Editing Politics of Peru

{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Politics of Peru}} 
The '''politics of the Republic of Peru''' takes place in a framework of a [[Unitary state|unitary]] [[Semi-presidential republic|semi-presidential]] [[Representative democracy|representative democratic]] [[republic]],<ref name="Draft">{{cite journal |last=Shugart |first=Matthew Søberg |date=September 2005 |title=Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Authority Patterns |url=http://dss.ucsd.edu/~mshugart/semi-presidentialism.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819200307/http://dss.ucsd.edu/~mshugart/semi-presidentialism.pdf |archive-date=19 August 2008 |access-date=31 August 2017 }}</ref><ref name="Dual">{{cite journal |last=Shugart |first=Matthew Søberg |author-link=Matthew Søberg Shugart |date=December 2005 |title=Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns |url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1057%2Fpalgrave.fp.8200087.pdf |journal=French Politics |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=323–351 |issn=1476-3427 |oclc=6895745903 |doi=10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087 |doi-access=free |access-date=31 August 2017 |quote=Only in Latin America have all new democracies retained a pure presidential form, except for Peru (president-parliamentary) and Bolivia (assembly-independent). }}</ref> whereby the [[President of Peru]] is both [[head of state]] and [[head of government]], and of a [[Diversity (politics)|pluriform]] [[multi-party system]]. [[Executive power]] is exercised by the President and the Government. [[Legislative power]] is vested in both the [[Government]] and the [[Congress of the Republic of Peru|Congress]]. The [[Judiciary of Peru|Judiciary]] is independent of the executive and the legislature. {{Democracy Index rating|Peru|hybrid regime|2022}} 

Traditionally weak [[political party|political parties]] saw their support collapse further in Peru since 2000, paving the way for the rise of personalist leaderships.<ref name=":5" /><ref name="emol11nov" /> The political parties in the [[Congress of the Republic of Peru|congress of Peru]] are, according to political scientist [[Lucía Dammert]], "agglomerations of individual and group interests more than solid and representative parties".<ref name="emol11nov">{{Cite news|title=Atomización de fuerzas, caudillismos e inestabilidad política: Cómo entender el presente del Congreso de Perú|url=https://www.emol.com/noticias/Internacional/2020/11/11/1003429/Peru-Congreso-Inestabilidad.html|last=Vargas|first=Felipe|date=November 11, 2020|access-date=November 15, 2020|work=[[El Mercurio|Emol]]|language=es}}</ref>

The historian [[Gastón Antonio Zapata Velasco|Antonio Zapata]] describes Peru as a "[[Right-wing politics|right-wing]] country"; the only [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] government in contemporary history until the election of [[Pedro Castillo]] in 2021 was that of [[Juan Velasco Alvarado]] (1968-1975), author of an agrarian reform and the nationalization of strategic sectors.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |last=Chaparro |first=Amanda |date=June 2016 |title=Perú: la derecha o la derecha |work=[[Le Monde diplomatique]] |url=https://mondiplo.com/peru-la-derecha-o-la-derecha}}</ref> Peru is also one of the most [[socially conservative]] nations in [[Latin America]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-07-16 |title=Peru Congress votes to host OAS summit after outrage over gender neutral bathrooms |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-congress-declines-oas-summit-over-gender-neutral-bathroom-rule-2022-07-15/ |access-date=2022-07-16}}</ref> 

Currently, almost all major media and political parties in the country are in favour of economic liberalism.<ref name=":6" /> Those opposed to the [[neoliberal]] ''[[status quo]]'' or involved in left-wing politics are often targeted with [[fear mongering]] attacks called ''[[terruqueo]]s'', where individuals or groups are associated with [[Terrorism|terrorists]] involved with the [[internal conflict in Peru]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|last1=Feline Freier|first1=Luisa|last2=Castillo Jara|first2=Soledad|date=13 January 2021|title="Terruqueo" and Peru's Fear of the Left|url=https://www.americasquarterly.org/article/terruqueo-and-perus-fear-of-the-left/|access-date=2021-11-18|website=[[Americas Quarterly]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=Qué es el "terruqueo" en Perú y cómo influye en la disputa presidencial entre Fujimori y Castillo|language=es|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-57277852|access-date=2021-11-18}}</ref>

