Editing Politics of Qatar

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{{Politics of Qatar}}
The political system of [[Qatar]] runs under an [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]]<ref>{{cite news |title=The objections to Qatar hosting the World Cup reek of Eurocentrism |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/2022-world-cup-qatar-time-fifa-came-arab-world-rcna57749 |work=NBC News |quote=In condemning Qatar, we should remember that the population of this authoritarian monarchy}}</ref><ref name=MEPEI>{{cite web |title=Political Stability: the Mysterious Case of Qatar |url=https://mepei.com/political-stability-the-mysterious-case-of-qatar/ |website=Middle East Political and Economic Institute |quote=; the Qatari state remains fundamentally autocratic}}</ref> [[semi-constitutional monarchy]] with the [[Emir of Qatar|emir]] as [[head of state]] and [[Chief executive (gubernatorial)|chief executive]], and the [[Prime Minister of Qatar|prime minister]] as the [[head of government]]. Under the [[Constitution of Qatar]], the partially-elected [[Consultative Assembly of Qatar|Consultative Assembly]] has a limited ability to reject legislation and dismiss ministers. The second general election was held in [[2021 Qatari general election|2021]]; political parties are banned and all candidates have to run as independents.

The current hereditary emir of Qatar, [[Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani|Tamim bin Hamad al-Thani]], runs the country in an [[autocratic]] manner and holds nearly all executive and legislative authority, as well as controlling the judiciary. He appoints the prime minister and [[Cabinet of Qatar|cabinet]]. Political rights are severely limited in Qatar as per [[Freedom House]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Qatar: Freedom in the World 2020 Country Report|url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/qatar/freedom-world/2020|access-date=2021-04-06|website=Freedom House|language=en}}</ref>

==Legal system==
[[Sharia]] is a main source of Qatari legislation according to Qatar's constitution.<ref name="con">{{cite web|title=The Permanent Constitution of the State of Qatar|url=http://www.almeezan.qa/LawArticles.aspx?LawArticleID=25754&LawId=2284&language=en|publisher=Government of Qatar|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006075128/http://www.almeezan.qa/LawArticles.aspx?LawArticleID=25754&LawId=2284&language=en|archive-date=2014-10-06}}</ref><ref name=qat1>{{cite web|title=Constitution of Qatar|url=http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=9626|quote=According to Article 1: Qatar is an independent Arab country. Islam is its religion and Sharia law is the main source of its legislation.}}</ref> Sharia, derived from the Arabic term meaning 'the path to follow,' supposedly constitutes a divine revelation conveyed by [[God in Islam|God]] to the [[Prophet Muhammad]], the eminent figure in the establishment of Islam, in 570 AD. Consequently, Sharia embodies a religious framework characterized by its origins and regulations. This legal system, seemingly unidirectional, emanates from God to the individual. The Islamic Sharia is regarded as the primary foundation, necessitating the formulation of legislative and judicial frameworks grounded in Islamic legal principles to govern transactions within Qatari law.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abdullah |first=Abdullah |date=2020-12-31 |title=The Legal Impact of Islamic Law in the Identity and Provisions of Qatari Legal System: Conceptual Frame and Legislative Directions |url=https://aljamiah.or.id/index.php/AJIS/article/view/58207 |journal=Al-Jami'ah: Journal of Islamic Studies |language=ar |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=451–482 |doi=10.14421/ajis.2020.582.451-482 |issn=2338-557X|doi-access=free |hdl=10576/21709 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Sharia is applied to laws pertaining to [[family law]], [[inheritance]], and several [[criminal law|criminal acts]] (including adultery, robbery and murder). In some cases in Sharia-based [[family court]]s, a female's testimony is worth half a man's and in some cases a female witness is not accepted at all.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=Qatar Gender Equality Profile |url=http://www.unicef.org/gender/files/Qatar-Gender-Eqaulity-Profile-2011.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105203037/http://www.unicef.org/gender/files/Qatar-Gender-Eqaulity-Profile-2011.pdf |archive-date=5 January 2019 |publisher=UNICEF}}</ref> Codified family law was introduced in 2006. In practice, Qatar's legal system is a mixture of [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]] and Islamic law.<ref>{{cite web |title=The World Factbook|date=July 2022 |publisher=U.S. Central Intelligence Agency|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/qatar/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/171743.pdf|title=Qatar|publisher=[[US Department of State]]}}</ref>

No [[stoning]]s have ever been carried out in Qatar and it has been repealed as a legal sentance.<ref>https://www.ohchr.org/en/news/2022/03/dialogue-qatar-experts-human-rights-committee-commend-legislative-revision-efforts-and</ref> [[Apostasy]] is a crime punishable by the [[death penalty]] in Qatar.<ref name="iheu">{{cite news |author=Jenifer Fenton |title=Religious law, prison for "blasphemy", severe sexual inequalilty: Qatar's human rights review |url=http://iheu.org/religious-law-prison-for-blasphemy-severe-sexual-inequalilty-qatars-human-rights-review/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429181228/https://humanists.international/2014/09/religious-law-prison-for-blasphemy-severe-sexual-inequalilty-qatars-human-rights-review/ |archive-date=29 April 2020}}</ref> [[Blasphemy]] is punishable by up to seven years in prison and [[proselytizing]] can be punished by up to 10 years in prison.<ref name=iheu /> [[Homosexuality]] is a crime punishable by the [[death penalty]] for Muslims.<ref>{{cite web|title=What are the worst countries in the world to be gay?|url=http://unitedexplanations.org/english/2014/05/20/what-are-the-worst-countries-in-the-world-to-be-gay/}}</ref>

