Editing Piri Reis

{{Short description|Ottoman admiral and cartographer (c. 1470 – 1553)}}
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{{Infobox person
| name = Piri Reis
| image = File:Piri_reis.jpg
| alt = statue
| image_size = 
| caption = Statue of Piri Reis in [[Karaman]], Turkey
| birth_name = Muhiddin Piri
| birth_date = {{circa}} 1470
| birth_place = [[Gelibolu]], [[Rumelia Eyalet]], [[Ottoman Empire]]
| death_date = {{death year and age|
1553|1470}}
| death_place = [[Cairo]], [[Egypt Eyalet]], Ottoman Empire
| death_cause = beheaded<ref name="Pedani-2015-p324" />
| relatives = [[Kemal Reis]] (uncle)
| notable_works = {{unbulleted list |[[Piri Reis map|1513 world map]]|''[[Kitab-ı Bahriye]]''}}
| signature = 
}}
[[File:Piri Reis-Gelibolu001.jpg|thumb|alt=Bust in Gelibolu captioned, "Piri Reis 1470 to 1553"|Bust of Piri Reis in Gelibolu]]

'''Muhiddin Piri''' ({{circa}} 1470 – 1553), better known as '''Piri Reis''' ({{langx|tr|Pîrî [[Reis (military rank)|Reis]]}}), was an Ottoman [[Cartography|cartographer]], admiral, [[Navigation|navigator]], [[Privateer|corsair]], and [[Geography in medieval Islam|geographer]]. He is primarily known today for his cartographic works, including his [[Piri Reis map|1513 world map]] and the ''[[Kitab-ı Bahriye]]'' (''Book of the Sea''), a book with detailed information on early navigational techniques as well as relatively accurate charts for their time, describing the [[port]]s and cities of the [[Mediterranean Sea]].

He was born in [[Gelibolu]]—a major [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] naval base—and sailed from an early age with his uncle [[Kemal Reis]]. They fought as corsairs in the Western Mediterranean until they were brought into the [[Ottoman Navy]]. Piri Reis fought alongside Kemal Reis in the [[Ottoman–Venetian wars]]. When his uncle died in 1511, Piri Reis returned to Gelibolu to begin his cartographic works. He created the 1513 world map during this period and likely began drafting the charts and notes that would form the basis of the ''Kitab-ı Bahriye''. By 1516, he returned to the navy and took part in the [[Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–1517)|Ottoman conquest of Egypt]]. After their victory, he presented the 1513 world map to Sultan [[Selim I]]. When [[Suleiman the Magnificent]] became sultan, Piri Reis completed the first version of the ''Kitab-ı Bahriye'', which he dedicated and gifted to the sultan by 1521. Several years later, he created a more elaborate version at the urging of [[Grand Vizier]] [[Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha]]. His final surviving work is a 1528 world map, of which only the northwest corner remains (showing [[Greenland]], [[Labrador]], [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]], [[Florida]], [[Cuba]], [[Hispaniola]], [[Jamaica]], and [[Central America]]).

In 1546, Piri Reis became ''[[Kapudan Pasha|Hind Kapudan-ı Derya]]'', or grand admiral of the [[Ottoman naval expeditions in the Indian Ocean|Ottoman Fleet in the Indian Ocean]], as well as admiral of the fleet in Egypt. He expanded the Indian Ocean fleet, retook several ports, and pushed the Portuguese out of the Red Sea. In the 1550s, he began a campaign to capture the Portuguese-controlled [[Hormuz Island]] at the mouth of the [[Persian Gulf]]. He abandoned the [[Siege of Hormuz (1552)|siege of Hormuz]] after several weeks, sacked the city, and looted the nearby [[Qeshm Island]], where wealthy residents of Hormuz had evacuated. For failing to capture Hormuz, he was executed in 1553 in [[Cairo]].{{efn|Some older sources list the year of his death as 1554. Venetian documents from the period have allowed historians to date his execution to some point during 1553.<ref name="Pedani-2015-p324" />}}

His cartographic work received little appreciation during his lifetime. There is no evidence that the ''Kitab-ı Bahriye'' circulated outside the royal palace before 1550. After his death, hundreds of copies of the book were likely made. Over 40 copies survive today, spanning several centuries. When his 1513 world map was unearthed at the [[Topkapı Palace]] in [[Istanbul]] in 1929, it drew international attention. The map relies on many sources, including a lost map of the [[Caribbean]] from [[Christopher Columbus]]. This sparked greater interest in the ''Kitab-ı Bahriye'', and facsimiles of both were published. Piri Reis and his cartography have since become a point of national pride for [[Turkey]].

== Biography ==
===Early life and piracy===
Little is known about Piri Reis' background and early life.<ref name="Soucek-1992-p266">{{harvnb|Soucek|1992|p=266}}.</ref> He was likely born around 1470 in [[Gelibolu]] on the [[Dardanelles]].<ref name="Bostan-2014">{{harvnb|Bostan|2014}}.</ref> At the time, Gelibolu was a major naval base for the [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref name="Soucek-1992-p266"/> He was born Muhiddin Piri; ''[[Reis (military rank)|Reis]]'' was a military rank equivalent to captain.<ref>{{multiref |{{harvnb|İnan|1954|p=6}}; |{{harvnb|McIntosh|2000a|p=5}}; |{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Reis |encyclopedia=Tureng Multilingual Dictionary |url=https://tureng.com/en/turkish-english/reis}} }}</ref> His uncle was [[Kemal Reis]].<ref name="McIntosh-2000a-p5">{{harvnb|McIntosh|2000a|p=5}}.</ref> Little is known about his parents.<ref name="Pedani-2015-p320">{{harvnb|Pedani|2015|p=320}}.</ref> Piri Reis gives his father's name as Hacı Mehmed.<ref name="McIntosh-2000a-p5" /> It is not clear from historical records whether Piri was the son of Kemal Reis' brother or sister.<ref name="Pedani-2015-p320" /> Kemal Reis had a brother-in-law from [[Nafpaktos]] who was arrested and tortured in Venice for alleged spying during the [[Ottoman–Venetian wars]]. He was possibly Piri Reis' father.<ref>{{harvnb|Pedani|2015|p=321}}.</ref>

By age 12, he began sailing with his uncle, the notable corsair Kemal Reis.<ref name="McIntosh-2000a-p5" /><ref>{{harvnb|Khair|2006|p=127}}.</ref> Corsairs are a type of [[piracy|pirate]] acting with the approval of a [[sovereign state]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Corsair |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/corsair |website=Cambridge Dictionary}}</ref> Led by Kemal Reis, [[Barbary pirates]] threatened European maritime traffic.<ref>{{harvnb|Pryor|1988|p=193}}.</ref> Piri Reis wrote of his early years, "We sailed on the Mediterranean and fought the enemies of our religion mercilessly."<ref name="McIntosh-2000a-p6">{{harvnb|McIntosh|2000a|p=6}}.</ref> He sailed with his uncle on raids, mainly on the coasts of Italy and Spain.<ref name="Bostan-2014" /> By 1490, they were operating out of [[Béjaïa]], [[Algeria]].<ref>{{harvnb|Isom-Verhaaren|2022|p=91}}.</ref> As a corsair, Piri Reis captured many ships, a fortress near [[Mallorca]], and [[Pianosa]] near Corsica.<ref name="Bostan-2014" /> During the [[Granada War]], Piri Reis transported Muslims and Jews from [[Spain]] to North Africa.<ref name="McIntosh-2000a-p6" /> During the winters, he and his uncle took shelter in favorable harbors on the [[Barbary Coast]].<ref>{{harvnb|İnan|1954|p=9}}.</ref>

