rw/ministries.htm Official website of the Office of the Prime Minister of Rwanda - Directory of Ministries and web addresses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204034344/http://www.primature.gov.rw/ministries.htm |date=4 December 2008 }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Purdeková |first1=Andrea |last2=Reyntjens |first2=Filip |last3=Wilén |first3=Nina |title=Militarisation of governance after conflict: beyond the rebel-to-ruler frame – the case of Rwanda |journal=Third World Quarterly |date=2018 |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=158–174 |doi=10.1080/01436597.2017.1369036|hdl=10067/1479870151162165141 |s2cid=158329591 |hdl-access=free }}
*{{cite journal |last1=McDoom |first1=Omar Shahabudin |title=Securocratic state-building: the rationales, rebuttals, and risks behind the extraordinary rise of Rwanda after the genocide |journal=African Affairs |date=2022 |volume=121 |issue=485 |pages=535–567 |doi=10.1093/afraf/adac031 |url=https://academic.oup.com/afraf/article/121/485/535/6722640|doi-access=free }}
{{Rwanda topics}}
{{Africa in topic|Politics of}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Politics of Rwanda}}
[[Category:Politics of Rwanda| ]]