Editing Politics of Ba'athist Syria

{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox political system
| name                          = Politics of Ba'athist Syria
| native_name                   = {{no bold|سياسة سوريا البعثيية}}
| image                         = Emblem of Syria (1980–2024).svg
| image_size                    = 200px
| caption                       = [[Coat of arms]] of [[Ba'athist Syria]]
| type                          = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Dominant-party system|dominant-party]] [[presidential republic]] 
| constitution                  = [[Constitution of Syria]]
| legislature                   = [[People's Council of Syria|People's Council]]
| legislature_type              = [[Unicameralism|Unicameral]]
| legislature_place             = Parliament Building
| legislature_speaker           =  [[Speaker of the People's Council of Syria|Speaker of the People's Council]]
| legislature_speaker_title     =
| upperhouse                    = 
| upperhouse_speaker            =
| upperhouse_speaker_title      =
| upperhouse_appointer          =
| lowerhouse                    =
| lowerhouse_speaker            =
| lowerhouse_speaker_title      =
| lowerhouse_appointer          =
| title_hos                     = [[President of Syria|President]]
| current_hos                   = 
| appointer_hos                 = [[Elections in Syria#Presidential elections|Direct popular vote]]
| title_hog                     = [[Prime Minister of Syria|Prime Minister]]
| current_hog                   = 
| appointer_hog                 = President
| title_hosag                   =
| current_hosag                 =
| appointer_hosag               =
| cabinet                       = [[Council of Ministers (Syria)|Council of Ministers]]
| current_cabinet               = 
| cabinet_leader                = Prime Minister
| cabinet_deputyleader          = [[Deputy Prime Minister of Syria|Deputy Prime Minister]]
| cabinet_appointer             = President
| cabinet_hq                    = 
| cabinet_ministries            = [[Government ministries of Syria|28]]
| judiciary                     = [[Judiciary of Syria]]
| judiciary_head                = [[Bashar al-Assad]]
| courts                        = 
| court                         = [[Supreme Constitutional Court of Syria|Supreme Constitutional Court]]
| chief_judge                   = 
| court_seat                    = 
| court1                        =
| chief_judge1                  =
| court_seat1                   =
|native_name_lang=ar
}}
{{Politics of Syria}}

During the final decade of [[Ba'ath party]] rule, the politics of Syria took place in the framework of a [[presidential republic]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Syria: Government |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/syria/#government |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203054123/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/syria/ |archive-date=3 February 2021 |website=CIA World Factbook|quote=Government type presidential republic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2021 |title=Syrian Arab Republic: Constitution, 2012 |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/5100f02a2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305071852/https://www.refworld.org/docid/5100f02a2.html |archive-date=5 March 2019 |website=refworld}}</ref> with nominal [[Multi-party system|multi-party representation]] in [[People's Council of Syria|People's Council]] under the Ba'athist-dominated [[National Progressive Front (Syria)|National Progressive Front]]. In practice, [[Ba'athist Syria]] remained a [[one-party state]] where independent parties were outlawed, with a powerful [[General Intelligence Directorate (Syria)|secret police]] that cracked down on dissidents.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Freedom in the World 2023: Syria |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/syria/freedom-world/2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309145759/https://freedomhouse.org/country/syria/freedom-world/2023 |archive-date=9 March 2023 |website=[[Freedom House]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Lucas |first=Scott |date=25 February 2021 |title=How Assad Regime Tightened Syria’s One-Party Rule |work=EA Worldview |url=https://eaworldview.com/2021/02/how-assad-regime-tightened-syrias-one-party-rule/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225110507/https://eaworldview.com/2021/02/how-assad-regime-tightened-syrias-one-party-rule/ |archive-date=25 February 2021}}</ref> From the [[1963 Syrian coup d'état|1963 seizure of power]] by its [[Neo-Ba'athism|neo-Ba'athist]] [[Military Committee (Syria)|Military Committee]] to the [[fall of the Assad regime]], the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party]] operated a [[totalitarian]] [[police state]] in Syria.{{Efn|Sources describing Syria as a totalitarian state:
*{{Cite book |last=Khamis, B. Gold, Vaughn |first=Sahar, Paul, Katherine |title=The Oxford Handbook of Propaganda Studies |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-19-976441-9 |editor-last=Auerbach, Castronovo |editor-first=Jonathan, Russ |location=New York, NY |pages=422 |chapter=22. Propaganda in Egypt and Syria's "Cyberwars": Contexts, Actors, Tools, and Tactics}}
*{{Cite book |last=Wieland |first=Carsten |title=Syria and the Neutrality Trap: The Dilemmas of Delivering Humanitarian Aid Through Violent Regimes |publisher=I. B. Tauris |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-7556-4138-3 |location=London |pages=68 |chapter=6: De-neutralizing Aid: All Roads Lead to Damascus}}
*{{Cite book |last=Meininghaus |first=Esther |title=Creating Consent in Ba'thist Syria: Women and Welfare in a Totalitarian State |publisher=I. B. Tauris |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-78453-115-7 |pages=1–33 |chapter=Introduction}}
*{{Cite book |last=Sadiki |first=Larbi |title=Routledge Handbook of the Arab Spring: Rethinking Democratization |last2=Fares |first2=Obaida |publisher=Routledge |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-415-52391-2 |pages=147 |chapter=12: The Arab Spring Comes to Syria: Internal Mobilization for Democratic Change, Militarization and Internationalization}}}} After a period of intra-party strife, [[Hafez al-Assad]] gained control of the party following the [[1970 coup (Syria)|1970 coup d'état]] and his family dominated the country's politics.<ref name="CIA - The World Factbook">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/syria/|title=The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency|website=cia.gov|access-date=25 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="Zirulnick">{{Cite news |title=Syria 101: 4 attributes of Assad's authoritarian regime |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2011/0429/Syria-101-4-attributes-of-Assad-s-authoritarian-regime/What-type-of-government-does-Syria-have |access-date=2024-12-08 |work=Christian Science Monitor |issn=0882-7729}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Karam |first=Zeina |author-link=Zeina Karam |date=12 November 2020 |title=In ruins, Syria marks 50 years of Assad family rule |work=AP News |url=https://apnews.com/article/iran-lebanon-france-bashar-assad-syria-ecb41dfa5da29387740a5fadaa27d31e |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112061609/https://apnews.com/article/iran-lebanon-france-bashar-assad-syria-ecb41dfa5da29387740a5fadaa27d31e |archive-date=12 November 2020}}</ref>

