Editing Politics of Mongolia

{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{Politics of Mongolia}}

The '''politics of Mongolia''' takes place in a framework of a [[parliamentary system]] with a [[multi-party system|multi-party]] [[representative democracy]].<ref name="Constitution">{{cite web |url=https://legalinfo.mn/mn/detail/367 |title=The Constitution of Mongolia (1992) |publisher=LegalInfo |access-date=6 January 2025}}</ref> While some sources have incorrectly described Mongolia as a [[semi-presidential system]], its 1992 Constitution clearly defines it as a parliamentary republic.<ref name="IDEA">{{cite web |url=http://www.constitutionnet.org/news/mongolia-vain-constitutional-attempt-consolidate-parliamentary-democracy |title=Mongolia: A Vain Constitutional Attempt to Consolidate Parliamentary Democracy |last=Odonkhuu |first=Munkhsaikhan |date=12 February 2016 |website=ConstitutionNet |publisher=International IDEA |access-date=6 January 2025 |quote=Mongolia is officially a parliamentary system, despite the popularly elected president and limited executive powers.}}</ref>

The [[Government of Mongolia|government]] is headed by the [[Prime Minister of Mongolia|Prime Minister]], who is appointed by and accountable to the [[State Great Khural]] (Parliament).<ref name="Parliament">{{cite web |url=https://www.parliament.mn |title=Parliament of Mongolia |publisher=State Great Khural |access-date=6 January 2025}}</ref> [[Executive power]] is exercised by the Prime Minister and the Cabinet. The [[President of Mongolia|President]] serves as the head of state with limited authority, primarily in the areas of foreign policy and national security, as well as being the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces.<ref name="President">{{cite web |url=https://president.mn/ |title=Official Website of the President of Mongolia |publisher=Office of the President of Mongolia |access-date=6 January 2025}}</ref> The President also has veto power over laws passed by Parliament, though this can be overridden by a two-thirds parliamentary majority.

[[Legislative power]] is vested in the State Great Khural, a unicameral parliament. [[Judiciary|Judicial power]] is independent of the executive and legislature, as guaranteed by the Constitution.

Mongolia held its first democratic elections in [[1990 Mongolian parliamentary election|1990]], following a peaceful [[Mongolian Revolution of 1990|1990 revolution]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1992 |title=Election Watch |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/225501 |journal=Journal of Democracy |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=130–133 |issn=1086-3214}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=Mongolia: Freedom in the World 2024 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/mongolia/freedom-world/2024 |website=Freedom House |language=en}}</ref> From 1921 to 1990, Mongolia was a communist single-party state under the [[Mongolian People's Party|Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Batbayar |first=Tsedendambyn |date=1993 |title=Mongolia in 1992: Back to One-Party Rule |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2645287 |journal=Asian Survey |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=61–66 |doi=10.2307/2645287 |issn=0004-4687}}</ref> Historically, Mongolian politics has been influenced by its two large neighbors, Russia and China.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ginsburg |first=Tom |date=1995 |title=Political Reform in Mongolia: Between Russia and China |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2645748 |journal=Asian Survey |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=459–471 |doi=10.2307/2645748 |issn=0004-4687}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rahul |first=Ram |date=1978 |title=Mongolia between China and Russia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2643524?searchText=&searchUri=&ab_segments=&searchKey=&refreqid=fastly-default:535d3d4e6b651774ea54cf3ffc2ae965&initiator=recommender&seq=1 |journal=Asian Survey |volume=18 |issue=7 |pages=659–665 |doi=10.2307/2643524 |issn=0004-4687}}</ref>

==Socialist period and single party government==
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2021}}
Shortly after the [[Outer Mongolian Revolution of 1921|Mongolian Revolution of 1921]], Mongolia adopted a one-party socialist republican [[Mongolian People's Republic|constitution]] modelled after the [[Politics of the Soviet Union|Soviet Union]]; only the [[communist party]] — the [[Mongolian People's Party|Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party]] (MPRP) — was officially permitted to function. Mongolian politics was closely monitored and directed by [[Soviet Union|Kremlin]]. Any political opposition was [[Stalinist repressions in Mongolia|brutally repressed]], and government officials who opposed the Soviet influence were murdered, executed or sent to [[Gulag|labour camps]]. During the communist regime, [[collective farming|collectivisation of livestock]], introduction of modern agriculture, limited [[industrialisation]] and the [[Urbanization|urbanisation]] were carried out without perceptible popular opposition.

==Democratic movement==
The [[perestroika]] in the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[Revolutions of 1989|democracy movements]] across [[Eastern Europe]] had a profound impact on Mongolian politics. On the morning of 10 December 1989, the first open pro-democracy demonstration was held in front of the Youth Cultural Centre in Ulaanbaatar.<ref>{{cite news|last=G.|first=Dari|title=Democracy Days to be inaugurated|publisher=news.mn (in Mongolian)|url=http://politics.news.mn/content/89237.shtml|access-date=8 July 2013|date=5 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110172038/http://politics.news.mn/content/89237.shtml|archive-date=10 January 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> There, [[Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj]] announced the establishment of the Mongolian Democratic Union.<ref name="CDMongolia">{{cite web|title=Tsakhia Elbegdorj|publisher=Community of Democracies Mongolia|url=http://cdmongolia.mn/tsakhia-elbegdorj/#.UdovIfmmiAg|access-date=8 July 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130610155307/http://cdmongolia.mn/tsakhia-elbegdorj/#.UdovIfmmiAg|archive-date=10 June 2013}}</ref>