In 2014, Qatar launched a modesty campaign to remind tourists of the modest dress code.<ref name="Leggings Are Not Pants">{{cite news |last=Elgot |first=Jessica |date=28 May 2014 |title='Leggings Are Not Pants' Qatar's New Modesty Campaign Aimed At Westerners' |newspaper=Huffington Post |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2014/05/28/qatar-modesty-world-cup_n_5405054.html}}</ref> Female tourists are advised not to wear leggings, miniskirts, sleeveless dresses and short or tight clothing in public. Men are advised against wearing only shorts and [[Sleeveless shirt|singlets]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Aningtias Jatmika |date=29 May 2014 |title=Qatar Bans Tourists from Wearing Leggings in Public |url=http://en.tempo.co/read/news/2014/05/29/240581035/Qatar-Bans-Tourists-from-Wearing-Leggings-in-Public}}</ref>

Commercial relationships are governed by Qatar's Civil Code.<ref>Pinsent Masons, [https://www.pinsentmasons.com/out-law/guides/adapting-fidic-provisions-for-use-in-qatar Adapting FIDIC provisions for use in Qatar], published 14 April 2016, accessed 28 December 2020</ref>

Qatar's government has been criticized for arresting and threatening anyone who dares to speak out.<ref>{{cite news |title=To silence dissidents, Gulf states are revoking their citizenship |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2016/11/26/to-silence-dissidents-gulf-states-are-revoking-their-citizenship}}</ref> In the report published by the Euro-Med Human Rights Monitor on 13 September 2020, it was declared that Article 19 in the International Declaration of Human Rights stipulates that "everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference." Similarly, Article 47 in the Constitution of Qatar stipulates that freedom of expression is guaranteed in accordance with the conditions and circumstances set forth in law.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Monitor |first=Euro-Med Human Rights |title=Qatar: Reforms must include the right to assembly and association |url=https://euromedmonitor.org/en/article/3852/Qatar:-Reforms-must-include-the-right-to-assembly-and-association |access-date=2022-08-03 |website=Euro-Med Human Rights Monitor |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Alcohol===
[[Alcohol (drug)|Alcohol]] consumption is partially legal in Qatar, some five-star luxury hotels are allowed to sell alcohol to their non-Muslim customers.<ref name=wsj20120107>{{cite news |author= Alex Delmar-Morgan|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203686204577115923124889872 |title=Qatar, Unveiling Tensions, Suspends Sale of Alcohol |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=7 January 2012 |access-date=17 January 2012}}</ref><ref name=arabist20120115>{{cite news|author= Jenifer Fenton|url=http://www.arabist.net/blog/2012/1/15/qatars-impromptu-alcohol-ban.html |title=Qatar's Impromptu Alcohol Ban |publisher=The Arabist|date=16 January 2012 |access-date=17 January 2012}}</ref> Muslims are not allowed to consume alcohol in Qatar and Muslims caught consuming alcohol are liable to [[flogging]] or deportation. Non-Muslim expatriates can obtain a permit to purchase alcohol for personal consumption. The Qatar Distribution Company (a subsidiary of [[Qatar Airways]]) is permitted to import alcohol and pork; it operates the one and only liquor store in the country, which also sells pork to holders of liquor licences.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.qatarvisitor.com/index.php?cID=414&pID=1053 |title=Purchasing Alcohol in Qatar |publisher=Qatar Visitor |date=2 June 2007 |access-date=1 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501044507/http://www.qatarvisitor.com/index.php?cID=414&pID=1053 |archive-date=1 May 2011 }}</ref> Qatari officials had also indicated a willingness to allow alcohol in "fan zones" at the [[2022 FIFA World Cup]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Qatar would 'welcome' Israel in 2022 |first=Tamara |last=Walid |url=http://www.thenational.ae/sport/football/qatar-would-welcome-israel-in-2022 |newspaper=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]] |date=11 November 2009 |access-date=10 August 2013}}</ref>

Until recently, restaurants on [[The Pearl Island]] (a human-made island near Doha) were allowed to serve alcoholic drinks.<ref name=wsj20120107 /><ref name=arabist20120115 /> In December 2011, however, restaurants on The Pearl were told to stop selling alcohol.<ref name=wsj20120107 /><ref name="er6012012">{{cite news|author = James M. Dorsey |url = http://www.eurasiareview.com/16012012-debate-questions-emir%E2%80%99s-powers-to-shape-qatar%E2%80%99s-positioning-as-sports-hub-and-sponsor-of-revolts-analysis |title = Debate Questions Emir's Powers To Shape Qatar's Positioning As Sports Hub And Sponsor of Revolts – Analysis |publisher = The Eurasia Review|date = 17 January 2012 |access-date = 17 January 2012}}</ref> No explanation was given for the ban.<ref name=wsj20120107 /><ref name=arabist20120115 /> Speculation about the reason includes the government's desire to project a more pious image in advance of the country's first election of a royal advisory body and rumours of a financial dispute between the government and the resort's developers.<ref name=er6012012 /> Despite the economic consequences of the ban, many believe that it has been a necessary measure in order to ensure the safety and enjoyment of fans at the World Cup. Qatar's World Cup chief executive of the Supreme Committee for Delivery and Legacy, Nasser Al Khater, stated that the purpose of the designated sobering-up areas was to ensure the fans' safety.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Drunk fans will be sent to special zones to sober up, says Qatar World Cup boss |url=https://news.sky.com/story/turning-world-cup-into-platform-of-political-statements-is-not-right-for-football-qatar-boss-says-12719115 |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=Sky News |language=en}}</ref>