Until the early stages of the [[Syrian civil war|Syrian uprising]], the president had broad and unchecked [[decree]] authority under a long-standing [[state of emergency]]. The end of this emergency was a key demand of the uprising. Superficial reforms in 2011 made presidential decrees subject to approval by the [[People's Council of Syria|People's Council]], the country's legislature, which was itself dominated to parties loyal to the president.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Syria’s state of emergency |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/program/inside-story/2011/4/19/syrias-state-of-emergency |access-date=2024-12-08 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> The Ba'ath Party was Syria's ruling party and the previous Syrian constitution of 1973 stated that "the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party leads society and the state."<ref name="autogenerated2">Article 8 of the Constitution</ref> At least 183 seats of the 250-member parliament were reserved for the [[National Progressive Front (Syria)|National Progressive Front]], a Ba'ath Party dominated coalition that consists of nine other satellite parties loyal to Ba'athist rule.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Syria |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/syria/freedom-world/2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319180223/https://freedomhouse.org/country/syria/freedom-world/2022 |archive-date=19 March 2022 |website=Freedom House}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Syria 2022 Human Rights Report |url=https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/415610_SYRIA-2022-HUMAN-RIGHTS-REPORT.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321151216/https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/415610_SYRIA-2022-HUMAN-RIGHTS-REPORT.pdf |archive-date=21 March 2023 |website=[[United States Department of State]] |pages=70, 71}}</ref> The rest of the seats are occupied by independents, who are nominated by the Ba'ath party.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Manea |first=Elham |title=The Arab State and Women's Rights: The Trap of Authoritarian Governance |publisher=Routledge |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-415-61773-4 |location=New York, NY |pages=84}}</ref> 

The [[Syrian Army]] and security services maintained a [[Syrian occupation of Lebanon|considerable presence]] in the neighbouring [[History of Lebanon|Lebanese Republic]] from 1975 until 24 April 2005.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> The 50th edition of [[Freedom in the World]], the annual report published by [[Freedom House]] since 1973, designates Syria as "Worst of the Worst" among the "Not Free" countries, listing [[Assad regime|Assad government]] as one of the two regimes to get the lowest possible score (1/100).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Freedom in the World 2023: Syria |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/syria/freedom-world/2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309145759/https://freedomhouse.org/country/syria/freedom-world/2023 |archive-date=9 March 2023 |website=[[Freedom House]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite report |date=March 2023 |title=Freedom in the World: 2023 |url=https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2023-03/FIW_World_2023_DigtalPDF.pdf |journal= |chapter= |edition=50th anniversary |pages=31 |via=Freedom House}}</ref>