==History==
The weakness of [[political parties]] in Peruvian politics has been recognized throughout the nation's history, with competing leaders fighting for power following the collapse of the [[Spanish Empire|Spanish Empire's]] [[Viceroyalty of Peru]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Levitsky|first1=Steven|last2=Cameron|first2=Maxwell A.|date=Autumn 2003|title=Democracy without Parties? Political Parties and Regime Change in Fujimori's Peru|journal=[[Latin American Politics and Society]]|volume=45|issue=3|pages=1–33|doi=10.1111/j.1548-2456.2003.tb00248.x|s2cid=153626617}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite web|date=March 2005|title=Peru's Political Party System and the Promotion of the Pro-Poor Reform|url=https://www.ndi.org/sites/default/files/1853_pe_propoor_030105.pdf|website=[[National Democratic Institute]]}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> The [[Peruvian War of Independence]] saw [[aristocrats]] with land and wealthy [[merchants]] cooperate to fight the Spanish Empire, though the aristocrats would later obtain greater power and lead an [[oligarchy]] headed by ''[[caudillos]]'' that defended the existing [[feudalist]] [[Hacienda|''haciendas'']].<ref name=":5" /> During the time of the [[Chincha Islands War]], [[guano]] extraction in Peru led to the rise of an even wealthier aristocracy that established a [[plutocracy]].<ref name=":5" /> [[Anarchist]] politician [[Manuel González Prada]] accurately detailed that parties in Peru shortly after the [[War of the Pacific]] were controlled by a wealthy oligarchy that used candidate-based political parties to control economic interests; a practice that continues to the present day.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Gorman|first=Stephen M.|date=September 1980|title=The Economic and Social Foundations of Elite Power in Peru: A Review of the Literature|journal=Social and Economic Studies|publisher=[[University of the West Indies]]|volume=29|issue=2/3|pages=292–319}}</ref> This oligarchy was supported by the [[Catholic Church]], which would ignore inequalities in Peru and instead assist governments with appeasing the impoverished majority.<ref name=":5" /> At this time, the [[Armed Forces of Peru|armed forces of Peru]] were seen by the public as ensuring territorial sovereignty and order, granting military leaders the ability to blame political parties and justify [[coup d'état]]s against established leaders of the nation who were facing socioeconomic difficulties.<ref name=":3" /> This led to a pattern throughout Peru's political history of an elected leader drafting and proposing a policy while the military would later overthrow the said leader, adopting and implementing the elected official's proposals.<ref name=":3" /> Combatting ideologies of ''[[indigenismo]]'' of the majority and the elite holding [[Europhile]] values would also arise at the end of the nineteenth century and into the twentieth century.<ref name=":5" />

Following industrialization and [[World War I]], economic expansion in Peru resulted with rural groups demanding more interaction with the wealthy urban areas and embracing ''indigenismo''.<ref name=":5" /> Labor and student movements – especially the [[anarcho-syndicalist]] [[Peruvian Regional Workers' Federation]] – would arise at this time while nearly overtaking the existing oligarchical structure, though the coup and subsequent dictatorship of [[Augusto B. Leguía]] for the next decade would quash hopes for further progress.<ref name=":5" /> During the Leguía dictatorship emerged two political thinkers inspired by González Prada; [[José Carlos Mariátegui]] and [[Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre]].<ref name=":5" /> In 1924 from [[Mexico]], university reform leaders in Peru who had been forced into exile by the government founded the [[American People's Revolutionary Alliance]], which had a major influence on the country's political life. APRA is thus largely a political expression of the university reform and workers' struggles of the years 1918–1920. The movement draws its influences from the [[Mexican Revolution]] and its [[1917 Constitution]] – particularly on issues of [[agrarianism]] and [[indigenism]] – and to a lesser extent from the [[Russian Revolution]]. Its leader, [[Haya de la Torre]], declares that APRA as a "Marxist interpretation of the American reality", it nevertheless moves away from it on the question of class struggle and on the importance given to the struggle for the political unity of Latin America.<ref>Latin America in the 20th century: 1889-1929, 1991, p. 314-319</ref> In 1928, the Peruvian Socialist Party was founded, notably under the leadership of José Carlos Mariátegui, himself a spectator of the European socialist movements who maintained relationships with the [[Communist Party of Italy]], including the leadership of [[Palmiro Togliatti]] and [[Antonio Gramsci]]. Shortly afterwards in 1929, the party created the General Confederation of Workers. Following the assassination of President [[Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro]] in 1933 by an Aprista, APRA was persecuted in Peru. Persecution of APRA persisted until about 1956 when it became allied with the elite in Peru.<ref name=":5" />