===Naval career and cartography===
[[File:Venice by Piri Reis.jpg|alt=map of Venetian lagoon with major rivers, canals, and fortifications|thumb|[[Venice]] as depicted in the ''Kitab-ı Bahriye'']]

Piri Reis sailed under his uncle and later [[Hayreddin Barbarossa]] in the [[Ottoman Navy]].<ref>{{harvnb|Ayyubi|1989|p=737}}.</ref> To bolster the empire's navy, Ottoman Sultan [[Bayezid II]] recruited Barbary and [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]] corsairs, including Piri and Kemal.<ref name="Hess-1970-p1905">{{harvnb|Hess|1970|p=1905}}.</ref> Before Barbarossa reorganized the navy, sultans commonly employed former pirates.<ref>{{harvnb|Pedani|2015|p=319}}.</ref> The addition of experienced corsairs raised the Ottoman Navy's competence in open-sea combat and knowledge of the Mediterranean.<ref name="Hess-1970-p1905" />

In 1495, Kemal Reis was imprisoned on [[Euboea]] for piracy and brought to the capital, [[Constantinople]]. Rather than being sentenced, he was given an official position in the navy. Piri Reis was with his uncle at this time and later documented it in the ''Kitab-ı Bahriye''.<ref>{{harvnb|Pedani|2015|pp=319–320}}.</ref> In the empire's navy, Kemal and Piri advocated taking the [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] coastal fortresses of the [[Peloponnese]] and the small but strategically valuable island of [[Rhodes]].<ref>{{harvnb|Soucek|2004|pp=222, 232}}.</ref> In his ''Kitab-ı Bahriye'', Piri Reis reports that his uncle had told Sultan Bayezid II, "Venice has two eyes: Her left eye is the [harbor] fortress of [[Methoni, Messenia|Modon]]. Her right eye is that of [[Corfu]]."<ref>{{harvnb|Soucek|2004|p=232}}.</ref>

Piri Reis took part in the Ottoman–Venetian wars, including the [[Battle of Zonchio|First Battle of Lepanto (Battle of Zonchio)]], [[Battle of Lepanto (1500)|Second Battle of Lepanto (Battle of Modon)]], and 1501 conquest of [[Old Navarino castle|Navarino]].<ref name="Bostan-2014" /><ref>{{harvnb|Zarinebaf|Bennet|Davis|2005|p=11}}.</ref> During the First Battle of Lepanto, Piri Reis was one of many corsairs in a fleet of about 270 ships that fought through the Venetian fleet and entered the [[Gulf of Corinth]], forcing the governor to surrender.<ref>{{harvnb|Isom-Verhaaren|2022|pp=92–93}}.</ref> Kemal Reis led the Ottomans in the battles to take the fortresses at Modon and Navarino.<ref>{{harvnb|Isom-Verhaaren|2022|pp=94–95}}.</ref> After the Ottoman Navy defeated the Venetian fleet at the Peloponnese, they began to take control of the Eastern Mediterranean.<ref>{{harvnb|Hess|1970|pp=1905–1907}}.</ref> In the western Mediterranean, Kemal Reis led [[Ottoman raid on the Balearic Islands (1501)|raids on the Balearic Islands]], [[Sardinia]], and Pianosa.<ref>{{harvnb|Pitcher|1972|p=99}}.</ref> In one naval battle, Piri Reis and his uncle captured a Spaniard who had participated in [[Voyages of Christopher Columbus|Columbus's voyages]],<ref name="Soucek 1992 270–271">{{harvnb|Soucek|1992|pp=270–271}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|McIntosh|2000a|p=73}}.</ref> and likely possessed an early map of the Americas that Piri Reis would use as a source for his maps.<ref name="Nebenzahl-1990-p62">{{harvnb|Nebenzahl|1990|p=62}}.</ref>

When his uncle died in a 1511 shipwreck in the Mediterranean, Piri Reis returned to Gelibolu to work on his navigational studies.<ref name="Urguplu-2015">{{harvnb|Urguplu|2015}}.</ref>{{efn|Some sources give 1510 as the year Kemal Reis died.<ref>{{harvnb|Pedani|2015|p=320}}.</ref> Kemal Reis's last recorded activities were sailing for Egypt in 1510 to bring requested aid against Portuguese incursions.<ref>{{harvnb|Ágoston|2023|pp=136-137}}.</ref> The primary sources for the details of Kemal Reis' death are Venetian letters. Mamluk historian [[Ibn Iyas]] recorded that news of Kemal Reis death reached Cairo, Egpyt, in February 1511.<ref>{{harvnb|Isom-Verhaaren|2022|pp=97-98}}.</ref>}} There, he completed the world map for which he is well-known today. The manuscript is dated to the month of [[Muharram]] in the [[Islamic calendar|Islamic year]] 919 AH, equivalent to March 1513 AD.<ref name="Massetti-pp41-42">{{harvnb|Massetti|Veracini|2016|pp=41–42}}.</ref><ref name="McIntosh-2000a-p15">{{harvnb|McIntosh|2000a|p=15}}.</ref> This work included the recently explored shores of the Americas and Africa.<ref>{{harvnb|McIntosh|2000a|p=9}}.</ref> Although he had never sailed the Atlantic, he compiled over twenty maps of Arab, Spanish, Portuguese, Indian and older Greek origins into a comprehensive representation of the known world of his era.<ref>{{harvnb|Brotton|1998|pp=108–110}}.</ref> At least by 1513, Piri Reis was sailing again for the Ottomans under Hayreddin Barbarossa along the coast of North Africa.<ref>{{harvnb|Isom-Verhaaren|2022|p=109}}.</ref>

By 1516, Piri Reis was a captain of a galley in the Ottoman fleet that took part in the [[Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–1517)|1516–17 Ottoman conquest of Egypt]].<ref name="Bostan-2014" /><ref name="Tekeli-1985-pp675-676">{{harvnb|Tekeli|1985|pp=675–676}}.</ref> He was the commander of the Turkish fleet that blockaded Alexandria.<ref>{{harvnb|Ayyubi|1989|p=738}}.</ref> After the Ottoman victory,<ref name="Tekeli-1985-pp675-676" /> Piri Reis presented the 1513 world map to Sultan [[Selim I]] ({{reign | 1512 | 1520}}).<ref name="Kahle-1933-p621">{{harvnb|Kahle|1933|p=621}}.</ref> It is unknown how Selim used the map, if at all, as it vanished from history until its rediscovery centuries later.<ref name="Soucek-1992-p270">{{harvnb|Soucek|1992|p=270}}.</ref> According to Venetian documents, Piri Reis was no longer with the Ottoman Navy in 1518 and was engaging in piracy in the Aegean Sea.<ref>{{harvnb|Pedani|2015|pp=321–322}}.</ref>

[[File:Piri Reis - Map of the Islands of the Aegean Sea Including Chios, Cos, Rhodes and Crete - Walters W658101A - Full Page.jpg|alt=map|thumb|[[Rhodes]] (outlined in red) just off the southern coast of [[Anatolia]]]]