Over the next months activists, led by 13 leaders, continued to organise demonstrations, rallies, protests and hunger strikes, as well as teachers' and workers' strikes.<ref name="Politburo">{{cite book|title=Parliaments in Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=slpaAe40kn0C&pg=PA143 |last=Ahmed and Norton|first=Nizam U. and Philip|page=143|publisher=Frank Cass & Co.Ltd|place=London|isbn=0-7146-4951-1|access-date=8 July 2013|year=1999}}</ref> Activists had growing support from Mongolians, both in the capital and the countryside. Efforts made by trade unions across the country for democracy had a significant impact on the success of the movement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://baabar.niitlelch.mn/content/112.shtml|title=Democratic Revolution and Its Terrible Explanations|author=Baabar|author-link=Baabar|publisher=baabar.mn (in Mongolian)|date=16 November 2009|access-date=25 June 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121227133854/http://baabar.niitlelch.mn/content/112.shtml|archive-date=27 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="Democracy's Hero">{{cite web|title=Democracy's Hero: Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj|url=http://www.iri.org/news-events-press-center/news/democracy%E2%80%99s-hero-tsakhiagiin-elbegdorj|publisher=The International Republican Institute|location=Washington|date=21 July 2011|access-date=8 August 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428055254/http://www.iri.org/news-events-press-center/news/democracy%E2%80%99s-hero-tsakhiagiin-elbegdorj|archive-date=28 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mongolia Celebrates 20th Anniversary of Democratic Revolution|url=http://www.iri.org/news-events-press-center/news/mongolia-celebrates-20th-anniversary-democratic-revolution|publisher=The International Republican Institute|access-date=8 August 2012|date=11 December 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219062034/http://iri.org/news-events-press-center/news/mongolia-celebrates-20th-anniversary-democratic-revolution|archive-date=19 December 2010}}</ref> After demonstrations of tens of thousands of people in freezing weather in the capital city as well as provincial centres, Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party Politburo gave way to the pressure and entered negotiations with the leaders of the democratic movement.<ref>{{cite news|last=Wilhelm|first=Kathy|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1298&dat=19900312&id=H-FLAAAAIBAJ&sjid=b4sDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4798,2084369|title=Mongolian Politburo resigns en masse|page=4|newspaper=The Free Lance Star|place=Fredericksburg, VA|date=12 March 1990|access-date=8 July 2013}}</ref> [[Jambyn Batmönkh]], chairman of the Politburo, decided to dissolve the Politburo and to resign on 9 March 1990,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2199&dat=19900312&id=QkUyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=_uQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4637,3539885|title=Entire Mongolian Politburo resigns|newspaper=Lawrence Journal-World|pages=8A|place=Lawrence, KS|date=12 March 1990|access-date=8 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Ch.|first=Munkhbayar|url=http://news.dorgio.mn/politics/other/772|title=What was the Mongolian democratic revolution?|publisher=dorgio.mn (in Mongolian)|date=13 March 2013|access-date=8 July 2013}}</ref> paving the way for the first multi-party elections in Mongolia.<ref name="Politburo" /> As a result, Mongolia became the first country in Asia to successfully transition into democracy from communist rule.<ref>{{cite web|first=Ganbat|last=Gamba|title=The Mass Public and Democratic Politics in Mongolia|url=http://www.asianbarometer.org/newenglish/publications/workingpapers/no.29.pdf|publisher=Asian Barometer|page=3|year=2004|location=Taipei|volume=Working Paper Series: No. 29|access-date=8 July 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531184323/http://www.asianbarometer.org/newenglish/publications/workingpapers/no.29.pdf|archive-date=31 May 2011}}</ref>

==Multi-party system==
As a result of the democratic movement that led to [[1990 Democratic Revolution in Mongolia]], the constitution was amended, removing reference to the MPRP's role as the leading political force in the country, legalising opposition parties and creating a standing legislative body and the office of president in May 1990.

Mongolia's first multi-party elections for the [[State Great Khural|People's Great Khural]] (Upper Chamber of the Parliament) were held on 29 July 1990. The [[Mongolian People's Party|MPRP]] won 85% of the seats. The People's Great Khural first commenced on 3 September and elected a president (MPRP), a vice-president (SDP, Social Democratic Party), a prime minister (MPRP), and 50 members to the Baga Khural (Lower Chamber of the Parliament). The vice president was also the speaker of the Baga Khural. In November 1991, the People's Great Khural began discussion on a new constitution and adopted it on 13 January 1992. The Constitution entered into force on 12 February 1992. In addition to establishing Mongolia as an independent, sovereign republic and guaranteeing a number of rights and freedoms, the new constitution restructured the legislative branch of government, creating a unicameral legislature, the [[State Great Khural]], with 76 members.

The 1992 constitution provided that the president would be directly elected by popular vote rather than by the legislature as before. In June 1993, incumbent [[Punsalmaagiin Ochirbat]] won the first direct presidential election, running as the candidate of the democratic opposition.

[[File:Mongolian parliament members.jpg|right|thumb|300px|[[State Great Khural|Mongolia's Parliament]] in session]]

As the supreme legislative organ, the State Great Khural is empowered to enact and amend laws, regarding domestic and foreign policy, to ratify international agreements, and declare a state of emergency by the constitution. The State Great Khural meets semi-annually. The parliamentary election holds place every four years, but the [[electoral system]] varied in each election. The current electoral system is based on [[Multiple non-transferable vote|plurality-on-large]] with 29 electoral districts. The Speaker of the State Great Khural is elected by the members of the parliament, and one deputy speaker is appointed by each political party or coalition with at least 10 seats in the parliament.