Following [[World War II]], the military's ideology began to distance itself from the wealthy elite when the Center of High Military Studies began to promote studies of Manuel González Prada and José Carlos Mariátegui, creating officers that viewed the elite as sacrificing national sovereignty in order to acquire foreign capital and resulted with an undeveloped, reliant nation.<ref name=":5" /> Thus in 1963, [[Fernando Belaúnde Terry]] was elected president and proposed the first pro-worker and peasant policies for Peru.<ref name=":3" /> Belaúnde's administration was tolerant of the political left, and a variety of Marxist parties expanded during his time in office.<ref name=":23233">{{Cite book |last=Scott Palmer |first=David |title=Mao's Little Red Book: A Global History |date=2013 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-107-05722-7 |editor-last=Cook |editor-first=Alexander C. |location=Cambridge |pages= |chapter=The Influence of Maoism in Peru}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=132-133}}

Belaúnde was overthrown by General [[Juan Velasco Alvarado]] in 1968, who implemented Belaúnde's policies in his own unique manner.<ref name=":3" /> The [[Shining Path]] guerilla group emerged in 1968 led by [[Abimael Guzmán]], beginning the [[internal conflict in Peru]] between the state and Shining Path forces. 

The 1979 [[Constitution of Peru|Constitution]] established universal suffrage in Peru and resulted in the return of democracy at the national level.<ref name=":23233" />{{Rp|page=133}}

During the [[Lost Decade (Peru)|Lost Decade]] of the 1980s and internal conflict, political parties became weaker once again.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> Angered by President [[Alan García]]'s inability to combat the crises in the nation, the armed forces began planning a coup to establish a [[neoliberal]] government in the late 1980s with [[Plan Verde]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Burt|first=Jo-Marie|date=September–October 1998|title=Unsettled accounts: militarization and memory in postwar Peru|journal=[[NACLA|NACLA Report on the Americas]]|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|volume=32|issue=2|pages=35–41|doi=10.1080/10714839.1998.11725657|quote=the military's growing frustration over the limitations placed upon its counterinsurgency operations by democratic institutions, coupled with the growing inability of civilian politicians to deal with the spiraling economic crisis and the expansion of the Shining Path, prompted a group of military officers to devise a coup plan in the late 1980s. The plan called for the dissolution of Peru's civilian government, military control over the state, and total elimination of armed opposition groups. The plan, developed in a series of documents known as the "Plan Verde," outlined a strategy for carrying out a military coup in which the armed forces would govern for 15 to 20 years and radically restructure state-society relations along neoliberal lines.}}</ref><ref name="Alfredo">{{cite book|author=Alfredo Schulte-Bockholt|title=The politics of organized crime and the organized crime of politics: a study in criminal power|publisher=Lexington Books|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7391-1358-5|pages=114–118|chapter=Chapter 5: Elites, Cocaine, and Power in Colombia and Peru|quote=important members of the officer corps, particularly within the army, had been contemplating a military coup and the establishment of an authoritarian regime, or a so-called directed democracy. The project was known as 'Plan Verde', the Green Plan. ... Fujimori essentially adopted the 'Plan Verde,' and the military became a partner in the regime. ... The autogolpe, or self-coup, of April 5, 1992, dissolved the Congress and the country's constitution and allowed for the implementation of the most important components of the 'Plan Verde.'}}</ref> Peruvians shifted their support for [[authoritarian]] leader [[Alberto Fujimori]], who was supported by the military following his win in the [[1990 Peruvian general election]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