===Workers===
On 16 January 2020 Qatar announced that most migrant workers who previously required an exit permit to leave Qatar would no longer require one.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-20 |title=Qatar: End of Abusive Exit Permits for Most Migrant Workers {{!}} Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/01/20/qatar-end-abusive-exit-permits-most-migrant-workers |access-date=2025-04-12 |language=en}}</ref>

Cases of ill-treatment of immigrant labour have been observed. The Nepalese ambassador to Qatar, Maya Kumari Sharma, described the emirate as an "open jail".<ref name=Guardian20130925>{{cite news|last=Pattisson|first=Pete|title=Revealed: Qatar's World Cup 'slaves'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/25/revealed-qatars-world-cup-slaves|access-date=26 September 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|date=25 September 2013|quote=So entrenched is this exploitation that the Nepalese ambassador to Qatar, Maya Kumari Sharma, recently described the emirate as an "open jail".}}</ref>
Qatar does not have national occupational health standards or guidelines, and workplace injuries are the third highest cause of accidental deaths.<ref>{{cite web|title=Occupational health |url=http://www.nhsq.info/strategy-goals-and-projects/preventive-healthcare/occupational-health |publisher=National Health Strategy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121216021558/http://www.nhsq.info/strategy-goals-and-projects/preventive-healthcare/occupational-health |archive-date=December 16, 2012 }}</ref> In May 2012, Qatari officials declared their intention to allow the establishment of an independent trade union.<ref name="unions">{{cite web|title=Qatar to allow trade union, scrap 'sponsor' system|date=May 2012 |url=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/05/01/211482.html|publisher=Al Arabiya}}</ref> Qatar also announced it will scrap its sponsor system for foreign labour, which requires that all foreign workers be sponsored by local employers, who in some cases hold workers' passports and can deny them permission to change jobs.<ref name="unions"/>

In August 2022, 60 migrant workers were arrested and deported for protesting against the non-payment by their employer, Al Bandary International Group, a major construction and hospitality firm. Some of the demonstrators were from Nepal, Bangladesh, India, Egypt and the Philippines had not been paid for seven months.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Qatar deports migrant workers protesting alleged abuse before World Cup |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/08/23/qatar-2022-fifa-world-cup-migrant-protest/ |access-date=2022-10-04 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> According to a report published by [[France 24]], those protesters were detained for breaching public security laws and minority of protesters were deported by the order of court who failed to remain peaceful and breached Qatar's public security law. Qatar's [[Ministry of Labour (Qatar)|labour ministry]] said it will pay Al Bandary workers and will take further action against the company which was already under investigation for failing to pay wages.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-23 |title=Qatar deports migrants after wage protest, rights group says |url=https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20220823-qatar-deports-migrants-after-wage-protest-rights-group-says |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref>

==Executive branch==
Qatar is ruled by the [[House of Thani]] as a [[semi-constitutional monarchy|semi-constitutional]] [[hereditary monarchy]]. The [[head of state]] and [[Executive (government)|chief executive]] is the [[Emir of Qatar|emir]]. There is a [[Prime Minister of Qatar|prime minister]] (who serves as the [[head of government]]) and a [[Cabinet of Qatar|cabinet]] appointed by the emir. Under the Constitution, the partially-elected [[Consultative Assembly of Qatar|Consultative Assembly]] can block legislation with a simple majority vote, and can dismiss ministers with a two-thirds vote. Two-thirds of the members are popularly elected, and the remainder are appointed by the emir.<ref name="WaPo election">{{cite news |last1=Thafer |first1=Dania |title=Qatar's first elected parliament may have more power than other Persian Gulf legislatures. Here's why. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/10/14/qatars-first-elected-parliament-may-have-more-power-than-other-persian-gulf-legislatures-heres-why/ |access-date=2 April 2022 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=14 October 2021}}</ref>

Politically, Qatar is evolving from a traditional society into a modern [[welfare state]]. Government departments have been established to meet the requirements of social and economic progress. The Basic Law of Qatar 1970 institutionalized local customs rooted in Qatar's conservative [[Islamic]] heritage, granting the Emir preeminent power. The Emir's role is influenced by continuing traditions of consultation, rule by consensus, and the citizen's right to appeal personally to the Emir. The Emir, while directly accountable to no one, cannot violate the Sharia (Islamic law) and, in practice, must consider the opinions of leading notables and the religious establishment. Their position was institutionalized in the Advisory Council, an appointed body that assists the Emir in formulating policy.

In February 1972, the heir apparent and Prime Minister, Sheikh [[Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani]], deposed his cousin, [[Ahmad bin Ali Al Thani|Emir Ahmad]], and assumed power. This move was supported by the key members of Al Thani and took place without violence or signs of political unrest,