Piri Reis advocated for and took part in [[Suleiman the Magnificent]]'s 1522 [[Siege of Rhodes (1522)|Siege of Rhodes]].<ref name="Soucek-2004-p222">{{harvnb|Soucek|2004|p=222}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|İnan|1954|p=14}}.</ref> The first version of his ''Kitab-ı Bahriye''—a nautical atlas gifted and dedicated to Suleiman—included advice on conquering Rhodes.<ref name="Soucek-2004-p222"/><ref name="Soucek-2013-p137">{{harvnb|Soucek|2013|p=137}}.</ref> The island of Rhodes had a secure harbor and was {{cvt|20|km}} off the coast of Anatolia. Controlled by an adversary, it could threaten maritime communication between the empire's capital and Mediterranean ports.<ref>{{harvnb|Soucek|2004|p=220}}.</ref> The [[Knights Hospitaller|Knights of St. John]] controlled the island, took Muslim captives, and provided shelter to Christian pirates.<ref>{{harvnb|Soucek|2004|p=221}}.</ref> During the siege, the Knights' fleet of ten ships remained in the harbor rather than confront the larger Ottoman force.<ref name="Soucek-2004-p223">{{harvnb|Soucek|2004|p=223}}.</ref> The Ottoman Navy conducted an amphibious operation, transporting many troops to the small island,<ref name="Soucek-2004-p223" /> and the island surrendered in December 1522. The Knights of St. John later relocated to [[Malta]].<ref>{{harvnb|Grima|2021}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Yaldız|Kaymakçı|Özgün|2019|pp=224–225}}.</ref> The second version of the ''Kitab-ı Bahriye'', completed after the conquest of Rhodes, only discusses the events in terms of the practical concerns of acquiring drinking water from Karabağ in [[Bodrum]] prior to the siege.<ref>{{harvnb|Isom-Verhaaren|2022|p=101}}.</ref>

The longer second version of the ''Kitab-ı Bahriye'' resulted from a conversation with the empire's [[List of Ottoman grand viziers|grand vizier]].<ref>{{harvnb|Soucek|2013|pp=137–138}}.</ref> Suleiman's reign was the beginning of a shift towards power concentrating in a group of [[vizier]]s, advisers, governors, and royal family members, including Suleiman's childhood friend [[Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha]] who rose to become grand vizier of the empire.<ref>{{harvnb|Casale|2010|pp=34–35}}.</ref> When putting down [[Hain Ahmed Pasha]]'s 1524 rebellion in Egypt, Ibrahim rode aboard the navy's flagship, commanded by Piri Reis.<ref>{{harvnb|Casale|2010|p=36}}.</ref><ref name="Hess-1970-p1905" /> Piri Reis said they discussed cartography after Ibrahim asked him about the maps and charts being consulted aboard the ship.<ref>{{harvnb|Casale|2010|pp=36–37}}.</ref> Ibrahim commissioned Piri Reis to create an expanded version of the ''Kitab-ı Bahriye''.<ref name="Casale-2010-p37">{{harvnb|Casale|2010|p=37}}.</ref> He finished it and gifted it to the sultan by 1526. In later centuries, many copies were made of both versions of the book.<ref name="Hepworth-2005-p73">{{harvnb|Hepworth|2005|p=73}}.</ref> Piri Reis completed a second world map in 1528 or 1529.<ref name="Soucek-2013-p141">{{harvnb|Soucek|2013|p=141}}.</ref> According to [[Sevim Tekeli]], the changes from the first world map demonstrate that Piri Reis was actively following European voyages of discovery.<ref>{{harvnb|Ayyubi|1989|p=739}}.</ref>

In both the 1513 world map and the ''Kitab-ı Bahriye'' preface, Piri Reis rhetorically undermines the significance of European discoveries by reframing them as the rediscovery of ancient knowledge.<ref>{{harvnb|Casale|2019|p=876}}.</ref> He invokes [[Alexander the Great]] when explaining the discoveries of Columbus.<ref>{{harvnb|Casale|2019|pp=871, 874–875}}.</ref> According to the [[Quran]] and Turkish literary tradition, [[Dhu al-Qarnayn]]—believed to be a [[Theories about Alexander the Great in the Quran|Quranic reference to Alexander the Great]]—traveled to every corner of the world, thereby defining its limits.<ref>{{harvnb|Casale|2019|pp=864–867, 875}}.</ref> Marginal inscriptions on the world map mention "charts drawn in the days of Alexander" and a book that "fell into the hands" of Columbus describing lands "at the end of the Western Sea".<ref>{{harvnb|Akçura|1935|loc=sec. V}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Akçura|1935|loc=sec. VI}}.</ref> In the 1526 version of the ''Kitab-ı Bahriye'', he explicitly credits European discoveries to lost works created during legendary voyages of Alexander, "My friend, the [[Franks#Crusaders and other Western Europeans as "Franks"|Franks]] both read and write everything there is to know about the science of the sea. But do not suppose that they invented such knowledge on their own; and if you wish, I will explain why. During his time, the famous ruler Alexander traveled over all the seas, and whatever he saw and whatever he heard he had recorded, item by item, by a competent person."<ref>{{harvnb|Casale|2019|p=875}}.</ref>

Venice saw Piri Reis as an adversary and obstacle to their aims in the [[Middle East]] during the 1530s.<ref name="Pedani-2015-p323">{{harvnb|Pedani|2015|p=323}}.</ref> In 1532, he fought against [[Dalmatia]]n pirates in the Adriatic.<ref>{{harvnb|Pedani|2015|pp=322–323}}.</ref> He attacked the Venetian-held castle at [[Koroni|Coron]] in 1533, captured a Venetian galley in 1536, and chased Venetian ships out of the Eastern Mediterranean.<ref name="Pedani-2015-p323" />

===Grand Admiral of the Indian Ocean Fleet===
[[File:Piri Reis - Map of the Egyptian Coast From Alexandria as Far as the City of Rashid - Walters W658303B - Full Page.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|alt=map|[[Alexandria]] in Egypt as depicted in the ''Kitab-ı Bahriye'']]

After [[Sinan Reis]] died in 1546,<ref name="Pedani-2015-p323" /> Piri Reis took his position as {{Transliteration|ota|[[Kapudan Pasha|Hind Kapudan-ı Derya]]}}, or grand admiral of the [[Ottoman naval expeditions in the Indian Ocean|Ottoman Fleet in the Indian Ocean]], as well as admiral of the fleet in Egypt.<ref name="Shaw-1976-p107">{{harvnb|Shaw|1976|p=107}}.</ref> Portuguese ships had raided the Red Sea as far as [[Suez]] and taken the port city of [[Aden]] in Yemen.<ref name="Shaw-1976-p107" /> The Portuguese navy employed [[sailing ship]]s capable of navigation and combat in open seas, while the Ottoman Navy relied mainly on [[galley]]s, which were more effective along the coasts. This limited Ottoman naval warfare to the Red Sea, Persian Gulf, and narrow straits around Arabia. The empire focused on using its navy to continue land-based expansion into new areas for tax revenue and agriculture.<ref>{{harvnb|Hess|1970|pp=1916–1917}}.</ref>

Using his fleet based out of Suez, Egypt, Piri Reis led campaigns in the Red Sea and Persian Gulf.<ref name="McIntosh-2000a-p6" /> On 26 February 1548, he [[Capture of Aden (1548)|recaptured Aden]] from the [[Portugal|Portuguese]].<ref name="Shaw-1976-p107"/> Piri Reis subdued the local [[Bedouin]] rulers of [[Basra]] in 1547 and began building a Persian Gulf fleet.<ref name="Shaw-1976-pp106-107">{{harvnb|Shaw|1976|pp=106–107}}.</ref> The fleet conducted annual expansions in the Indian Ocean, and some local rulers began to ally with the Portuguese.<ref name="Shaw-1976-pp106-107" />

[[File:Piris Reis expedition map-en.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|alt=map, full details at link and in article body text|Piri Reis' expedition against Hormuz]]