Fujimori essentially adopted the policies outlined in the military's Plan Verde and turned Peru into a neoliberal nation.<ref name="Alfredo" /><ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|last=Avilés|first=William|date=Spring 2009|title=Despite Insurgency: Reducing Military Prerogatives in Colombia and Peru|journal=[[Latin American Politics and Society]]|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|volume=51|issue=1|pages=57–85|doi=10.1111/j.1548-2456.2009.00040.x|s2cid=154153310}}</ref> Fujimori's civil-military government established sentiments in Peru that politics were slower than brute military force while governing.<ref name=":3" /> The 1979 Constitution was changed after the [[1992 Peruvian constitutional crisis|Fujimori's self-coup]] where the president dissolved the Congress and established the new 1993 Constitution. One of the changes to the 1979 Constitution was the possibility of the president's immediate re-election (Article 112) which made possible the re-election of Fujimori in the following years. After Fujimori's resignation, the transitional government of [[Valentín Paniagua]] changed Article 112 and called for [[2001 Peruvian general election|new elections in 2001]] where [[Alejandro Toledo]] was elected.

However, following the fall of the Fujimori government, Peru still lacked strong political parties, leaving the nation vulnerable to populist outsider politicians lacking experience.<ref name=":2" /> Regional parties then grew to become more popular as foreign investment increased during the 21st century, though their service to the elites sowed public distrust.<ref name=":3" /> On 28 July 2021, left-wing candidate [[Pedro Castillo]] was sworn in as the new [[President of Peru]] after a narrow win in a tightly contested run-off [[2021 Peruvian general election|election]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dw.com/en/peru-pedro-castillo-sworn-in-as-president/a-58672989 |title=Peru: Pedro Castillo sworn in as president |work=Deutsche Welle |date=2021-07-28 |accessdate=2022-05-07}}</ref> On 7 December 2022, the congress removed President Castillo from office. He was replaced by Vice President [[Dina Boluarte]], the country's first female president.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Aquino |first1=Marco |title=New Peru president sworn in, predecessor Castillo arrested |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-president-says-will-dissolve-congress-calls-elections-2022-12-07/ |work=Reuters |date=8 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Allegations of corruption in politics ===

Exceptionally many [[President of Peru|Presidents of Peru]] have been ousted from office or imprisoned on [[Corruption in Peru|allegations of corruption]] over the past three decades. [[Alberto Fujimori]] is serving a 25-year sentence in prison for commanding [[death squad]]s that killed civilians in a counterinsurgency campaign during his tenure (1990-2000). He was later also found guilty of corruption. Former president [[Alan García]] (1985-1990 and 2006–2011) committed suicide in April 2019 when Peruvian police arrived to arrest him over allegations he participated in [[Odebrecht Case|Odebrecht bribery]] scheme. Former president [[Alejandro Toledo]] is accused of allegedly receiving bribe from Brazilian construction firm [[Odebrecht]] during his government (2001-2006). Former president [[Ollanta Humala]] (2011-2016) is also under investigation for allegedly receiving bribe from Odebrecht during his presidential election campaign. Humala's successor [[Pedro Pablo Kuczynski]] (2016-2018) remains under house arrest while prosecutors investigate him for favoring contracts with Odebrecht. Former president [[Martín Vizcarra]] (2018-2020) was ousted by Congress after media reports alleged he had received bribes while he was a regional governor years earlier.<ref>{{cite news |title=The curious case of Peru's persistent president-to-prison politics |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/11/17/the-curious-case-of-perus-persistent-president-to-prison-politics.html |work=The Week |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Peru's presidential lineup: graft probes, suicide and impeachment |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-politics-presidents-factbox-idUSKBN27V0M1 |work=Reuters |date=15 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

==Executive branch==
[[File:PalacioEjecutivodelPeru.jpg|thumb|[[Government Palace of Peru]].]]