==Political developments==
Until June 1996 the predominant party in Mongolia was the [[Mongolian People's Party|Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party]] (MPRP). The country's president was [[Punsalmaagiin Ochirbat]] (Democratic Party) during 1990-1997. Ochirbat was a member of MPRP until 1990 but changed his party membership to the Democratic Party following the democratic revolution.

[[Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj]], as the chairman of the [[Democratic Party (Mongolia)|Democratic Party]], co-led the [[Democratic Union Coalition]] to its first time historic victory in the [[1996 Mongolian legislative election|1996 parliamentary election]]s winning 50 out of 76 parliamentary seats. Democratic Union Coalition of Democratic Party and Social Democratic Party (chairman Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj) was in power in 1996-2000.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lawrence|first=Susan V.|publisher=Congressional Research Service|title=Mongolia: Issues for Congress|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41867.pdf|date=14 June 2011|access-date=25 June 2013}}</ref> [[Mendsaikhany Enkhsaikhan]], election manager of Democratic Union Coalition worked as the prime minister from 7 July 1996 to 23 April 1998. In 1998, a clause in the constitution was removed that prohibited members of parliament to take cabinet responsibility.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=3039|title=Constitution of Mongolia|publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization|date=13 January 1992|access-date=25 June 2013}}</ref> Thus on 23 April 1998, the parliament elected (61–6) Elbegdorj, chairman of the Democratic Union Coalition and the Majority Group in parliament as the prime minister.<ref>{{cite web|title=April 1998|url=http://rulers.org/1998-04.html|publisher=rulers.org|date=April 1998|access-date=21 May 2009}}</ref> Due to opposition MPRP's demand Elbegdorj lost confidence vote at the Parliament<ref>{{cite book|last=Sanders|first=Alan J.K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5JN83EDDLl4C&pg=PR68 |title=Historical Dictionary of Mongolia. Third edition|publisher=Scarecrow Press|place=Lanham, MD |pages=xviii|year=2010|access-date=25 June 2013|isbn=978-0-8108-7452-7}}</ref> and was replaced by [[Janlavyn Narantsatsralt]] (Democratic Party) on 9 December 1998.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kohn|first=Michael|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-UnWOmL1a48C&pg=PA109 |title=Dateline Mongolia: An American Journalist in Nomad's Land|publisher=RDR Books|place=Muskegon, MI|page=109|year=2006|access-date=25 June 2013|isbn=978-1-57143-155-4}}</ref> [[Janlavyn Narantsatsralt]] worked as the prime minister for eight months until his resignation in July 1999. [[Rinchinnyamyn Amarjargal]] became Democratic Party's new chairman and served as the prime minister from 30 July 1999 to 26 July 2000.

In 1997 [[Natsagiin Bagabandi]] (MPRP) was elected as the country's president in [[1997 Mongolian presidential election]]. He was re-elected as president in [[2001 Mongolian presidential election]] and served as the country's president until 2005.

As a result of [[2000 Mongolian legislative election|2000 parliamentary elections]] MPRP was back in power in the parliament and the government as well as the presidency.

The vote in the [[2004 Mongolian legislative election|2004 parliamentary elections]] was evenly split between the two major political forces – Motherland-Democratic Coalition of Democratic Party and Motherland Party and the MPRP.<ref>{{cite web|last=Zuckerman|first=Ethan|url=http://www.ethanzuckerman.com/blog/2006/01/13/its-never-to-cold-to-riot-in-ulaanbaatar/|title=It is never too cold to riot in Ulaanbaatar|publisher=ethanzuckerman.com|date=13 January 2006|access-date=25 June 2013}}</ref> Thus it required the establishing of the first ever coalition government in Mongolia between the democratic coalition and the MPRP. On 20 August 2004, Elbegdorj became the prime minister of Mongolia for the second time leading a grand coalition government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forum.mn/en/p_print.php?obj_id=489|title=Ts. Elbegdorj is Prime Minister (August 20, 2004)|publisher=Open Society Forum|date=20 August 2004|access-date=7 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030752/http://www.forum.mn/en/p_print.php?obj_id=489|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In [[2005 Mongolian presidential election]] [[Nambaryn Enkhbayar]] (MPRP) was elected as the country's president.

The [[Mongolian People's Party|MPRP]] won a majority (46 of 76 seats) in [[2008 Mongolian legislative election|2008 parliamentary elections]]. The Democratic Party won 27 seats with the three remaining seats going to minor parties and an independent. MPRP formed a coalition government with the Democratic Party although MPRP had enough seats to form a government alone in parliament.