==Background==
[[Hafez al-Assad]] took power in 1970. After his death in 2000 his son, Bashar al-Assad, succeeded him as president. A surge of interest in political reform took place after Bashar al-Assad assumed power in 2000. [[Human-rights]] activists and other civil-society advocates, as well as some parliamentarians, became more outspoken during a period referred to as the "[[Damascus Spring]]" (July 2000-February 2001), which was crushed by the Ba'athist government under the pretext of "national unity and stability".<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2012 |title=Syria in Crisis: The Damascus Spring |url=https://carnegie-mec.org/diwan/48516?lang=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524185122/https://carnegie-mec.org/diwan/48516?lang=en |archive-date=24 May 2022 |website=Carnegie Middle East Center}}</ref>

Hafez al-Assad built his government around three pillars, core of which is the Ba'ath party and its affiliated organizations which holds extensive influence over the society through its monopoly over the media and civil activism. [[Alawites|Alawite]] elites who are loyal to the [[Assad family]] form another patronage network. The final pillar is the pervasive military apparatus that is managed by the [[Central Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Ba'athist Central Command]]; consisting of [[Syrian Arab Armed Forces]], ''[[Syrian intelligence|Mukhabarat]]'' and various Ba'athist paramilitaries, all of which are headed by senior party leaders who directly answer to the Assad patriarch.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ma’oz |first=Moshe |title=Dictators and Autocrats: Securing Power across Global Politics |publisher=Routledge |year=2022 |isbn=978-0-367-60786-9 |editor-last=Larres |editor-first=Klaus |location=New York, NY |pages=249-250 |chapter=15: The Assad dynasty |doi=10.4324/9781003100508}}</ref>

==Neo-Ba'athism==
{{further|Neo-Ba'athism| Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Ba'ath Party (Syrian-led faction)}}
The Ba'ath platform is proclaimed succinctly in the [[List of political slogans|party's slogan]]: "Unity, freedom, and socialism." The party is both socialist, advocating state ownership of the means of industrial production and the redistribution of agricultural land (in practice, Syria's nominally socialist economy is effectively a mixed economy, composed of large state enterprises and private small businesses), and revolutionary, dedicated to carrying a pan-Arab revolution to every part of the Arab world. Founded by [[Michel Aflaq]], a Syrian [[Christians|Christian]], [[Salah al-Din al-Bitar]], a Syrian [[Sunni]], and [[Zaki al-Arsuzi]], an [[alawite]], the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party]], which was dissolved in 1966 following the [[1966 Syrian coup d'état]] which led to the establishment of one [[Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)|Iraqi-dominated ba'ath movement]] and one [[Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)|Syrian-led ba'ath movement]]. The party embraces secularism and has attracted supporters of all faiths in many Arab countries, especially Iraq, Jordan, and Lebanon.

Six smaller political parties are permitted to exist and, along with the Ba'ath Party, make up the [[National Progressive Front (Syria)|National Progressive Front]] (NPF), a grouping of parties that represents the sole framework of legal political party participation for citizens. While created ostensibly to give the appearance of a multi-party system, the NPF is dominated by the Ba'ath Party and does not change the essentially one-party character of the political system. Non-Ba'ath Party members of the NPF exist as political parties largely in name only and conform strictly to Ba'ath Party and government policies. There were reports in 2000 that the government was considering legislation to expand the NPF to include new parties and several parties previously banned; these changes have not taken place. However, one such party- the [[Syrian Social Nationalist Party]]- was legalised in 2005.

Traditionally, the parties of the NPF accepted the Arab nationalist and nominally socialist ideology of the government. However, the SSNP was the first party that is neither socialist nor Arab nationalist in orientation to be legalised and admitted to the NPF. This has given rise to suggestions{{by whom|date=November 2022}} that broader ideological perspectives would be afforded some degree of toleration in the future, but this did not occur: ethnically-based (Kurdish and Assyrian) parties continue to be repressed, most opposition parties are illegal, and a strict ban on religious parties is still enforced.