On 27 June 1995, the heir apparent, Sheikh [[Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani]], deposed his father, Emir Khalifa, in another bloodless coup.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Cockburn|first1=Patrick|title=Emir of Qatar deposed by his son|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/emir-of-qatar-deposed-by-his-son-1588698.html|website=The Independent|date=27 June 1995 |access-date=22 April 2015}}</ref> Emir Hamad and his father reconciled in 1996. Increased freedom of the press followed, and the Qatar-based [[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] television channel (founded late 1996) is widely regarded as an example of an uncensored source of [[news]] in [[Arab]] countries. However, the network has been met with negative responses by the governments of many Arab states.<ref name="abdelmoula">{{cite book|last=Abdelmoula|first=Ezzeddine|title=Al Jazeera and Democratization: The Rise of the Arab Public Sphere|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vP7qBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA81|publisher=Routledge|year=2015|page=81|quote="While ordinary Arabs and intellectuals received Al Jazeera as 'a gift', since it provided them with access to uncensored news broadcasts in Arabic [...] the governments in most Arab countries reacted with visible hostility"|isbn=978-1138855472}}</ref> However in May 2022, Al Jazeera network won the award for the best human rights journalism of the year in the eighth annual [[Amnesty International UK Media Awards|Amnesty Media Awards]]. The network was also claimed to be non-biased network by [[The Week]] (Washington DC media house) in November 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 Sep 2022 |title=Al Jazeera wins Amnesty International Canada Award |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/9/21/al-jazeera-wins-amnesty-international-canada-award |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref>

On 25 June 2013, [[Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani]] became the Emir of Qatar after his father Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani handed over power in a televised speech.<ref name="New Emir BBC">{{cite news|title=Qatari emir Sheikh Hamad hands power to son Tamim|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23026870|access-date=25 June 2013|newspaper=BBC|date=25 June 2013}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Main office-holders
!Office
!Name
!Since
|-
|[[Emir of Qatar|Emir]]
|[[Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani]]
|25 June 2013
|-
|[[Prime Minister of Qatar|Prime Minister]]
|[[Mohammed bin Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al Thani]]
|7 March 2023
|}

==Ministries==
{{Main|Cabinet of Qatar}}

* The [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (Qatar)|Ministry of Commerce and Industry]] in Qatar is responsible for overseeing and directing commercial and industrial activities in line with national development goals. Its mandate includes promoting business development to attract investments, supporting exports, regulating trade professions, registering commercial and investment establishments, issuing licenses, and overseeing market regulation in its jurisdiction.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Commerce and Industry |url=https://www.moci.gov.qa/en/}}</ref>
* The [[Ministry of Justice (Qatar)|Ministry of Justice]] in Qatar oversees the country's judicial system, emphasizing the promotion of [[human rights]] and the rule of law. It has introduced the SAK online portal for efficient processing of e-services, prioritizing user privacy. The ministry provides a variety of services to individuals, businesses, investors, and government bodies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Justice |url=https://www.moj.gov.qa/en/pages/default.aspx#}}</ref>
* The [[Ministry of Interior (Qatar)|Ministry of Interior]] in Qatar is responsible for ensuring internal security, maintaining law and order, and safeguarding national interests. It actively promotes peace, organizes police forces, and takes measures to prevent crimes. The ministry also oversees nationality-related affairs, issues travel documents, and regulates corporate immigration matters, requiring companies to hold an Establishment Card. Additionally, it manages the entry and residence of expatriates while regulating official documents for expatriate employees.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Interior |url=https://portal.moi.gov.qa/wps/portal/MOIInternet/MOIHome}}</ref>
* The Ministry of Labour in Qatar is responsible for regulating employment matters, including the formulation and execution of public policies and systems for the workforce. It oversees recruitment policies, promotes [[Qatarization]] of jobs, and ensures the social and legal protection of migrant workers while enforcing the Labour Law.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Labour |url=https://www.mol.gov.qa/En/Pages/default.aspx}}</ref>
* The [[Ministry of Finance (Qatar)|Ministry of Finance]] in Qatar oversees financial affairs, promotes economic growth, and manages policies related to taxation, budgeting, and public debt. It plays a crucial role in ensuring financial stability and sustainability. The ministry is responsible for the General Tax Authority and provides the Dhareeba (Tax) online portal for company registration, annual audits, and handling tax-related matters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Finance |url=https://monaqasat.mof.gov.qa/default.aspx?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1}}</ref>
* The [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Qatar)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] in Qatar manages the country's foreign relations and diplomacy, providing attestation services for both local documents for international use and foreign documents within Qatar. Fusion, affiliated with the ministry, offers full attestation services and official translation between English and Arabic for foreign documents.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |url=https://www.mofa.gov.qa/en}}</ref>
* The [[Ministry of Education and Higher Education (Qatar)|Ministry of Education and Higher Education]] in Qatar is dedicated to promoting and developing the country's education system. It oversees initiatives and policies related to school curriculums, teacher training, and educational programs. The ministry also regulates private schools, kindergartens, and nurseries, with Fusion providing assistance in obtaining necessary approvals such as the School's Education license. This includes managing curriculum approval, school premises inspection, and coordinating processes in preparation for the start of each new school year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Education and Higher Education |url=https://www.edu.gov.qa/en/Pages/HomePage.aspx}}</ref>
* The [[Ministry of Public Health (Qatar)|Ministry of Public Health]] (MOPH) oversees the quality of services provided by public and private health service providers in Qatar. It manages public health programs, including disease prevention, occupational health, and national immunization. The ministry is responsible for formulating and monitoring national health strategies. Healthcare practitioners must be registered and licensed by The Department of Healthcare Professions. Setting up private medical facilities requires approval from MOPH and relevant licensing, a process Fusion can assist with, including setup, licensing, and renewals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Public Health |url=https://www.moph.gov.qa/english/Pages/default.aspx}}</ref>
* The [[Ministry of Municipality (Qatar)|Ministry of Municipality]] in Qatar is responsible for promoting and regulating sustainable development. It oversees initiatives related to urban planning, environmental conservation, and public health, playing a crucial role in ensuring a sustainable future for the country. The ministry includes bodies such as the Qatar General Authority for Standardization and Metrology and the Engineering Committee, which regulates engineering licenses for companies and individuals. Fusion can assist international engineering consultancies in setting up in Qatar by facilitating the required licensing processes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Municipality |url=https://www.mme.gov.qa/webcenter/portal/MM}}</ref>
* The [[Ministry of Environment and Climate Change (Qatar)|Ministry of Environment and Climate Change]] in Qatar is tasked with the promotion and regulation of environmental policies and initiatives. The ministry is dedicated to fostering sustainability and mitigating carbon emissions within the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Environment and Climate Change |url=https://www.mecc.gov.qa/en/home/}}</ref>
* The [[Ministry of Transport (Qatar)|Ministry of Transport]] in Qatar oversees and regulates the transportation sector. It provides special approvals for certain transport-related commercial activities and facilitates the process of obtaining approvals for temporary road regulation, machinery transport, and the establishment of various facilities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Transport |url=https://www.mot.gov.qa/en}}</ref>
* The Ministry of Communications and Information Technology in Qatar oversees and regulates the communication and information technology sectors. It works in conjunction with the Communications Regulatory Authority to manage approvals for importing specific equipment to the Qatari market. The ministry also grants special approvals for commercial activities related to communication and information technology.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Communications and Information Technology |url=https://www.mcit.gov.qa/en}}</ref>
* The [[Ministry of Sports and Youth (Qatar)|Ministry of Sports and Youth]] in Qatar promotes and regulates sports and youth-related activities, overseeing the Olympic movement and fostering community participation in sports. With a notable record of hosting major events, including the historic FIFA World Cup 2022, Qatar has positioned itself as a leading host for international sports events such as the Formula 1 Qatar Airways Qatar Grand Prix in October 2023, the 2023 AFC Asian Cup from January 12 to February 10, 2024, and the FIBA Basketball World Cup 2027.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Sports and Youth |url=https://www.msy.gov.qa/}}</ref>
* The [[Ministry of Culture (Qatar)|Ministry of Culture]] in Qatar acts as the regulatory authority for a variety of licenses, covering areas such as advertising, public relations, artistic production, cinema theaters, educational book imports, photography, film shooting, music education, concerts, and creative events. With a primary goal of promoting cultural diversity and the arts, the ministry plays a crucial role in overseeing diverse cultural activities in Qatar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Culture |url=https://www.moc.gov.qa/en/}}</ref>
* The [[Ministry of Social Development and Family (Qatar)|Ministry of Social Development and Family]] offers services to Qatari nationals and families with the goal of promoting social welfare and development in Qatar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Social Development and Family |url=https://www.msdf.gov.qa/en}}</ref>
* The Ministry of Endowments and Islamic Affairs in Qatar promotes and regulates Islamic affairs, overseeing initiatives in Islamic education, charity, and community development. It also encourages interfaith dialogue and cooperation among various religious communities in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Endowments and Islamic Affairs |url=https://english.islam.gov.qa/}}</ref>