The sultan instructed Piri Reis to take the Portuguese-controlled [[Hormuz Island]] at the mouth of the [[Persian Gulf]].<ref name="Önalp-2010-pp1-2">{{harvnb|Önalp|2010|pp=1–2}}.</ref> Taking [[Bahrain Island]] was a secondary objective.<ref>{{harvnb|Özbaran|2009|p=107}}.</ref> In April 1552,<ref>{{harvnb|Özbaran|2009|p=108}}.</ref> Piri Reis left Suez with 25 galleys, 5 ships, and 850 soldiers.<ref>{{harvnb|Floor|2006|p=175}}.</ref> In August, the Turkish fleet [[Capture of Muscat (1552)|took Muscat]] after a one-month siege.<ref name="Shaw-1976-p107" /><ref name="Floor-2006-p176">{{harvnb|Floor|2006|p=176}}.</ref> The expedition took control of coastal lands in Yemen, Oman, and Arabia.<ref>{{harvnb|Malekandathil|2010|p=117}}.</ref> The Portuguese prepared for the attack on Hormuz by evacuating most of the island. Wealthy residents took refuge on the nearby island of [[Qeshm]], and the soldiers and royal family retreated to the fortress.<ref name="Floor-2006-p176" />

The Turkish soldiers took the [[Hormuz, Iran|City of Hormuz]] in September 1552, but could not take the fortress.<ref>{{harvnb|Finkel|2007|p=136}}.</ref><ref name="Floor-2006-p176" /> They [[Siege of Hormuz (1552)|besieged and bombarded the fortress]] for several weeks, but Piri Reis grew concerned about the Portuguese fleet attacking them during the siege.<ref name="Özbaran 2009 110">{{harvnb|Özbaran|2009|p=110}}.</ref> The Ottoman forces ran low on gunpowder, and Kubad Pasha the governor of Basra did not send supplies to the siege.<ref name="Soucek 2011 61">{{harvnb|Soucek|2011|p=61}}.</ref> On 9 October 1552, the Ottomans retreated.<ref name="Özbaran 2009 110"/><ref name="Floor-2006-p176" /> They sacked the city, looted Qeshm, and retreated into the gulf with over a million pieces of gold.<ref name="Floor-2006-p176" /> The fleet arrived at Basra by 1553.<ref>{{harvnb|Isom-Verhaaren|2022|p=104}}.</ref> A letter from the Portuguese governor inside the fortress, dated 31 October 1552, said that the walls had been near collapsing, but that the Ottomans had run low on "munitions, gunpowder, and other war materials" much of which they had lost when a galleon sank on the way to Hormuz.<ref>{{harvnb|Özbaran|2009|p=111}}.</ref> The [[List of governors of Portuguese India|Portuguese governor of India]], {{ill|Afonso de Noronha|es}} organized a fleet of 40 ships led by his nephew Antão de Noronha that reached Hormuz in November 1552.<ref>{{harvnb|Özbaran|2009|pp=110–111}}.</ref>

Piri Reis was executed following his retreat at Hormuz.<ref name="McIntosh-2000a-p6" /> After the expedition's failure, Kubad Pasha denied Piri Reis rowers for his galleys.<ref name="Önalp-2010-pp1-2" /><ref name="Floor-2006-p176" /> Historian Svat Soucek suggested that "hostility [between the two men] may have been at the root" of Piri Reis' decision to return to Egypt quickly and the "accusatory report the Pasha probably sent to Constantinople."<ref name="Soucek 2011 61"/> Leaving most of the fleet behind, Piri Reis returned in 1553 with only two ships.<ref name="Pedani-2015-p324">{{harvnb|Pedani|2015|p=324}}.</ref><ref name="Floor-2006-p176" /> The gold he brought back to Egypt played a role in his death sentence. Ottoman histories criticize Piri Reis for looting Qeshm. Some even allege that he accepted bribery.<ref>{{harvnb|Soucek|2011|pp=61–62}}.</ref> Those allegations were unlikely, as a delegation from Hormuz traveled to Constantinople to demand compensation, but they may have been believed at the time of his execution.<ref>{{harvnb|Soucek|2011|p=63}}.</ref> Venetian diplomats in Constantinople sent a letter dated 15 November 1553 stating that Piri Reis had been replaced by [[Rüstem Pasha]]'s captain, "charged with having raised the siege of the fortress of Hormuz because of bribery", and executed.<ref name="Pedani-2015-p324" /> For sacking the city instead of maintaining the siege, the sultan had him beheaded in [[Cairo]].<ref name="Pedani-2015-p324" /> The exact date of his execution is unknown.<ref name="Pedani-2015-p324" />

Rüstem Pasha's captain [[Seydi Ali Reis]] attempted to return the fleet that Piri Reis had brought to Basra back to Suez, but [[Battle of the Gulf of Oman|the Portuguese intercepted them]]. The Ottoman ships were all captured, destroyed, or swept out to sea.<ref>{{harvnb|Casale|2010|pp=102}}.</ref> Piri Reis was possibly survived by a son, Mehmed Reis, who is known only from a single portolan map of the Aegean.<ref>{{harvnb|Angelov|Bazzaz|Batsaki|2013|p=84}}.</ref>

== Works ==
Three of his cartographic works survive in some form to the present day.<ref>{{harvnb|Robinson|1996|p=70}}.</ref> Fragments of his [[Piri Reis map|1513 world map]] and his 1528 world map are kept in museums in Istanbul.<ref>{{harvnb|Anatolia News Agency|2013}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|McIntosh|2015|p=317}}.</ref> Copies of the ''[[Kitab-ı Bahriye]]'', a navigational atlas, are kept in many libraries and museums around the world, although the two created by Piri Reis himself are lost.<ref name="Soucek-1992-p272">{{harvnb|Soucek|1992|p=272}}.</ref>

=== Piri Reis map of 1513 ===
{{main|Piri Reis map}}
[[Image:Piri reis world map 01.jpg|thumb|alt=map of the Atlantic with Arabic writing|right|Surviving fragment of the first world map of Piri Reis (1513)]]

The Piri Reis map of 1513 is a [[world map]] compiled from a range of contemporary and [[Classical antiquity|classical]] sources.<ref name="Soucek-2013-p140"/> Approximately one third of the map survives,<ref>{{harvnb|McIntosh|2000a|pp=8–9}}.</ref> housed in the [[Topkapı Palace]] in [[Istanbul]].<ref>{{harvnb|Massetti|Veracini|2016|p=41}}.</ref> The finished manuscript was dated to the [[Islamic calendar|Islamic year]] 919 AH, equivalent to 1513 AD.<ref>{{harvnb|Massetti|Veracini|2016|p=42}}.</ref> After the empire's conquest of [[Egypt Eyalet|Egypt]], Piri Reis presented the 1513 world map to Selim I, and the map vanished from history until its rediscovery centuries later.<ref>{{harvnb|Casale|2019|p=871}}.</ref><ref name="Soucek-1992-p270" />