On 24 May 2009, in [[2009 Mongolian presidential election]], [[Democratic Party (Mongolia)|Democratic Party]] candidate [[Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj]] made a victory over incumbent President [[Nambaryn Enkhbayar]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mongolia Profile|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-15460528|publisher=BBC|access-date=31 July 2012}}</ref> [[Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj]] was sworn into office and became the country's president on 18 June 2009.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mongolia's new president sworn in|url=http://www.euronews.com/2009/06/18/mongolia-s-new-president-sworn-in|publisher=euronews.com|date=18 June 2009|access-date=25 June 2013}}</ref> Elbegdorj is Mongolia's first president to never have been a member of the former communist [[Mongolian People's Party|Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party]] and the first to obtain a Western education.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tsakhiagiyn Elbegdorj|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/mongolia/tsakhiagiyn-elbegdorj.htm|publisher=globalsecurity.org|access-date=22 June 2013}}</ref>

In 2010 former communist party [[Mongolian People's Party|Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party]] reverted its name to its original name, the [[Mongolian People's Party]]. After his defeat in 2009 presidential election, [[Nambaryn Enkhbayar]] established a new political party and named it [[Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (2010-)|Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party]] after receiving the old name of [[Mongolian People's Party]] from the Supreme Court of Mongolia in 2010. Enkhbayar became the chairman of the new party.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-mongolia.com/mongolia/tag/n-enkhbayar-chairman-of-new-mprp/|publisher=Business-Mongolia.com|access-date=30 June 2013|title=Former MPRP is reborn and former President named chairman|date=2 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004212659/http://www.business-mongolia.com/mongolia/tag/n-enkhbayar-chairman-of-new-mprp/|archive-date=4 October 2013|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

In June 2012 the [[Democratic Party (Mongolia)|Democratic Party]] won the [[2012 Mongolian legislative election|2012 parliamentary elections]] and became the majority in the parliament. The Democratic Party established a coalition government with [[Civil Will-Green Party]], and [[Justice Coalition (Mongolia)|Justice Coalition]] of new MPRP and [[Mongolian National Democratic Party (2005)|Mongolian National Democratic Party]] due to Democratic Party having not enough seats at the parliament to establish a government on its own by law. Members of the parliament were: 35 from Democratic Party, 26 from Mongolian People's Party, 11 from Justice Coalition, 2 from Civil Will-Green Party, and 3 independents.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.mn|access-date=4 August 2013|title=Parliament of Mongolia (in Mongolian)}}</ref>

Incumbent President [[Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj]], candidate of Democratic Party won the [[2013 Mongolian presidential election]] on 26 June 2013<ref>{{cite news|title=Incumbent Mongolian president wins 2nd term on pro-Western, anti-graft platform|url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/incumbent-mongolian-president-wins-2nd-term-on-pro-western-anti-graft-platform/2013/06/26/2bbce73e-deca-11e2-ad2e-fcd1bf42174d_story.html|archive-url= https://archive.today/20130629095510/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/incumbent-mongolian-president-wins-2nd-term-on-pro-western-anti-graft-platform/2013/06/26/2bbce73e-deca-11e2-ad2e-fcd1bf42174d_story.html|url-status= dead|archive-date= 29 June 2013|newspaper=The Washington Post|place=Washington|access-date=29 June 2013|date=27 June 2013}}</ref> and was sworn into office for his second term as President of Mongolia on 10 July 2013.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.montsame.gov.mn/en/index.php/politics/item/1427-ts-elbegdorj-takes-oath|author=Khuder|title=Ts. Elbegdorj takes oath|publisher=Montsame News Agency|date=10 July 2013|access-date=10 July 2013}}</ref> Thus, since 2012 the Democratic Party has been in power holding both presidency and government.

Subsequently, in 2016, the party suffered a landslide defeat in that year's [[2016 Mongolian legislative election|parliamentary election]], being reduced to only 9 seats, although they would narrowly retain the [[president of Mongolia|presidency]] in the [[2017 Mongolian presidential election|presidential election]] held in 2017,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Welle (www.dw.com) |first1=Deutsche |title=Mongolia votes for new president in divisive election {{!}} DW {{!}} 26.06.2017 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/mongolia-votes-for-new-president-in-divisive-election/a-39410421 |work=DW.COM}}</ref> in which [[Khaltmaagiin Battulga]] was elected to succeed Elbegdorj, the outgoing president. Therefore, Mongolia then had divided government, with the [[Mongolian People's Party]] having an overwhelming majority in the [[State Great Khural|Khural]], while the [[Democratic Party (Mongolia)|Democratic Party]] held the presidency.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mongolia Just Chose a New President. What Now? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/07/mongolia-just-chose-a-new-president-what-now/ |work=thediplomat.com}}</ref>

On June 24, 2020, [[Mongolian People's Party]] was re-elected to the [[State Great Khural|parliament]] with a landslide victory.<ref name="Weekly">{{Cite web|last=Weekly|first=Mongolia|date=2020-07-10|title=Khurelsukh Reelected Prime Minister of Mongolia Amid Economic Downturn|url=https://www.mongoliaweekly.org/post/khurelsukh-reelected-prime-minister-of-mongolia-amid-economic-downturn|access-date=2020-07-15|website=Mongolia Weekly|language=en}}</ref> Prime Minister [[Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh|Ukhnaagiin Khurelsukh]] continued to head the cabinet providing government stability and policy certainty.<ref name="Weekly"/>

After Prime Minister Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh had resigned after protests over the treatment of a coronavirus patient, [[Luvsannamsrain Oyun-Erdene|Luvsannamsrai Oyun-Erdene]] of MPP became the new prime minister on 27 January 2021. He represented a younger generation of leaders that had studied abroad.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2021/01/with-new-pm-a-new-generation-taking-charge-in-mongolia/|title=With New PM, a New Generation Taking Charge in Mongolia}}</ref>