==Consultative Assembly==
The [[Consultative Assembly of Qatar|Consultative Assembly]] (''Majlis ash-Shura'') is a 45-member partially-elected legislature made up of 30 elected representatives and 15 appointed by the [[Emir of Qatar|emir]]. [[Majlis-ash-Shura|Majlis ash-shura]] is the process of gathering community opinions, facilitated by knowledgeable individuals who provide their perspectives and ideas on significant questions, problems, or decisions associated with the social, economic, or political aspects of people's lives.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hamed |first=Kante |date=June 19, 2023 |title=Majlis As-Shura and the Plurality Principle: Non-Muslims' Representation in the Majlis As-Shura |url=https://mls.umy.ac.id/index.php/mlsj/article/view/35 |website=Media of Law and Sharia}}</ref> Elections were repeatedly delayed after the [[2003 Qatari constitutional referendum|2003 constitutional referendum]] introduced this framework.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=266087&version=1&template_id=57&parent_id=56 |title=Gulf Times – Qatar's top-selling English daily newspaper - First Page |access-date=2011-02-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917203856/http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=266087&version=1&template_id=57&parent_id=56 |archive-date=2012-09-17 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.qatarliving.com/forum/qatar-living-lounge/posts/outcry-parliament-election|title=Outcry for Parliament election|last=genesis|date=2010-06-15|website=Qatar Living|access-date=2019-08-15}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Qatar sets up supervisory body for first legislative elections|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/7/11/qatar-sets-up-supervisory-body-for-first-legislative-elections|access-date=2021-08-02|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref> In 2006, Deputy Prime Minister [[Hamad bin Jassim bin Jaber Al Thani]] announced that elections would be held in 2007. However, only [[2007 Qatari municipal elections|municipal elections]] were held.<ref>{{cite news |title=Qatar poll sees increased turnout |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2007/4/2/qatar-poll-sees-increased-turnout |access-date=2 April 2022 |work=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] |date=2 April 2007}}</ref> Due to voting laws, those who did not have family in the country pre-1930 were not allowed to vote. This excluded 75% of the population.<ref>Beydoun, N. M. and Baum, J. (2012) The Glass Palace : Illusions of Freedom and Democracy in Qatar. New York: Algora Publishing.</ref> The first general election was eventually held in [[2021 Qatari general election|October 2021]].<ref name="WaPo election"/>