When rediscovered in 1929,<ref name="Şengör-2004-cites">{{multiref |{{harvnb|Şengör|2004}} cites: |{{harvnb|Adıvar|1939|pp=59–60}}.}}</ref> the remaining fragment garnered international attention for including a partial copy of an otherwise lost map by [[Christopher Columbus]].<ref name="Gerber-2010-p199">{{harvnb|Gerber|2010|p=199}}.</ref>{{efn|There is disagreement on how much of the map draws from Columbus. Paul Kahle and most later scholars attributed everything north and west of the phantom island Antilia to this source.<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Kahle|1933|p=628}}; |{{harvnb|İnan|1954|pp=37–40}}; |{{harvnb|McIntosh|2000a|pp=131–133}}.}}</ref> Svat Soucek expressed doubts about Kahle's "supposed connection",<ref name="Soucek 1992 270–271">{{harvnb|Soucek|1992|pp=270–271}}.</ref> and commented that "as for the 'map made by Columbus', Piri Reis' own map shows that he must also have used other sources depicting South America (specifically, the eastern bulge of the continent, thus Brazil), which Columbus could not have known" about when the map would have been produced.<ref name="Soucek-2013-p140">{{harvnb|Soucek|2013|p=140}}.</ref> Gregory McIntosh found that Cuba, Central America, and Hispaniola could be clearly attributed to an early map from Columbus,<ref>{{harvnb|McIntosh|2014|p=372}}.</ref> but not necessarily the [[Lesser Antilles]]. McIntosh noted that the duplication of some features like the Virgin Islands indicated an attempt to join a second map in that area.<ref>{{harvnb|McIntosh|2000a|pp=134–139}}.</ref>}} The map's longest inscription tells the story of Columbus' discovery of the Americas and states that Piri Reis and his uncle captured a Spaniard who had sailed with Columbus. The inscription credits some portion of the Americas to a map their prisoner had received from Columbus.<ref>{{harvnb|McIntosh|2000a|loc=ch. 7}}.</ref> Scholarly analysis of the placenames, knowledge of the Americas, and cartographic misconceptions indicates that Piri Reis likely did use a map composed during one of Columbus' early voyages to the Americas.<ref>{{harvnb|McIntosh|2000a|loc=ch. 10}}.</ref>

[[File:CipangoComparisonOfPiriReis1513MapToBehaimGlobe.svg|thumb|alt=Side by side outlines of the map's depiction of the Caribbean and the Behaim globe's depiction of Asia's east coast show different coastlines but a similar arrangement of land masses.|Comparison of Piri Reis' Caribbean (left) to [[Erdapfel|Martin Behaim's Asia]] (right)]]

The map is a [[portolan chart]] with [[compass rose]]s from which lines of bearing radiate.<ref name="Dutch-2010"/> Designed for navigation via [[dead reckoning]],<ref>{{harvnb|McIntosh|2000a|pp=60–61}}.</ref> portolan charts use a [[windrose network]] rather than a [[Geographic coordinate system|longitude and latitude grid]].<ref name="Dutch-2010">{{harvnb|Dutch|2010}}.</ref> It contains extensive notes primarily in [[Ottoman Turkish]].<ref name="McIntosh-2000b">{{harvnb|McIntosh|2000b|p=21}}.</ref> The [[colophon (publishing)|colophon]] in Arabic is written in a different handwriting,<ref name="Soucek-2013-p139">{{harvnb|Soucek|2013|p=139}}.</ref> likely that of Piri Reis himself.<ref name="McIntosh-2000a-p15"/> The depiction of South America is detailed and accurate for its time.<ref>{{harvnb|İnan|1954|pp=35, 38}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Soucek|1996|pp=58, 73–74}}.</ref> The northwestern coast combines features of Central America and Cuba into a single body of land. Scholars attribute the peculiar arrangement of the [[Caribbean]] to a now-lost map from Columbus that merged Cuba into the Asian mainland and [[Hispaniola]] with [[Marco Polo]]'s description of Japan.<ref name="Gaspar-2015-pp1-3">{{harvnb|Gaspar|2015|pp=1–3}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|McIntosh|2000a|p=91}}.</ref> This reflects Columbus's erroneous claim that he had found a new route to Asia.<ref>{{harvnb|McIntosh|2000a|pp=114, 136}}.</ref> The southern coast of the Atlantic Ocean is most likely a version of ''[[Terra Australis]]''.<ref name="Cuoghi-2002">{{harvnb|Cuoghi|2002}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|McIntosh|2000a|p=68}}.</ref>

The map is visually distinct from European portolan charts, influenced by the [[Islamic miniature]] tradition.<ref>{{harvnb|Pinto|2012|p=71}}.</ref> It was unusual in the Islamic cartographic tradition for incorporating many non-Muslim sources.<ref>{{harvnb|Soucek|1994|pp=123, 129}}.</ref> Historian Karen Pinto has described the positive portrayal of [[legendary creature]]s from the edge of the known world in the Americas as breaking away from the medieval Islamic idea of an impassable "Encircling Ocean" surrounding the [[Old World]].<ref>{{harvnb|Pinto|2012|pp=80, 90}}.</ref> Piri Reis adapted the elements of iconography from the [[Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world#History|traditional maps]]—which illustrated well-known routes, cities, and peoples—to the portolan portrayals of newly discovered coasts.<ref name="Pinto-2012">{{harvnb|Pinto|2012}}.</ref>

There are conflicting interpretations of the map.<ref>{{harvnb|McIntosh|2000a|p=2}}.</ref> Scholarly debate exists over the specific sources used in the map's creation and the number of source maps.<ref>{{harvnb|McIntosh|2000a|pp=15–18}}.</ref> Many areas on the map have not been conclusively identified with real or [[List of mythological places|mythical places]].<ref>{{harvnb|McIntosh|2000a|pp=26, 30, 41, 100}}.</ref> Some authors have noted visual similarities to parts of the Americas not officially discovered by 1513,<ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Cuoghi|2002}}; | {{harvnb|Dutch|2010}}.}}</ref> but there is no textual or historical evidence that the map represents land south of present-day [[Cananéia]].<ref>{{harvnb|McIntosh|2000a|pp=37–38}}.</ref> A disproven 20th-century hypothesis identified the southern landmass with an ice-free Antarctic coast.<ref>{{harvnb|McIntosh|2000a|loc=ch. 6}}.</ref>

=== <span class="anchor" id="Book of Navigation"></span> ''Kitab-ı Bahriye'' ===
{{main|Kitab-ı Bahriye}}
[[File:Piri ibn haji mehmed, corsica, nel kitab-i bahriye (libro delle cose del mare), 1590 ca. (bnf) 01.jpg|alt=Large book open with Arabic text on one page and a multicolor illustrated map opposite|thumb|upright=1.3|A copy open to the page on [[Corsica]]]]

The ''Kitab-ı Bahriye'' ({{langx|ota|كتاب بحرية}}), or ''Book of the Sea'', is a navigational atlas.{{efn|Other translations of the title:
* ''Book of Maritime Matters''{{hairsp}}<ref name="Soucek-1992-p266"/>
* ''Book on Navigation''{{hairsp}}<ref name="Hepworth-2005-p73"/>
* ''Book of Navigation''{{hairsp}}<ref name="Goodrich-2004">{{harvnb|Goodrich|2004}}.</ref>}}<ref name="Casale-2010-p37" /> Piri Reis compiled navigational charts and notes into the most detailed portolan atlas of the sixteenth century.<ref name="Hepworth-2005-p73" /><ref name="Goodrich-2004-pt1">{{harvnb|Goodrich|2004|loc=pt. 1}}.</ref> The ''Kitab-ı Bahriye'' combines information from a range of sources and Piri Reis' personal experience. The coast of [[North Africa]] relies little on outside sources.<ref>{{harvnb|Soucek|1992|pp=277–279}}.</ref>

There are two versions of the book,<ref name="Casale-2010-p37" /> both dedicated to [[Suleiman the Magnificent]].<ref name="Soucek-1992-p272" />  The first version was composed between 1511 and 1521.{{efn|Soucek (1992) notes that work on the book began in 1511 around the same time as work on the 1513 world map.<ref>{{harvnb|Soucek|1992|p=267}}.</ref> Soucek (2013) gives 1520 as the completion date.<ref>{{harvnb|Soucek|2013|p=135}}.</ref> Hepworth (2005) says the book was "presented" in 1521.<ref name="Hepworth-2005-p73"/> Lepore, Piccardi, and Rombai (2013) say the book "appeared" in 1521.<ref>{{harvnb|Lepore|Piccardi|Rombai|2013|p=85}}.</ref>}} The second, expanded version was commissioned by the Grand Vizier and completed in 1526.<ref name="Casale-2010-p37" />