Syria's Emergency Law was in force from 1963, when the Ba'ath Party came to power, until 21 April 2011 when it was rescinded by Bashar al-Assad (decree 161). The law, justified on the grounds of the continuing war with [[Israel]] and the threats posed by terrorists, suspended most constitutional protections.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3580.htm|title=Syria|access-date=25 June 2017}}</ref><ref>[http://sana.sy/eng/21/2011/04/22/pr-342711.htm Decrees on Ending State of Emergency, Abolishing SSSC, Regulating Right to Peaceful Demonstration] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328221640/http://sana.sy/eng/21/2011/04/22/pr-342711.htm |date=28 March 2012 }}, [[Syrian Arab News Agency]], 22 April 2011</ref>

==Government administration==
The previous [[Constitution of Syria|Syrian constitution]] of 1973 vested the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Ba'ath Party]] (formally the Arab Ba'ath Socialist Party) with leadership functions in the state and society and provided broad powers to the president. The [[President (government title)|president]], approved by [[referendum]] for a 7-year term, was also Secretary General of the Ba'ath Party and leader of the [[National Progressive Front (Syria)|National Progressive Front]]. During the [[Syrian civil war|2011–2012 Syrian uprising]], a [[2012 Constitution of Ba'athist Syria|new constitution]] was put to [[Syrian constitutional referendum, 2012|a referendum]]. Amongst other changes, it abolished the old article 8 which entrenched the power of the Ba'ath party. The new article 8 reads: "The political system of the state shall be based on the principle of political pluralism, and exercising power democratically through the ballot box".<ref name="constitution">{{cite web|url=http://sana.sy/eng/370/2012/02/28/401178.htm|title=SANA Syrian News Agency - Constitution of the Syrian Arab Republic Approved in Popular Referendum on February 27, 2012, Article 8|access-date=25 June 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014034300/http://sana.sy/eng/370/2012/02/28/401178.htm|archive-date=14 October 2012}}</ref> In a new article 88, it introduced presidential elections and limited the term of office for the president to seven years with a maximum of one re-election.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sana.sy/eng/370/2012/02/28/401178.htm|title=SANA Syrian News Agency - Constitution of the Syrian Arab Republic Approved in Popular Referendum on February 27, 2012, Article 88|access-date=25 June 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014034300/http://sana.sy/eng/370/2012/02/28/401178.htm|archive-date=14 October 2012}}</ref> The referendum resulted in the adoption of the new constitution, which came into force on 27 February 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sana.sy/eng/21/2012/02/28/403103.htm|title=Presidential Decree on Syria's New Constitution|date=28 February 2012|access-date=28 February 2012|agency=[[Syrian Arab News Agency]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229225906/http://sana.sy/eng/21/2012/02/28/403103.htm|archive-date=29 February 2012}}</ref> The president has the right to appoint ministers ([[Council of Ministers (Syria)|Council of Ministers]]), to declare war and states of emergency, to issue laws (which, except in the case of emergency, require ratification by the [[People's Council of Syria|People's Council]]), to declare amnesty, to amend the constitution, and to appoint [[civil servants]] and [[military]] personnel.

Along with the [[National Progressive Front (Syria)|National Progressive Front]], the president decides issues of war and peace and approves the state's 5-year economic plans. The National Progressive Front also acts as a forum in which economic policies are debated and the country's political orientation is determined.

The Syrian constitution of 2012 requires that the president be Muslim but does not make [[Islam]] the state religion. The judicial system in Syria is an amalgam of [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]], [[France|French]], and Islamic laws, with three levels of courts: courts of first instance, [[court of appeal|courts of appeals]], and the constitutional court, the highest tribunal. In addition, religious courts handle questions of personal and [[family law]]. The Ba'ath Party emphasizes [[Arab socialism]] and secular [[Pan-Arabism]]. Despite the Ba'ath Party's doctrine on building national rather than [[ethnic]] identity, the issues of ethnic, religious, and regional allegiances still remain important in Syria.