==Political parties and elections==
Qatar held a [[2003 Qatari constitutional referendum|constitutional referendum in 2003]], which was overwhelmingly supported. The first municipal elections with men and women voters and candidates were held in 1999 [[Central Municipal Council]]. The first legislative election, for two thirds of the legislative council's 45 seats, were planned [[Next Qatari general election|for 2016]] after previously being postponed in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gulf-times.com/story/449659|title=Philippine Embassy urges OFWs in Qatar to register for May 2016 polls|date=2015-08-02|website=Gulf-Times|language=ar|access-date=2019-08-15}}</ref> In June 2016 they were effectively postponed to at least 2019.<ref name="DT">[http://dohanews.co/legislative-elections-in-qatar-postponed-until-at-least-2019/ Legislative elections in Qatar postponed until at least 2019] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822135736/https://dohanews.co/legislative-elections-in-qatar-postponed-until-at-least-2019/|date=2017-08-22}} Doha News, 17 June 2016</ref> The first [[general election]] of members of the Consultative Assembly was held in [[2021 Qatari general election|2021]].<ref name="WaPo election" />

[[Suffrage]] is currently limited to municipal elections and two thirds of the seats in the legislative council, with the voting age set at 18. Expatriate residents are excluded, as are the vast number of residents who are prevented from applying for citizenship. The elected Municipal Council has no executive powers but may offer advice to the Minister.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Qatar: Freedom in the World 2021 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/qatar/freedom-world/2021 |access-date=2021-08-02 |website=Freedom House |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Qatar - Democracy Index, 2014 |url=http://knoema.com/GDI2015JAN/democracy-index-2014?country=1001420-qatar |access-date=22 July 2015 |publisher=Knoema}}</ref>
 	
Political parties are banned by law. In 2024, Qatar held a constitutional referendum that introduced amendments to end elections for the Shura Council and allow naturalized citizens to be appointed as members and government ministers by removing the requirement of "original" nationality. The changes were presented as measures to promote national unity and stability while maintaining the Emir’s authority over appointments.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stability or Elections: A look into Qatar's 2024 Constitutional Referendum {{!}} International IDEA |url=https://www.idea.int/blog/stability-or-elections-look-qatars-2024-constitutional-referendum |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=www.idea.int |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-15 |title=Qatar's ruler says his nation will vote on abandoning legislative elections after just one poll |url=https://apnews.com/article/qatar-referendum-abandoning-legislative-vote-75bdee9688b9cdbc91f81ae243d8ff36 |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref>

==Administrative divisions==
{{See also|Municipalities of Qatar}}
There are 8 [[Municipality|municipalities]] (''baladiyat'' {{small|(plural)}}, ''baladiyah'' {{small|(singular)}}) of Qatar; [[Ad-Dawhah (municipality)|Ad Dawhah]], [[Al Daayen]], [[Al Khor (municipality)|Al Khor]], [[Al Wakrah (municipality)|Al Wakrah]], [[Al Rayyan]], [[Al-Shahaniya]], [[Al Shamal]], and [[Umm Salal]]. Each municipality assumes administrative responsibilities over zones (cities and districts) within their boundaries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.qsa.gov.qa/eng/publication/annabs/2014/1_Population2013.pdf|title=2013 population census|publisher=Qatar Statistics Authority|access-date=13 March 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402142501/http://www.qsa.gov.qa/eng/publication/annabs/2014/1_Population2013.pdf|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

==Foreign relations==
{{Main|Foreign relations of Qatar}}
Qatar’s core foreign policy objective according to [[The Middle East Journal]] is "state survival" and the "desire for international prestige". Qatar became notable in international politics; and a key figure in the Arab affairs within two decades of its independent foreign policy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mediation and Qatari Foreign policy |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233600586 |access-date=2022-05-11 |website=ResearchGate |language=en}}</ref> It has an "open-door" foreign policy where it maintain ties to all parties and regional players in the region,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jesner |first=Shlomo Roiter |title=Qatar Is Using the Palestinians to Assert Its Regional Influence |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/01/26/qatar-is-using-the-palestinians-to-assert-its-regional-influence/ |access-date=2022-05-11 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> including with organizations such as [[Taliban]] and [[Hamas]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Walsh |first=Declan |date=2017-07-16 |title=Qatar Opens Its Doors to All, to the Dismay of Some |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/16/world/middleeast/doha-qatar-blockade.html |access-date=2022-05-11 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

Its position in the [[Middle East]] and close links with terrorist groups is seen as a great asset to western intelligence community and diplomatic relations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-08 |title=UK and Qatar sign pact to combat jihadis and cyber warfare - FT.com |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/4d16d268-629b-11e4-9838-00144feabdc0.html |access-date=2022-05-11 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108184343/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/4d16d268-629b-11e4-9838-00144feabdc0.html |archive-date=8 January 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Qatar has also cultivated close foreign relationships with Western powers, particularly the United States and the United Kingdom. [[Al Udeid Air Base]] hosts American and British air forces.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Brad Lendon |title=Qatar hosts largest US military base in Mideast |url=https://www.cnn.com/2017/06/05/middleeast/qatar-us-largest-base-in-mideast/index.html |access-date=2022-05-11 |website=CNN|date=5 June 2017 }}</ref>

On October 10, 2005, for the first time, Qatar was elected to a two-year term on the [[UN Security Council]] for 2006–2007.

According to BBC, in April 2006 Qatar announced that it will give US$50 million (£28 million) to the new [[Hamas]]-led [[Palestinian National Authority|Palestinian]] government.

In May 2006, Qatar pledged more than $100 million to [[Hurricane Katrina]] relief to colleges and universities in [[Louisiana]] affected by the hurricane. Some of this money was also distributed to families looking to repair damaged homes by Neighborhood Housing Services of New Orleans, Inc.