{{office-table}}
|[[List of Presidents of Peru|President]]
|[[Dina Boluarte]]
|Independent
|7 December 2022
|-
|[[Vice President of Peru|First Vice President]]

|''Vacant''
|
|7 December 2022
|-
|[[Vice President of Peru|Second Vice President]]
|''Vacant''
|
|7 May 2020
|-
|[[List of Prime Ministers of Peru|Prime Minister]]
|[[Gustavo Adrianzén]]
|Independent
|6 March 2024
|}

Under the current constitution, the president is the [[head of state]] and [[head of government|government]]. The president is elected for a five-year term and may not immediately be re-elected.<ref>''Constitución Política del Perú'', Article No. 112.</ref> All citizens above the age of eighteen are entitled and in fact [[Compulsory voting|compelled]] to vote. The first and second vice presidents also are popularly elected but have no constitutional functions unless the president is unable to discharge his duties.

The President appoints the [[Prime Minister of Peru|Prime Minister]] ''(Primer Ministro)'' and the [[Cabinet of Peru|Council of Ministers]] ''(Consejo de Ministros,'' or Cabinet), which is individually and collectively responsible both to the president and the legislature.<ref name="Draft" /><ref name="Dual" /> All presidential decree laws or draft bills sent to Congress must be approved by the Council of Ministers.

==Legislative branch==

[[File:Peru Lima Congreso from center left.jpg|thumb|[[Congress of the Republic of Peru]].]]
The legislative branch consists of a unicameral [[Congress of Peru|Congress]] ({{lang|es|Congreso}}) of 130 members. elected for a five-year term by [[proportional representation]] In addition to passing laws, Congress ratifies treaties, authorizes government loans, and approves the government budget. The president has the power to block legislation with which the executive branch does not agree.

==Political parties and elections==
{{elect|List of political parties in Peru|Elections in Peru}}Like other Latin American nations, political parties in Peru since its revolutionary period have been weak and centered around a candidate instead of policy, with parties selecting a candidate with the most wealth that they can bring to support the organization.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" /> The lack of popular political parties led to the rise of [[populist]] authoritarian leaders.<ref name=":2" /> With the growth of media and a large informal population, Peru has continued to ignore the need for political parties.<ref name=":2" /> Political parties exist mainly through conflict, holding a goal to damage opposing parties while ignoring policy.<ref name=":3" />

===Presidential election===
{{transcluded section|2021 Peruvian general election}}{{trim|{{#section-h:2021 Peruvian general election|President}}}}

===Parliamentary elections===
{{transcluded section|2020 Peruvian parliamentary election}}{{trim|{{#section-h:2021 Peruvian general election|Congress}}}}

==Judicial branch==

[[File:Palacio de Justicia. Lima, Perú..jpg|thumb|[[Supreme Court of Justice of Peru]].]]
The judicial branch of government is headed by a 16-member [[Supreme court|Supreme Court]] seated in [[Lima]]. The National Council of the Judiciary appoints judges to this court.

The [[Constitutional Court of Peru|Constitutional Court]] ''(Tribunal Constitucional)'' interprets the constitution on matters of individual rights. Superior courts in regional capitals review appeals from decisions by lower courts. Courts of first instance are located in provincial capitals and are divided into civil, penal, and special chambers. The judiciary has created several temporary specialized courts in an attempt to reduce the large backlog of cases pending final court action.

Peru's legal system is based on civil law system.  Peru has not accepted compulsory [[International Court of Justice|ICJ]] jurisdiction. In 1996 a [[human rights]] [[ombudsman]]'s office ''(defensor del pueblo)'' was created to address [[human right]]s issues.

==Administrative divisions==
Peru's territory, according to the Regionalization Law which was passed on 18 November 2002, is divided into 25 [[region]]s (regiones). These regions are subdivided into [[province]]s, which are composed of [[district]]s. There are a total of 180 provinces and 1747 districts in Peru.