The main part of both versions is a nautical guide to the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. Separate chapters cover different locations with corresponding portolan charts.<ref name="Soucek-1992-p272" /> Piri Reis says he composed an atlas because any single map has limited space for written details, and some "knowledge cannot be known from maps; it must be explained."<ref name="Soucek-1992-p272" /> There are 130 chapters in the first version and 210 in the second.<ref name="Soucek-1992-p272" /> The chapters start at the [[Dardanelles]] and move counter-clockwise around the Mediterranean.<ref>{{harvnb|İnan|1954|pp=21–22}}.</ref> The maps have compass roses indicating North for each page.<ref name="Soucek-1992-p277">{{harvnb|Soucek|1992|p=277}}.</ref><ref name="Goodrich-2004-pt1" /> Scale is indicated only in the textual descriptions, not with scale bars.<ref name="Goodrich-2004-pt1" /> Standard portolan symbols indicate hazards, like dots for shallow water and crosses for rocks.<ref name="Soucek-1992-p277" /> Written when Ottoman sailors relied on oar-driven [[galley]]s and [[galiot]]s, the ''Kitab-ı Bahriye'' reflects their needs and capabilities. It gives information on coastal waters, safe harbors, hazards, and sources of fresh water.<ref>{{harvnb|Soucek|1992|pp=273–274}}.</ref>

The second version begins with a longer introduction written in verse.<ref name="Casale-2010-p37" /> This introduction offers information on storms, winds, navigating with a compass, navigating by the stars, reading portolan charts, and the [[ocean]]s.<ref name="Soucek-1992-p272" /> It includes information on recent Portuguese and Spanish voyages including the [[voyages of Christopher Columbus]] to the Americas and [[Vasco da Gama]]'s [[Portuguese discovery of the sea route to India|discovery of a sea route to India]].<ref name="Casale-2010-p37" /> It offers the first detailed Ottoman description of the [[Indian Ocean]],<ref name="Casale-2010-p37"/> and gives special attention to [[Hormuz Island]] at the [[Strait of Hormuz|strait leading into the Persian Gulf]].<ref name="Soucek-2013-p139"/>

The book achieved fame only after Piri Reis' death.<ref name="Casale-2010-p186">{{harvnb|Casale|2010|p=186}}.</ref> The known surviving manuscripts are all copies created beginning in the later 1500s.<ref name="Goodrich-2004"/> At least some portion of the book has been translated into English, modern Turkish, Greek, French, German, and Italian.<ref>{{harvnb|Lepore|Piccardi|Rombai|2013|p=86}}.</ref>

=== 1528 world map ===
[[Image:Second World Map of Piri Reis.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Map of the Caribbean and other areas in the New World|Surviving fragment of the second world map of Piri Reis (1528)]]

Piri Reis compiled a second world map in 1528.<ref name="McIntosh-2015-p303">{{harvnb|McIntosh|2015|p=303}}.</ref> Only a fragment of the map—the northwest corner—remains.<ref name="McIntosh-2015-p303" /> The parchment fragment is approximately {{convert|70|cm|sp=us}} square.<ref name="McIntosh-2015-p303" /> As with the 1513 map, the 1528 map has calligraphic inscriptions in Ottoman-Turkish written in the Arabic alphabet. The colophon is in Arabic, likely handwritten by Piri Reis himself.<ref name="McIntosh-2015-p306">{{harvnb|McIntosh|2015|p=306}}.</ref> According to the colophon, Piri Reis compiled the map in 1528 in Gelibolu.<ref name="McIntosh-2015-p306"/> However, he may not have completed it until 1529.<ref name="McIntosh-2015-p303"/>

The 1528 map was a portolan chart like his earlier works. It uses a windrose network radiating out from compass roses.<ref name="McIntosh-2015-p305">{{harvnb|McIntosh|2015|p=305}}.</ref> The map does include one line of latitude, the [[Tropic of Cancer]]; it is slightly south of the correct position for Cuba and the Yucatan.<ref name="Tekeli 1985 681">{{harvnb|Tekeli|1985|p=681}}.</ref> The map uses standard portolan colors and symbols. Dots indicate shallow waters and [[sand bank]]s. Crosses indicate rocks and [[reef]]s.<ref name="McIntosh-2015-p305" /> The ships painted on the map are two [[caravel]]s and a [[carrack]].<ref name="McIntosh-2015-p306" /> The [[Scale (map)|scale]] bars indicate {{cvt|50|mi|order=flip}} between the sections of the scales.<ref>{{harvnb|İnan|1954|p=45}}.</ref>

Based on the design of recently explored geographical features like Greenland, Newfoundland, and Florida, the map likely relied on Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian maps from the 1520s.<ref name="McIntosh-2015-p303" /> Notes on the map cite recent Portuguese voyages to [[Labrador]] and [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]].<ref>{{harvnb|İnan|1954|pp=43–45}}.</ref> Hispaniola and Cuba are much more accurate compared to the 1513 world map. Cuba, labeled "''Isla di [[Havana|Vana]]''", is now correctly positioned as an island in the Caribbean.<ref name="Tekeli 1985 681"/><ref>{{harvnb|McIntosh|2015|p=307}}.</ref> In contrast to the 1513 map, Piri Reis leaves areas that have not been explored blank.<ref>{{harvnb|İnan|1954|p=48}}.</ref> Only the explored southern coasts of the Florida peninsula are on the map. The [[geography of Florida]] is left ambiguous as potentially an island or [[peninsula]].<ref>{{harvnb|McIntosh|2015|pp=307–308}}.</ref> The [[Spanish Empire]]'s master map, the ''[[Padrón Real]]'', included this type of ambiguous Florida until 1520, and it influenced Italian cartography like the [[Freducci map]].<ref>{{harvnb|McIntosh|2015|pp=308–309}}.</ref>

== Legacy ==
[[File:PiriReis IstanbulNavalMuseum.JPG|thumb|right|alt=sculpture|Bust of Piri Reis in the [[Istanbul Naval Museum]]]]

During his own life, there was limited appreciation for Piri Reis' cartography. Historian Svat Soucek said of the cartographic works of Piri Reis, "They show that although the Ottoman Empire had the potential to participate in the discoveries, its ruling elite spurned the attempt to blaze a trail in this direction".<ref>{{harvnb|Soucek|2013|p=143}}.</ref> The 1513 world map disappeared from the historical record until its rediscovery centuries later.<ref name="Soucek-1992-p270"/> There is no evidence that either version of his atlas circulated outside the royal palace prior to 1550.<ref name="Casale-2010-p186" /> The copies produced in the following centuries were often created for their aesthetic or artistic value.<ref name="Soucek-2013-p141" /> No Turkish school of cartography or navigation was established to build on his work.<ref name="Soucek-1994-p135">{{harvnb|Soucek|1994|p=135}}.</ref> [[Murat Reis the Elder]]'s expedition to the [[Canary Islands]] and the 1586 [[Sack of Lanzarote (1586)|Sack of Lanzarote]] were some of the few times when Piri Reis' Atlantic cartography was likely used by the Ottoman Navy.<ref name="Muhaj-2014-p265">{{harvnb|Muhaj|2014|p=265}}.</ref> The empire's navy—even during the Canary Islands expedition—remained largely composed of oar-driven galleys after the point where other naval powers were moving to sailing ships that were more suited to the open oceans.<ref name="Muhaj-2014-p265" /> Ottoman scholar [[Kâtip Çelebi]] built on the ''Kitab-i Bahriye'' in his seventeenth-century work, ''Müntehab-ı Bahriyye''.<ref>{{harvnb|Sarıcaoğlu|2009|p=120}}.</ref> By the eighteenth century, major works of cartography from Western Europe were being translated into Turkish.<ref>{{harvnb|Sarıcaoğlu|2009|pp=123–124}}.</ref>