There were some allegations on Qatar for supporting rebels group in Syria and association with al- Nusra front also persisted in country’s profile for a long time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Qatar bankrolls Syrian revolt with cash and arms - FT.com {{!}} Ghostarchive |url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/Fj4Tp |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=ghostarchive.org}}</ref> However, the Public Policy and Democracy studies research think tank recognized the nation for its execution of current peace against conflicts strategies and policy upgrades. Other discoveries from the research claimed that Qatar supported the [[United States|US]] against the [[Bashar al-Assad|Assad]] government. Additionally, the nation supported efforts to mediate a conflict-ending political transition in Syria. In March 2021, Qatar, [[Russia]], and [[Turkey]] also started a different track of talks on the [[Syrian civil war|Syrian]] peace process.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-08-28 |title=Qatar profile - Timeline |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-14702609 |access-date=2023-05-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Görgülü |first=Dr Aybars |url=http://podem.org.tr/en/researches/qatar-and-syria-crisis/ |title=Qatar and Syria Crisis {{!}} PODEM |date=2018-03-01 |isbn=978-605-67530-3-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Syria's War and the Descent Into Horror |url=https://www.cfr.org/article/syrias-civil-war |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=Council on Foreign Relations |language=en}}</ref>

The government and royal family of Qatar funds the [[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] television network. The Emir of Qatar Sheikh Hamad bin Khalfia provided a loan of QAR 500 million (USD 137 million) to start the channel.<ref>Miles, Hugh.  2005,  Al-Jazeera : the inside story of the Arab news channel that is challenging the West / Hugh Miles Grove Press New York</ref> The network has been accused of being biased and taking an active role in the affairs of other countries specifically during the [[Arab Spring]] in 2011.<ref>[https://archive.today/20140805044733/http://www.sundayszaman.com/national_al-jazeera-helps-people-against-arab-regimes-angers-oppressors_234616.html Al Jazeera helps people against Arab regimes, angers oppressors]  ''Sunday's Zaman''.  Poyraz-Dogan,Yonca.  February 6, 2011.</ref> Numerous countries have [[Al Jazeera controversies and criticism|complained about allegedly biased reporting]] in support of Qatar policy. On 11 January 2015, [[The Week]] published a report in which,Al jazeera network was revealed to be non biased and non terrorist network.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Is Al Jazeera a legitimate news channel? |url=https://theweek.com/articles/469049/al-jazeera-legitimate-news-channel |access-date=2022-04-22 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref>

Most of the developed countries (plus [[Brunei]] and [[Indonesia]]) are exempt from [[visa (document)|visa]] requirements. Citizens of exempted countries can also request a joint visa that allows them to travel to Oman as well.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.onlineqatar.com/info/visa-requirements.aspx
|access-date=2012-02-15
|title=Visa Rules in Qatar}}</ref>

Qatar is member of [[ABEDA]], [[Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development|AFESD]], [[Arab League|AL]], [[Arab Monetary Fund|AMF]], [[United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia|ESCWA]], [[Food and Agriculture Organization|FAO]], [[Group of 77|G-77]], [[Gulf Cooperation Council|GCC]], [[International Atomic Energy Agency|IAEA]], [[International Bank for Reconstruction and Development|IBRD]], [[International Civil Aviation Organization|ICAO]], [[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement|ICRM]], [[Islamic Development Bank|IDB]], [[International Fund for Agricultural Development|IFAD]], [[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement|IFRCS]], [[International Hydrographic Organization|IHO]] (pending member), [[International Labour Organization|ILO]], [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]], [[International Maritime Organization]], [[International Mobile Satellite Organization|Inmarsat]], [[Intelsat]], [[Interpol (organization)|Interpol]], [[IOC]], [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]] (correspondent), [[International Telecommunication Union|ITU]], [[Non-Aligned Movement|NAM]], [[Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries|OAPEC]], [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|OIC]], [[Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons|OPCW]], [[United Nations|UN]], [[United Nations Conference on Trade and Development|UNCTAD]], [[UNESCO]], [[United Nations Industrial Development Organization|UNIDO]], [[Universal Postal Union|UPU]], [[World Customs Organization|WCO]], [[World Health Organization|WHO]], [[World Intellectual Property Organization|WIPO]], [[World Meteorological Organization|WMO]], and [[World Trade Organization|WTO]].

Qatar may suffer significant geopolitical losses if there is a global transition to renewable energy. It is ranked 152 out of 156 countries in the index of Geopolitical Gains and Losses after [[energy transition]] (GeGaLo).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Overland|first1=Indra|last2=Bazilian|first2=Morgan|last3=Ilimbek Uulu|first3=Talgat|last4=Vakulchuk|first4=Roman|last5=Westphal|first5=Kirsten|date=2019|title=The GeGaLo index: Geopolitical gains and losses after energy transition|journal=Energy Strategy Reviews|language=en|volume=26|pages=100406|doi=10.1016/j.esr.2019.100406|doi-access=free|hdl=11250/2634876|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

In September, 2014. QFFD contributed in enhancing stability for Syrian refugees. Qatar Charity facilitated access to quality education through the rehabilitation of 6 Formal schools in Turkey, [[Gaziantep]], [[Urfa]], [[Kilis]], targeting a total number of 13,540 beneficiaries and 12,860 girls and boys.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-11 |title=Qatar Fund for Development Support Syrian refugees in Turkey towards stability - Türkiye {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/turkey/qatar-fund-development-support-syrian-refugees-turkey-towards-stability |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}</ref>