[[Lima Province]] is '''not''' part of any political region.

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Amazonas (Peruvian department)|Amazonas]]
* [[Ancash Region|Ancash]]
* [[Apurímac Region|Apurímac]]
* [[Arequipa Region|Arequipa]]
* [[Ayacucho Region|Ayacucho]]
* [[Cajamarca Region|Cajamarca]]
* [[Callao Region|Callao]]
* [[Cusco Region|Cusco]]
* [[Huancavelica Region|Huancavelica]]
* [[Huánuco Region|Huánuco]]
* [[Ica Region|Ica]]
* [[Junín Region|Junín]]
* [[La Libertad Region|La Libertad]]
* [[Lambayeque Region|Lambayeque]]
* [[Lima Region|Lima Provincias]]
* [[Loreto Region|Loreto]]
* [[Madre de Dios Region|Madre de Dios]]
* [[Moquegua Region|Moquegua]]
* [[Pasco Region|Pasco]]
* [[Piura Region|Piura]]
* [[Puno Region|Puno]]
* [[San Martín Region|San Martín]]
* [[Tacna Region|Tacna]]
* [[Tumbes Region|Tumbes]]
* [[Ucayali Region|Ucayali]]
{{Div col end}}

== Organizations ==

=== Armed groups ===
Leftist guerrilla groups include [[Shining Path]], the [[Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement]] (MRTA). Both Shining Path and MRTA are considered [[terrorism|terrorist]] organizations.

=== Regional groups ===
Regional groups representing peasant and indigenous groups exist in the outlying provinces, often working to promote autonomy.<ref name="PROFE22">{{cite book|last1=Asensio|first1=Raúl|url=https://fondoeditorial.iep.org.pe/producto/el-profe-como-pedro-castillo-se-convirtio-en-presidente-del-peru-y-que-pasara-a-continuacion-2/|title=El Profe: Cómo Pedro Castillo se convirtió en presidente del Perú y qué pasará a continuación|last2=Camacho|first2=Gabriela|last3=González|first3=Natalia|last4=Grompone|first4=Romeo|last5=Pajuelo Teves|first5=Ramón|last6=Peña Jimenez|first6=Omayra|last7=Moscoso|first7=Macarena|last8=Vásquez|first8=Yerel|last9=Sosa Villagarcia|first9=Paolo|date=August 2021|publisher=[[Institute of Peruvian Studies]]|isbn=978-612-326-084-2|edition=1|location=[[Lima, Peru]]|pages=27–71|language=es|access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref> Groups promoting autonomy agreements with larger states possibly existed since the [[Inca Empire]] and such sentiments of independence have continued among local communities to current times.<ref name="PROFE22" />

=== Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) ===
In the early 1970s and 1980s, many grassroots organizations emerged in Peru. They were concerned with the problems of local people and poverty reduction. Organizations such as Solaris Peru, Traperos de Emus San Agustin, APRODE PERU, Cáritas del Perú, and the American organization CARE, with their Peruvian location, fought to address poverty in their communities with different approaches, depending on the organization.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}} In 2000, these organizations played an important role in the [[decentralization]] process. Their hope was that power would be clearly divided between national and local governments, and the latter would be able to address social justice and the concerns of local people better than the national government could. Some [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]] members even became part of local governments. There is a debate about the extent to which this engagement in politics contributes to the attainment of their original goals.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mixed Feelings |author=Monika Huber, Wolfgang Kaiser |publisher=dandc.eu |date=February 2013 |url=http://www.dandc.eu/en/article/perus-ngos-want-government-decentralisation-serve-social-goals-and-public-participation}}</ref>