In June 2021, former Prime Minister [[Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh|Ukhnaa Khurelsukh]], the candidate of the ruling Mongolian People's Party (MPP), became the country's sixth democratically elected president after winning the [[2021 Mongolian presidential election|presidential election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Ex-Mongolian prime minister Khurelsukh wins presidential election in landslide |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/former-mongolian-prime-minister-khurelsukh-wins-presidency-2021-06-09/ |work=Reuters |date=10 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

In August 2022, Prime Minister Oyun-Erdene made a cabinet reshuffle to get legislative support in pushing his liberalization and privatization agenda forward.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adiya |first=Amar |date=2022-09-10 |title=Mongolia Unveils New Pro-Business Cabinet |url=https://www.mongoliaweekly.org/post/mongolia-unveils-new-pro-business-cabinet |access-date=2022-09-11 |website=Mongolia Weekly |language=en}}</ref>

==Executive branch==
{{office-table}}
|[[President of Mongolia|President]]
|[[Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh]]
|[[Mongolian People's Party]]
|25 June 2021
|-
|[[Prime Minister of Mongolia|Prime Minister]]
||[[Luvsannamsrain Oyun-Erdene]]
|[[Mongolian People's Party]]
|27 January 2021
|}

==President==
[[File:Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh (2019-09-03).jpg|thumb|President Ukhnaagiin Khurelsukh]]
The presidential candidates are usually nominated by parties having seats in the State Great Khural. The president is elected by popular vote for a non-renewable six-year term. The president is the [[head of state]], [[commander-in-chief]] of the [[Mongolian Armed Forces|Armed Forces]], and head of the [[National Security Council of Mongolia|National Security Council]]. The constitution empowers the president to propose a prime minister (upon the recommendation by the dominant political party), call for the government's dismissal (the two-thirds majority of vote needed in the State Great Khural), initiate legislation, veto all or parts of a legislation (the State Great Khural can override the veto with a two-thirds majority),<ref name="Draft">{{cite journal |last=Shugart |first=Matthew Søberg |author-link=Matthew Søberg Shugart |date=September 2005 |title=Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Authority Patterns |url=http://dss.ucsd.edu/~mshugart/semi-presidentialism.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies |location=United States |publisher=University of California, San Diego |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819200307/http://dss.ucsd.edu/~mshugart/semi-presidentialism.pdf |archive-date=19 August 2008 |access-date=23 December 2015 }}</ref><ref name="Dual">{{cite journal |last=Shugart |first=Matthew Søberg |author-link=Matthew Søberg Shugart |date=December 2005 |title=Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns |url=http://www.palgrave-journals.com/fp/journal/v3/n3/pdf/8200087a.pdf |journal=French Politics |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] Journals |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=323–351 |doi=10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087 |doi-access=free |access-date=23 December 2015 |quote=Even if the president has no discretion in the forming of cabinets or the right to dissolve parliament, his or her constitutional authority can be regarded as 'quite considerable' in Duverger's sense if cabinet legislation approved in parliament can be blocked by the people's elected agent. Such powers are especially relevant if an extraordinary majority is required to override a veto, as in Mongolia, Poland and Senegal. }}</ref> and issue decrees (effective with the prime minister's countersignature). In the absence, incapacity, or resignation of the president, the Speaker of the State Great Khural exercises presidential power until inauguration of a newly elected president. Although the president has limited executive powers, [[They (singular)|they]] represent the nation internationally, sign international treaties and conventions and advise the cabinet on important [[Socioeconomics|socioeconomic]] issues. After being elected, the president-elect must give up their party affiliations to act as the "[[National identity|symbol of unity]]".

In June 2021, former Prime Minister [[Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh|Ukhnaagiin Khurelsukh]] won the presidential [[2021 Mongolian presidential election|election]]. He was inaugurated on 25 June 2021.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh |date=2022-05-23 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ukhnaagiin_Kh%C3%BCrels%C3%BCkh&oldid=1089421823 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2022-05-27}}</ref>

==Cabinet==
The [[Government of Mongolia|Cabinet]], headed by the [[Prime Minister of Mongolia|prime minister]], has a four-year term. The president appoints the prime minister after each parliamentary election and appoints the members of the Government on the recommendation of the prime minister. If the president is not able to reach a consensus with the prime minister on the appointment of the Cabinet within a week, the issue is submitted the State Great Khural.<ref name="IDEA" /> Dismissal of the government occurs upon the prime minister's resignation, simultaneous resignation of half the cabinet, or after the State Great Khural voted for a [[motion of censure]].

The prime minister holds most of the executive powers in Mongolian politics. Unlike the president, the prime minister is chosen by the [[Political party|party]] (or coalition) with the majority of seats in the State Great Khural. Typically, the prime minister leads a major political party and generally commands the majority in the State Great Khural.