When Piri Reis' world map was unearthed in 1929, it received international media attention for containing the surviving piece of an otherwise lost map of Christopher Columbus.<ref name="Gerber-2010-p199"/> Turkey's first president, [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]], took an interest in the map and initiated [[project]]s to publish facsimiles and conduct research.<ref>{{harvnb|İnan|1954|p= 4}}.</ref> Discovered during [[Atatürk's reforms]], the map was a point of national pride. Its rediscovery also sparked interest in the ''Kitab-ı Bahriye''.<ref name="Soucek-2013-p141"/><ref name="Soucek-1994-p135" /> A facsimile of the book's second version was published by the [[Turkish Historical Society]] in 1935,<ref>{{harvnb|Soucek|2013|pp=135–144}}.</ref> and a four-volume facsimile with photographic quality was published in 1988.<ref>{{harvnb|Goodrich|2004|loc=pt. 2}}.</ref> Several ships and submarines have been named after him, including the [[RV K. Piri Reis|RV K. ''Piri Reis'']] and [[Reis-class submarine|TCG ''Pirireis'']].<ref>{{harvnb|Ozberk|2024}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|NHHC|2016}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Newsroom|2024}}.</ref> The [[Piri Reis University]] for maritime studies was founded in 2008.<ref>{{harvnb|Tethys|2024}}.</ref> In the Turkish TV series ''[[Barbaros: Sword of the Mediterranean]]'', he is portrayed by actor Emir Benderlioğlu.<ref>{{harvnb|Tarihi|2022}}.</ref>

Piri Reis' 1513 world map is the target of various pseudoscientific claims and is sometimes invoked in broader pop culture as an unsolved mystery. Civil engineer [[Marta Wittkowska#Marriage|Arlington Mallery]], professor [[Charles Hapgood]], and Hapgood's students developed the hypothesis that the 1513 world map contained cartographic information, notably from an ice-free Antarctic coast, that exceeded the map-making abilities of the sixteenth century. In his 1966 book ''Maps of the Ancient Sea Kings'', Hapgood claims islands along the map's southern Atlantic shore to be ice-covered mountains in Antarctica's [[Queen Maud Land]] region.<ref>{{harvnb|McIntosh|2000a|pp=53–58}}.</ref> Hapgood's book was met with skepticism due to its lack of evidence and reliance on [[Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis|polar shift]].<ref>{{multiref |{{harvnb|McIntosh|2000a|pp=60–62}}; |{{harvnb|Stunkel|1967}};|{{harvnb|Davies|1985}}.}}</ref> According to geologist Paul Heinrich, the book also did not account for [[post-glacial rebound]], and the 1949 survey initially cited by Mallery could not measure even one percent of the area drawn in the Piri Reis map. Subsequent studies have shown no significant similarities to Antarctica's coast.<ref>{{harvnb|Heinrich|2001}}.</ref> Hapgood's claims have been uncritically repeated by [[Erich von Däniken]] in support of [[ancient astronauts]] and by [[Graham Hancock]] in support of an advanced lost civilization.<ref>{{harvnb|Fagan|2006|p=35}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|McIntosh|2000a|p=58}}.</ref> The map and polar shift were key plot elements in [[Allan W. Eckert]]'s science fiction novel ''[[The HAB Theory]]''.<ref>{{harvnb|Pinto|2012|pp=65–67}}.</ref> Piri Reis is a character in the ''[[Assassin's Creed]]'' franchise. In the 2010 video game ''[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood]]'', a group of Italian [[Assassination|Assassins]] sent from Rome to Constantinople by [[Ezio Auditore da Firenze]] infiltrates Piri Reis' shop to steal some of his maps detailing the New World, to match the [[Templars]]' expansion into the new lands.<ref>{{harvnb|Ubisoft Montreal|2010}}.</ref> He appears in its 2011 sequel ''[[Assassin's Creed: Revelations]]'', set in early sixteenth-century Constantinople.<ref>{{harvnb|Hoekstra|2024}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Ritman|2011}}.</ref>