== International policy ==
Peru or Peruvian organizations participate in the following international organizations:
* [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] (APEC)
* [[Andean Community of Nations]] (CAN)
* [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] (FAO)
* Group of Fifteen ([[Group of 15|G-15]])
* Group of Twenty-Four (G-24)
* Group of 77 ([[Group of 77|G-77]])
* [[Inter-American Development Bank]] (IADB)
* [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] (IAEA)
* [[International Bank for Reconstruction and Development]] (IBRD, part of the [[World Bank Group]])
* [[International Civil Aviation Organization]] (ICAO)
* [[International Criminal Court|International Criminal Court (ICC)]]
* [[International Chamber of Commerce|International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)]]
* [[International Confederation of Free Trade Unions]] (ICFTU)
* [[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement|International Red Cross]]
* [[International Development Association]] (IDA)
* [[International Fund for Agricultural Development]] (IFAD)
* [[International Finance Corporation]] (IFC)
* [[International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies]] (IFRCS)
* [[International Hydrographic Organization]] (IHO)
* [[International Labour Organization]] (ILO)
* [[International Monetary Fund]], (IMF)
* [[International Maritime Organization]] (IMO)
* [[Interpol (organization)|Interpol]]
* [[International Olympic Committee|IOC]]
* [[International Organization for Migration]] (IOM)
* [[International Organization for Standardization]] (ISO) (correspondent)
* [[International Telecommunication Union]] (ITU)
* [[Latin American Economic System]] (LAES)
* [[Latin American Integration Association]] (LAIA)
* [[United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (MONUC)
* [[Non-Aligned Movement]] (NAM)
* [[Organization of American States|OAS]]
* [[Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean]] (OPANAL)
* [[Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons]] (OPCW)
* [[Permanent Court of Arbitration]] (PCA)
* [[Rio Group|Rio Group (RG)]]
* [[Union of South American Nations]](Unasul-Unasur)
* [[United Nations]]
* [[United Nations Conference on Trade and Development]] (UNCTAD)
* [[UNESCO|United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization]] (UNESCO)
* [[UNHRC United Nations Human Rights Council]] (UNHRC)
* [[United Nations Industrial Development Organization]] (UNIDO)
* [[United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea]] (UNMEE)
* [[United Nations Mission in Liberia]] (UNMIL)
* [[Universal Postal Union]] (UPU)
* [[World Confederation of Labour]] (WCL)
* [[World Customs Organization]] (WCO)
* [[World Federation of Trade Unions]] (WFTU)
* [[World Health Organization]] (WHO)
* [[World Intellectual Property Organization]] (WIPO)
* [[World Meteorological Organization]] (WMO)
* [[World Tourism Organization]] (WToO)
* [[World Trade Organization]] (WTrO)

== See also ==
* [[Censorship in Peru]]
* [[Government of Peru]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name=nytapril2021>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/11/world/americas/peru-election.html|title=In Peru's Presidential Election, the Most Popular Choice Is No One|work=The New York Times|date=12 April 2021|accessdate=7 June 2021|archive-date=7 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607074429/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/11/world/americas/peru-election.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name=oppositionrule>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/peru-opposition-lead-congress-setback-socialist-castillo-2021-07-26/|title=Peru opposition to lead Congress in setback for socialist Castillo|first=Marco|last=Aquino|publisher=Reuters|date=26 July 2021|accessdate=28 July 2021}}</ref>

}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Politics of Peru}}
* [http://www.congreso.gob.pe/ Congress of Peru]
* [http://www.pcm.gob.pe/ Prime minister of Peru]
* [http://www.presidencia.gob.pe/ Presidency of Peru]
* [http://www.tc.gob.pe/ Supreme Court of Peru]
* [http://www.crlp.org/pdf/wowlac_pr00_peru.pdf Center for Reproductive Rights Report] (PDF format)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060719085409/http://www.cfr.org/publication/10093/ Council on Foreign Relations: Peru's Elections]
* [http://www.citymayors.com/government/peru_government.html Local governments in Peru]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070205051725/http://www.angus-reid.com/tracker/index.cfm/fuseaction/viewItem/itemID/9797 Peru's 2006 Elections]}}
* [http://www.universidadperu.com/elecciones-peru-2006-x-minuto.php Peru's 2006 Elections]

{{Americas topic|Politics of}}
{{Peru topics}}
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[[Category:Politics of Peru| ]]