== Ministers of the Government of Mongolia (2025-2029) ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Ministers of the Government of Mongolia
|-
! Picture !! Name !! Position !! Political Party
|-
| || Gantumur Luvsannyam || First Deputy Prime Minister of Mongolia and Minister of Economy and Development || rowspan="22" valign="top" | [[Mongolian People's Party]]
|-
| || Dorjkhand Togmid || Deputy Prime Minister of Mongolia
|-
| || Amarsaikhan Sainbuyan || Deputy Prime Minister of Mongolia
|-
| || Uchral Nyam-Osor || Minister of Mongolia, Head of the Cabinet Secretariat
|-
| || Odbayar Erdenebileg || Minister of Mongolia, Chairman of the National Committee for Monitoring and Evaluation
|-
| || Tulga Buya || Minister of Mongolia, Chairman of the National Committee for Port Revival
|-
| || Erdeneburen Ravjikh || Minister of Mongolia, Chairman of the National Committee for City Standard
|-
| || Battsetseg Batmunkh || Minister of Foreign Affairs
|-
| || Javhlan Bold || Minister of Finance
|-
| || Altangerel Oyunsaikhan || Minister of Justice and Internal Affairs
|-
| || Tuvaan Tsevegdorj || Minister of Industry and Mineral Resources
|-
| || Byambatsogt Sandag || Minister of Defense
|-
| || Odontuya Saldan || Minister of Environment and Climate Change
|-
| || Naranbayar Purevsuren || Minister of Education
|-
| || Enkh-Amgalan Luvsantseren || Minister of Family, Labor, and Social Security
|-
| || Delgersaikhan Borkhuu || Minister of Roads and Transport
|-
| || Nomin Chinbat || Minister of Culture, Sports, Tourism, and Youth
|-
| || Batsuuri Jamba || Minister of Construction, Urban Development, and Housing
|-
| || Enkhbayar Jadamba || Minister of Food, Agriculture, and Light Industry
|-
| || Baatarkhuu Tsend || Minister of Digital Development, Innovation, and Communications
|-
| || Choijilsuren Battogtokh || Minister of Energy
|-
| || Munkhsaikhan Togtmol || Minister of Health
|}

==Parliament==
The '''[[State Great Khural]]''' (''Ulsyn Ikh Khural'' in Mongolian, meaning State Great Assembly) is a unicameral legislative body with 76 seats. The State Great Khural wields some of the most important powers in Mongolian politics. Parliamentary elections are held every four years, and 76 representatives are chosen. The current electoral system is based on plurality-at-large with 29 electoral districts across the country. According to the Constitution, every Mongolian citizen over the age of 18 can participate in elections, or run for government offices including the State Great Khural. Although there are several controversies (such as the right to vote of prisoners and Mongolian nationals abroad), the US government-funded agency Freedom House considers Mongolia to be a free representative democracy.

The State Great Khural is charged with the passage of legislation, approval of treaties, confirmation of the Government ministers and hearings of various government officials. Members of the State Great Khural have immunity against court trials, and the right to inspect government documents as an accountability on the Government's activities.
{| class="wikitable"
|+The Parliament of Mongolia<ref>{{Cite web|title=Parliament|url=http://parliament.mn/cv|access-date=2020-12-13|website=parliament.mn}}</ref>
!Picture
!Name
!Position
!Political Party
|-
|[[File:G Zandanshatar.jpg|thumb]]
|Mr [[Gombojavyn Zandanshatar|Gombojaviin Zandanshatar]] 
|Speaker of the State Great Khural
|[[Mongolian People's Party]]
|-
|
|Mr Tumurbaatariin Ayursaikhan
|Deputy Speaker of the State Great Khural
|[[Mongolian People's Party]]
|-
|
|Ms Saldangiin Odontuya
|Deputy Speaker of the State Great Khural
|[[Democratic Party (Mongolia)|Democratic Party]]
|-
|
|Mr Dulamdorjiin Togtokhsuren
|Leader of the Mongolian People's Party Caucus in the Parliament
|[[Mongolian People's Party]]
|-
|
|Mr Dashdondogiin Ganbat
|Leader of the Democratic Party Caucus in the Parliament
|[[Democratic Party (Mongolia)|Democratic Party]]
|-
|
|Mr Baagaagiin Battumur
|Chair of the Parliamentary Committee on the National Security and Foreign Affairs
|[[Mongolian People's Party]]
|-
|
|Mr Badmaanyambuugiin Bat-Erdene
|Chair of the Parliamentary Committee on Ethics, Discipline and Responsibility
|[[Mongolian People's Party]]
|-
|
|Mr Khyangaagiin Bolorchuluun
|Chair of the Parliamentary Committee on Environment, Food and Agriculture
|[[Mongolian People's Party]]
|-
|
|Mr Sandangiin Byambatsogt
|Chair of the Parliamentary Committee on Justice
|[[Mongolian People's Party]]
|-
|
|Mr Jambaliin Ganbaatar
|Chair of the Parliamentary Committee on Economy
|[[Mongolian People's Party]]
|-
|
|Mr Boldiin Javkhlan
|Chair of the Parliamentary Committee on Government Budget
|[[Mongolian People's Party]]
|-
|
|Mr Jamiyangiin Munkhbat
|Chair of the Parliamentary Committee on Education, Culture and Sports
|[[Mongolian People's Party]]
|-
|
|Ms Munkhuugiin Oyunchimeg
|Chair of the Parliamentary Committee on the Public Requests 
|[[Mongolian People's Party]]
|-
|
|Mr Nyam-Osoriin Uchral
|Chair of the Parliamentary Committee on Innovation and Digital Strategy
|[[Mongolian People's Party]]
|-
|
|Mr Battogtokhiin Choijilsuren
|Chair of the Parliamentary Committee on Industrialisation Strategy
|[[Mongolian People's Party]]
|-
|
|Mr Luvsantserengiin Enkh-Amgalan
|Chair of the Parliamentary Committee on the Governmental Organisation
|[[Mongolian People's Party]]
|}