On July 10, 2017, according to documents obtained by Al Arabiya, Qatar agreed to quit supporting the Muslim Brotherhood. In order to avoid undermining relations with the Gulf, it also removed non-citizens from Qatar and refused to provide shelter to anyone from a GCC nation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Will Qatar’s Relationship with the Muslim Brotherhood Change after Gulf Reconciliation? |url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/will-qatars-relationship-muslim-brotherhood-change-after-gulf-reconciliation |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=The Washington Institute |language=en}}</ref>

Qatar claims that "since 2017, Qatar feels it has been the victim of a media attack orchestrated by Abu Dhabi, with false documents and fake news."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-21 |title=Qatargate, gli emiri provano il contropiede: "L'Ue dimostri che i corruttori siamo noi" |url=https://www.repubblica.it/esteri/2022/12/21/news/qatargate_sfida_emiri_ue_dimostri_corruzione-380010344/ |access-date=2023-01-21 |website=la Repubblica |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-21 |title=la strategia degli emiri per il qatargate: negare tutto e urlare al complotto |url=http://www.dagospia.com/rubrica-29/cronache/emiri-contro-ndash-ogni-giorno-che-passa-prende-sempre-piu-corpo-336537.htm |access-date=2023-01-21 |website=www.dagospia.com}}</ref> The Qatari Government stated that they were being "exclusively criticised and attacked" by Belgian authorities and conveyed disappointment that the Belgian government "made no effort to engage with our government to establish the facts".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-18 |title=Qatar reiterates denial that its government involved in EU corruption case |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/qatar-reiterates-denial-that-its-government-involved-eu-corruption-case-2022-12-18/ |access-date=2023-01-21}}</ref>

In January 2021 the United States, represented by the [[United States Department of Defense]], awarded Sheikh Mohammed bin Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al Thani with the [[Department of Defense Medal for Distinguished Public Service]], one of the highest honors bestowed by the US to officials. The then US National Security Adviser [[Robert C. O'Brien]] gave the medal to the Ambassador of Qatar to the US Sheikh Meshaal bin Hamad Al Thani, on behalf of Sheikh Mohammed bin Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al Thani.

This award was in recognition of his exemplary diplomatic efforts to strengthen relations between the State of Qatar and the United States, to support and advance peace efforts in Afghanistan (including the signing of the [[US–Taliban peace deal]] on February 29, 2020, as well as the launch of the [[Afghan peace process]] on September 12, 2020), to promote stability and prosperity in the Middle East North Africa region, and to resolve the Gulf Crisis through diplomacy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=QNA/Washington |date=2021-01-19 |title=FM, Qatar envoy receive US' highest medal for distinguished public service |url=https://www.gulf-times.com/story/682780/fm-qatar-envoy-receive-us-highest-medal-for-distinguished-public-service |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=Gulf Times |language=en}}</ref>

Qatar mediated a deal between the United States and [[Iran]], which in September 2023 saw the release of five prisoners in each country and the unfreezing of US$6 billion of Iranian funds, which had been frozen due to sanctions imposed by the U.S.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-18 |title=Why the U.S.-Iran Prisoner Swap Matters |url=https://time.com/6315295/us-iran-prisoner-swap/ |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=Time |language=en}}</ref><ref name="BBC News">{{Cite news |date=2023-09-18 |title=Iran prisoner swap: US citizens freed in $6bn deal |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-66841137 |access-date=2023-10-09}}</ref> The U.S. citizens were flown to Doha and greeted by U.S. ambassador to Qatar [[Timmy T. Davis]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Qatar’s separate talks with Iran, US on drones, nuclear programme: Report |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/21/qatars-separate-talks-with-iran-us-on-drones-nuclear-programme-reuters |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> and [[Qatar Airways]] CEO [[Akbar Al Baker]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Salari |first=Fatemeh |date=2023-09-19 |title=Qatar says prisoner swap could pave way for better understanding between Iran-US |url=https://dohanews.co/qatar-says-prisoner-swap-could-pave-way-for-better-understanding-between-iran-us/ |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=Doha News {{!}} Qatar |language=en-US}}</ref> before boarding a plane to [[Washington, D.C.]].<ref name="bbc.com">{{Cite news |date=2023-09-19 |title=Five Americans freed in Iran prisoner swap land in US |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-66850811 |access-date=2023-10-09}}</ref> U.S. President [[Joe Biden|Biden]] thanked [[Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani|Sheik Tamim]] and Qatari officials for their role in the mediation as well as establishing a "Humanitarian channel" for Iran.<ref>{{Cite web |title=On Iran’s Release of Unjustly Detained U.S. Citizens |url=https://www.state.gov/on-irans-release-of-unjustly-detained-u-s-citizens/ |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=United States Department of State |language=en}}</ref> The US$6 billion were released to banks in Doha <ref name="bbc.com"/> under the condition that Iran could use the funds only for humanitarian purposes.<ref name="BBC News"/>

==See also==
*[[Human rights in Qatar#Freedom of expression|Freedom of expression in Qatar]]
*[[Mariam Abdullah Al-Jaber]], first Qatari district attorney

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://psephos.adam-carr.net/countries/q/qatar/ Adam Carr's Election Archive]

{{Qatari elections|state=uncollapsed}}
{{Asia topic|Elections in}}
{{Qatar topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Politics Of Qatar}}
[[Category:Politics of Qatar| ]]

[[bn:কাতার#রাজনীতি]]