Political system of the [[Assad regime]] has been characterized as a hybrid of [[absolute monarchy]] and republic.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ma’oz |first=Moshe |title=Dictators and Autocrats: Securing Power across Global Politics |publisher=Routledge |year=2022 |isbn=978-0-367-60786-9 |editor-last=Larres |editor-first=Klaus |location=New York, NY |pages=249 |chapter=15: The Assad dynasty |doi=10.4324/9781003100508}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Solomon |first=Christopher |title=In Search of Greater Syria: The History and Politics of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2022 |isbn=978-1-8386-0640-4 |location=New York, NY |pages=7 |chapter=1:Introduction |quote=}}</ref> Syrian security apparatus and the dreaded secret police are instrumentalized by the regime to instill terror among ordinary citizens to prevent critique of the [[President of Syria|President]] or organize demonstrations. Political dissidents [[Riad al-Turk]] and [[Suheir Atassi]] have described [[Ba'athist Syria]] as a "Kingdom of Silence" which maintains monopoly over political discourse by seeking the total de-politicization of the society itself.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Yacoub Oweis |first=Khaled |date=16 May 2007 |title=Syria's top dissident urges Assad |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-dissident-idUSOWE64559820070516 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720162856/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-dissident-idUSOWE64559820070516 |archive-date=20 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Wikstrom |first=Cajsa |date=9 February 2011 |title=Syria: ‘A kingdom of silence’ |work=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2011/2/9/syria-a-kingdom-of-silence |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529164126/https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2011/2/9/syria-a-kingdom-of-silence |archive-date=29 May 2023}}</ref>

==Political parties and elections==
All registered political parties in Syria were participants within the [[Assadist]] system, that proclaims its loyalty to the ruling Ba'ath party and are stipulated by the government to advance the interests of the [[Ba'athist Syria|Ba'athist state]]. Registered parties are constantly surveilled and regulated by the [[Political Security Directorate|Ba'athist Political Security Directorate]] (PSD), and were permitted to operate only under the directives issued by the PSD.<ref name="mei" >{{cite web |title=Syria’s ruling Baath party wins parliamentary vote as expected |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2024/07/18/syria-s-ruling-baath-party-wins-parliamentary-vote-as-expected |website=[[Al Arabiya]] |access-date=19 July 2024}}</ref>

The last parliamentary election was on 15 July 2024 and the results were announced on 18 July.<ref name="mei1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/inside-syrias-clapping-chamber-dynamics-2020-parliamentary-elections |title=Inside Syria's Clapping Chamber: Dynamics of the 2020 Parliamentary Elections |author1=Karam Shaar |author2=Samy Akil |work=[[Middle East Institute]] |date=28 January 2021 |access-date=29 April 2021 }}</ref>
*[[2024 Syrian parliamentary election]]
{{Election results
|image=
|alliance1=[[National Progressive Front (Syria)|National Progressive Front]]|aspan1=9|party1=[[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Ba'ath Party]]|seats1=169
|party2=[[Syrian Social Nationalist Party]]|seats2=3
|party3=[[Arab Socialist Union Party (Syria)|Arab Socialist Union Party]]|seats3=2
|party4=[[Syrian Communist Party (Bakdash)]]|seats4=2
|party5=[[National Covenant Party]]|seats5=2
|party6=[[Socialist Unionist Party (Syria)|Socialist Unionist Party]]|seats6=2
|party7=[[Arab Democratic Union Party]]|seats7=2
|party8=[[Syrian Communist Party (Unified)]]|seats8=2
|party9=[[Democratic Socialist Unionist Party]]|seats9=1
|alliance10=Independents|seats10=65
|totalvotes=
|electorate=
|source=Middle East Institute<ref name="mei1" />
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==

{{Update section|date=November 2022}}

*Raymond Hinnebusch: ''The Political Economy of Economic Liberalization in Syria'', in: International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 27 - Nr. 3, August 1995, S. 305–320.
*Raymond Hinnebusch: ''State, Civil Society, and Political Change in Syria'', in: A.R. Norton: Civil Society in the Middle East, Leiden, 1995.
*Ismail Küpeli: ''Ibn Khaldun und das politische System Syriens - Eine Gegenüberstellung'', München, 2007, {{ISBN|978-3-638-75458-3}} <small>(critical approach with reference to the political theory of [[Ibn Khaldun]])</small>
*Moshe Ma’oz / Avner Yaniv (Ed.): ''Syria under Assad'', London, 1986.

== Notes ==
{{Noteslist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20201017082335/https://www.usip.org/regions/middle-east-and-north-africa/syria Syria] at the [[United States Institute of Peace]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20121014034300/http://sana.sy/eng/370/2012/02/28/401178.htm  The Syrian Constitution] accessed 13 November 2012

{{Syria topics}}
{{Asia topic|Politics of}}
{{Ba'ath Party}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Politics Of Syria}}
[[Category:Politics of Syria| ]]
[[Category:Ba'athist Syria]]

[[bn:সিরিয়া#রাজনীতি]]