==Political parties and elections==
[[Image:ArdchilsanGer.JPG|thumb|Ger set up by the [[Democratic Party (Mongolia)|Democratic Party]] for an election campaign in Khövsgöl, 2006]]
{{main|List of political parties in Mongolia|Elections in Mongolia}}Mongolian politics is currently dominated by two major political parties: Mongolian People's Party (160,000 members) and Democratic Party (150,000 members).<ref name="Улс төрийн намын бүртгэл">{{Cite web|title=Улс төрийн намын бүртгэл|url=http://www.supremecourt.mn/nam|access-date=2020-12-13|website=www.supremecourt.mn}}</ref> After the 1990 Democratic Revolution, then-[[Mongolian People's Party|Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party]] transitioned into a centre-left social democratic party. In 2010, Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party changed its name to Mongolian People's Party along with modifications in the party manifesto and leadership; however, the former president [[Nambaryn Enkhbayar]]'s faction and other conservative members departed from the party and created a new political party taking the original name, [[Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (2010)|Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party]]. Since the fall of the Soviet regime, Mongolian People's Party has been able to maintain a high level of support. On the other hand, the Democratic Party was established in 2000, integrating minor political parties established by the leaders of the Democratic Revolution. The Democratic Party is a centre-right political party. In 2011, National Labour Party, a centre-left party, was established as an alternative to the Mongolian People's Party and the Democratic Party and gained a notable support from the populace. In 2020 elections, it was able to obtain a number of seats in both the State Great Khural and municipal councils with hopes to increase its political power in the upcoming elections.

There are 36 political parties recognised by the Supreme Court.<ref name="Улс төрийн намын бүртгэл"/> However, critics say there are no major ideological differences between the political parties on issues like economic policies and governance.

===2017 presidential election===
{{main|2017 Mongolian presidential election}}
{{#section-h:2017 Mongolian presidential election|Results}}

===2020 legislative election===
{{main|2020 Mongolian legislative election}}
In 2020 legislative election, Mongolian People's Party maintained its majority in the parliament.{{Election results|image=[[File:Mongolie Grand Khoural d'État 2020.svg]]|votes13=4118|color14=#0081BC|sc14=New|seats14=0|votes14=3521|party14=Development Programme Party|color13=blue|sc13=New|seats13=0|party13=Ikh Ev Nam|votes15=3333|color12=#F7642E|sc12=New|seats12=0|votes12=4176|party12=Ger Area Development Party|color11=#FFCB01|sc11=0|seats11=0|votes11=5142|party15=People's Party|seats15=0|color10=#0A42A9|party18=Independents|electorate=2003969|totalvotes=1475895|valid=|invalid=|total_sc=0|sc18=0|seats18=1|votes18=348078|color17=#363A91|sc15=New|sc17=0|seats17=0|votes17=448|party17=United Patriots Party|color16=white|sc16=New|seats16=0|votes16=591|party16=World Mongols Party|party11=Freedom Implementing Party|sc10=|party1=[[Mongolian People's Party]]|sc3=0|votes5=209104|party5=[[Right Person Electorate Coalition]]|color4={{party color|Fidesz}}|sc4=New|seats4=0|votes4=213812|party4=United Coalition of Just Citizens|color3={{party color|Our Coalition (Mongolia)}}|seats3=1|sc5=New|votes3=323675|party3=Our Coalition|sc2=+2|seats2=11|votes2=978890|party2=[[Democratic Party (Mongolia)|Democratic Party]]|sc1=–3|seats1=62|votes1=1795793|seats5=1|party6=Keep Order! Constitution 19 Coalition|seats10=0|seats8=0|votes10=8710|party10=Zon Olny Nam|color9=#0000b1|sc9=New|seats9=0|votes9=13720|party9=People's Majority Party|color8=#00689D|sc8=0|votes8=18542|votes6=41417|party8=Love the People Party|color7=green|sc7=0|seats7=0|votes7=23473|party7=[[Mongolian Green Party]]|color6=#3F3A94|sc6=New|seats6=0|source=[https://www.gec.gov.mn/blog/2862 General Election Committee of Mongolia], [https://ikon.mn/elections/2020 Ikon]}}

==Legal system==
The new constitution empowered a [[Judicial General Council of Mongolia|Judicial General Council]] (JGC) to select all judges and protect their rights. The [[Supreme Court of Mongolia|Supreme Court]] is the highest judicial body. Justices are nominated by the JGC, confirmed by the State Great Khural and appointed by the president. The Supreme Court is constitutionally empowered to examine all lower court decisions—excluding specialized court rulings—upon appeal and provide official interpretations on all laws except the constitution.

Specialized civil, criminal, and administrative courts exist at all levels and are not subject to Supreme Court supervision. Local authorities—district and city governors—ensure that these courts abide by presidential decrees and SGKh decisions. At the apex of the judicial system is the [[Constitutional Court of Mongolia]], which consists of nine members, including a chairman, appointed for six-year term, whose jurisdiction extends solely over the interpretation of the constitution.

The constitution states that the Judicial branch of the government should be independent of any outside influences and government officials. However, in 2019, the State Great Khural passed a law that allows the National Security Council (composed of speaker of parliament, president and prime minister) to dismiss judges who are "dishonest", effectively removing their immunity that meant to prevent outside interventions to court decisions. Various civil movements, international organisations and prominent individuals (including the former president [[Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj]]) have denounced the decision, but no action was made so far.

==Administrative divisions==
Mongolia is divided in 21 ''[[Aimags of Mongolia|Aimags]]'' (provinces) and one municipality/city (''khot''): [[Arkhangai Province|Arkhangai]], [[Bayan-Ölgii Province|Bayan-Ölgii]], [[Bayankhongor Province|Bayankhongor]], [[Bulgan Province|Bulgan]], [[Darkhan-Uul Province|Darkhan-Uul]], [[Dornod Province|Dornod]], [[Dornogovi Province|Dornogovi]], [[Dundgovi Province|Dundgovi]], [[Govi-Altai Province|Govi-Altai]], [[Govisümber Province|Govisümber]], [[Khentii Province|Khentii]], [[Khovd Province|Khovd]], [[Khövsgöl Province|Khövsgöl]], [[Ömnögovi Province|Ömnögovi]], [[Orkhon Province|Orkhon]], [[Övörkhangai Province|Övörkhangai]], [[Selenge Province|Selenge]], [[Sükhbaatar Province|Sükhbaatar]], [[Töv Province|Töv]], [[Uvs Province|Uvs]], [[Zavkhan Province|Zavkhan]], and the city of [[Ulaanbaatar]].

Local elections are held every four year in all 21 provinces and the capital, electing representatives to municipal councils. After each election, the newly elected municipal councils recommend a governor and [[They (singular)|their]] office, and meet semi-annually to discuss issues in their province, recommend and supervise the local government. However, the prime minister has the power to choose provincial governors. Unlike federal republics like Germany and the United States, local governments in Mongolia hold limited authority, and are generally tasked with implementing the central government policies.

On the next lower administrative level, representatives are elected in provincial subdivisions and urban sub-districts in Ulaanbaatar.

The latest municipal elections took place on 15 October 2020. A total of 17149 candidates ran for 8167 seats in provincial and county councils. Mongolian People's Party won a majority in 13 out of 21 provincial councils in Mongolia while the Democratic Party took the remaining eight provinces.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ИТХ-ын 2020 оны сонгууль|url=https://ikon.mn/elections/2020/itx|access-date=2020-12-15|website=ikon.mn}}</ref> 
{| class="wikitable"
|+Provincial councils
!Council
!Available seats
![[Mongolian People's Party|MPP]]
![[Democratic Party (Mongolia)|DP]]
![[National Labour Party (Mongolia)|National Labour Party]]
![[Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (2010)|MPRP]]
![[Mongolian Green Party]]
!Coalition of Just Citizens Party
![[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|[[Ulaanbaatar]]
|45
|'''34'''
|8
|3
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Khovd Province|Khovd]]
|41
|'''26'''
|14
|
|1
|
|
|
|-
|[[Orkhon Province|Orkhon]]
|35
|'''23'''
|12
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Khövsgöl Province|Khuvsgul]]
|41
|18
|'''22'''
|
|
|
|
|1
|-
|[[Dornogovi Province|Dornogovi]]
|33
|'''28'''
|4
|
|
|
|
|1
|-
|[[Uvs Province|Uvs]]
|41
|17
|'''19'''
|
|
|
|
|5
|-
|[[Bayankhongor Province|Bayankhongor]]
|41
|'''22'''
|19
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Arkhangai Province|Arkhangai]]
|39
|19
|'''20'''
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Bulgan Province|Bulgan]]
|33
|13
|'''19'''
|
|
|
|
|1
|-
|[[Övörkhangai Province|Uvurkhangai]]
|41
|'''35'''
|6
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Ömnögovi Province|Umnugovi]]
|33
|13
|'''20'''
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Darkhan-Uul Province|Darkhan-Uul]]
|33
|'''32'''
|
|
|
|
|1
|
|-
|[[Bayan-Ölgii Province|Bayan-Ulgii]]
|39
|'''23'''
|15
|
|1
|
|
|
|-
|[[Govisümber Province|Govisumber]]
|17
|'''10'''
|5
|
|
|
|
|2
|-
|[[Töv Province|Tuv]]
|41
|'''26'''
|13
|
|1
|
|
|1
|-
|[[Selenge Province|Selenge]]
|37
|'''23'''
|14
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Zavkhan Province|Zavkhan]]
|41
|'''21'''
|18
|
|1
|
|
|1
|-
|[[Govi-Altai Province|Govi-Altai]]
|41
|'''29'''
|11
|
|
|
|
|1
|-
|[[DundGobi Province|Dundgovi]]
|35
|11
|'''22'''
|
|
|
|1
|1
|-
|[[Khentii Province|Khentii]]
|39
|'''32'''
|7
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Dornod Province|Dornod]]
|37
|'''26'''
|8
|
|1
|
|
|2
|-
|[[Sükhbaatar Province|Sukhbaatar]]
|33
|6
|'''27'''
|
|
|
|
|
|}

==See also==
*[[Foreign relations of Mongolia]]
*[[Flag of Mongolia]]

== Further reading ==
* S. Narangerel, ''Legal System of Mongolia'', Interpress, 2004

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://president.mn/en/ ''official website of the Office of the President of Mongolia'']
*[http://www.parliament.mn/en ''official website of the Office of the Parliament of Mongolia'']
*[https://mongolia.gov.mn/ ''official website of the Government of Mongolia'']


{{Asia topic|Politics of}}
{{Mongolia topics|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Politics Of Mongolia}}
[[Category:Politics of Mongolia| ]]

[[bn:মঙ্গোলিয়া#রাজনীতি]]