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|20em}}

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* {{Cite web |last=Goodrich |first=Thomas D. |date=2004 |title=The maps of the Kitab-i Bahriye of Piri Reis |url=http://www.shodb.gov.tr/pirireis/oturumlar/piri_reisin_kitab_i_bahriyesinic_5658_haritasi.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516061930/http://www.shodb.gov.tr/pirireis/oturumlar/piri_reisin_kitab_i_bahriyesinic_5658_haritasi.htm |archive-date=16 May 2015 |website=Piri Reis Sempozyumu |publisher=Istanbul Military Museum}}
* {{Cite web |last=Grima |first=Joseph F. |date=24 October 2021 |title=The Order of St John's arrival in Malta in 1530 |url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/the-order-of-st-johns-arrival-in-malta-in-1530.909655 |website=Times of Malta |language=en-gb}}
* {{Citation |last=Heinrich |first=Paul |title=Fingerprints of the Gods Re: Piri Reis Map |year=2001 |postscript=, |url=https://www.hallofmaat.com/wsog/fingerprints-of-the-gods-re-piri-reis-map/}} Geologist and Archaeological Geologist at [https://www.lsu.edu/lgs/personnel/heinrich-paul.php Louisiana State University].
* {{Cite journal |last=Hepworth |first=Paul |date=2005 |title=Production and Date of the Walters' "Kitab-i Bahriye" |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20650882 |journal=The Journal of the Walters Art Museum |volume=63 |pages=73–80 |issn=1946-0988 |jstor=20650882}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Hess |first=Andrew C. |date=1970 |title=The Evolution of the Ottoman Seaborne Empire in the Age of the Oceanic Discoveries, 1453-1525 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1848022 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=75 |issue=7 |pages=1892–1919 |doi=10.2307/1848022 |issn=0002-8762 |jstor=1848022}}
* {{Cite web |last=Hoekstra |first=Kyle |date=20 May 2024 |title=Assassin's Creed Games in Order: a Brief History |url=https://www.historyhit.com/gaming/assassins-creed-games-in-order/ |website=History Hit}}
* {{Citation |last1=İnan |first1=Afet |title=The Oldest Map of America, Drawn by Piri Reis |year=1954 |url=https://archive.org/details/inan-afet-the-oldest-map-of-america-drawn-by-piri-reis/page/n1/mode/2up |place=[[Ankara]] |publisher=Türk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi |oclc=2435662 |ref=CITEREFİnan1954 |last2=Yolaç |first2=Leman (trans.) |author-link=Afet İnan}}
* {{cite book |last1=Isom-Verhaaren |first1=Christine |title=The Sultan's fleet: seafarers of the Ottoman empire |date=2022 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |location=London New York Oxford New Delhi Sydney |isbn=978-0-7556-4173-4 |edition=First published}}
* {{Citation |last=Kahle |first=Paul E. |title=A Lost Map of Columbus |date=October 1933 |journal=Geographical Review |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=621–638 |bibcode=1933GeoRv..23..621K |doi=10.2307/209247 |jstor=209247 |author-link=Paul E. Kahle}}
*{{Cite book |title=Other routes: 1500 years of African and Asian travel writing |publisher=Signal |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-90495-512-2 |editor-last=Khair |editor-first=Tabish |location=Oxford |pages=127–131 |chapter=Piri Reis: The Voyages of a 'Corsair' (c. 1526) |oclc=61177562}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Lepore |first1=Fortunato |last2=Piccardi |first2=Marco |last3=Rombai |first3=Leonardo |date=2013 |title=Looking at the Kitab-i Bahriye of Piri Reis |url=http://www.e-perimetron.org/Vol_8_2/Lepore_et_al.pdf |volume=8 |number=2 |periodical=E-Perimetron}}
* {{Cite book |last=Malekandathil |first=Pius |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rN69iFj1PJoC&pg=PA117 |title=Maritime India-Trade, Religion and Polity In the Indian Ocean |date=2010 |publisher=Primus Books |isbn=978-9-38060-701-6}}
* {{Citation |last1=Massetti |first1=Marco |title=The zoomorphic representations of the Pîrî Reis map (1513) |journal=Anthropozoologica |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=41–54 |year=2016 |url=https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/az2016n1a3.pdf |doi=10.5252/az2016n1a3 |hdl=10400.5/28972 |s2cid=192924551 |last2=Veracini |first2=Cecilia}}
* {{Citation |last=McIntosh |first=Gregory C. |title=The Piri Reis Map of 1513 |year=2000a |url=https://archive.org/details/gregory-c.-mc-intosh-the-piri-reis-map-of-1513 |place=[[Athens, Georgia|Athens]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] |publisher=[[University of Georgia Press]] |isbn=978-0-82034-359-4}}
* {{Citation |last=McIntosh |first=Gregory C. |title=The Tale of Two Admirals: Columbus and the Piri Reis Map of 1513 |work=Mercator's World |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=18–23 |year=2000b |url=https://www.academia.edu/5173346 |publisher=Aster}}
* {{citation |last=McIntosh |first=Gregory C. |year=2014 |chapter=The Piri Reis Map of 1513: Art and Literature in the Service of Science |title=Seapower, Technology, and Trade: Studies in Turkish Maritime History |publisher=[[Piri Reis University]] |location=Istanbul |edition=Digital |isbn=978-9-94426-451-8}}.
* {{Cite journal |last=McIntosh |first=Gregory C. |date=August 2015 |title=The Piri Reis Map of 1528: A Comparative Study with Other Maps of the Time |url=https://www.storiamediterranea.it/portfolio/agosto-2015/ |journal=Mediterranea. Ricerche Storiche. |location=Palermo |publisher=Mediterranea |issue=34 |issn=1828-230X}}
* {{Cite conference |last=Muhaj |first=Ardian |date=December 2014 |title=Ottoman corsairs in the Atlantic during the 16th century: Murat Rais, the Albanian and the first Ottoman expedition to the Canary Islands |url=https://www.academia.edu/6329881 |conference=International Symposium of Piri Reis and Turkish Maritime History |location=Istanbul}}
* {{Citation |last=Nebenzahl |first=Kenneth |title=Atlas of Columbus and the Great Discoveries |year=1990 |place=Chicago |publisher=[[Rand McNally]] |isbn=978-0-52883-407-3}}
* Newsroom (2024). {{Cite web |date=31 August 2024 |title=Experts investigate fish deaths, pollution crisis in Izmir Bay - Türkiye Today |url=https://www.turkiyetoday.com/lifestyle/pollution-crisis-in-izmir-bay-46978/ |ref={{sfnref|Newsroom|2024}}}}
* {{Cite web |last=NHHC |date=21 April 2016 |title=Mapiro (SS-376) |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/m/mapiro.html |website=Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships |publisher=Naval History and Heritage Command}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Önalp |first=Ertuğrul |date=2010 |title=The Military Expedition of Piri Reis to Hormuz and the Considerations of Turkish and Portuguese Historians About his Execution |url=https://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/73454/DocLib21/Piri%20Reis'in%20Hurmuz%20Seferi.pdf |journal=Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Tarih Bölümü Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi |language=tr |volume=29 |issue=47 |doi=10.1501/Tarar_0000000453 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212065805/http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/73454/DocLib21/Piri%20Reis'in%20Hurmuz%20Seferi.pdf |archive-date=12 December 2013}}
* {{cite book |last1=Özbaran |first1=Salih |title=Ottoman expansion toward the Indian Ocean in the 16th century |date=2009 |publisher=İstanbul Bilgi University Press |location=Şişli, İstanbul |isbn=978-605-399-062-8 |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zR4tAQAAIAAJ}}
* {{Cite web |last=Ozberk |first=Tayfun |date=25 August 2024 |title=Turkish Navy commissions first Reis-class AIP submarine TCG Piri Reis |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2024/08/turkish-navy-commissions-first-reis-class-aip-submarine-tcg-piri-reis/ |website=Naval News}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Pedani |first=Maria Pia |date=August 2015 |title=Piri Reis in Venetian Documents |url=https://www.storiamediterranea.it/portfolio/agosto-2015/ |journal=Mediterranea. Ricerche Storiche. |location=Palermo |publisher=Mediterranea |issue=34 |issn=1828-230X}}
* {{Citation |last=Pinto |first=Karen |title=Searchin' His Eyes, Lookin' for Traces: Piri Reis' World Map of 1513 & its Islamic Iconographic Connections (A Reading Through Bagdat 334 and Proust) |work=Journal of Ottoman Studies |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=63–94 |year=2012 |url=https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1010&context=histfac}}
* {{Cite book |last=Pitcher |first=Donald Edgar |title=An Historical Geography of the Ottoman Empire: From Earliest Times to the End of the Sixteenth Century |date=1972 |publisher=Brill Archive |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Pryor |first=John H. |url=https://archive.org/details/geographytechnol0000pryo/page/193/ |title=Geography, Technology, and WarStudies in the Maritime History of the Mediterranean, 649–1571. |date=1988 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-34424-7 |location=Cambridge}}
* {{Cite news |last=Ritman |first=Alex |date=14 November 2011 |title=Assassin's Creed: Revelations is historically impressive |url=https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/assassin-s-creed-revelations-is-historically-impressive-1.444681 |work=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]]}}
* {{Cite book |last=Robinson |first=Francis |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgeillustr0000unse_x8p1 |title=The Cambridge illustrated history of the Islamic world |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-52143-510-9 |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sarıcaoğlu |first=Fikret |url=https://psi424.cankaya.edu.tr/uploads/files/Agoston%20and%20Masters,%20Enc%20of%20Ott%20Empire.PDF |title=Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire |date=2009 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-43811-025-7 |editor-last=Ágoston |editor-first=Gábor |language=en |chapter=Cartography |editor-last2=Masters |editor-first2=Bruce Alan}}
* {{Citation |last=Şengör |first=Ali Mehmet Celâl |title=Who Discovered the 1513 Map of Piri Reis? |date=2004 |work=Piri Reis Sempozyumu |url=http://www.shodb.gov.tr/pirireis/oturumlar/piri_reis_haritasi_nasil.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025033830/http://www.shodb.gov.tr/pirireis/oturumlar/piri_reis_haritasi_nasil.htm |archive-date=25 October 2007 |publisher=Istanbul Military Museum |author-link=Celâl Şengör}}
* {{Cite book |last=Shaw |first=Stanford J. |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofottoman00stan |title=History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey |volume=1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=29 October 1976 |isbn=978-0-52129-163-7 |section=The Apogee of Ottoman Power, 1451-156: The Eastern Seas}}
*{{Cite encyclopedia |year=1992 |title=Islamic Charting in the Mediterranean |encyclopedia=Cartography in the Traditional Islamic and South Asian Societies |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |url=https://www.press.uchicago.edu/books/HOC/HOC_V2_B1/HOC_VOLUME2_Book1_chapter14.pdf |last=Soucek |first=Svat |editor-last=Harley |editor-first=J. B. |volume=2 |pages=263–272 |editor-link1=John Brian Harley |editor-link2=David Woodward (cartographer) |editor-first2=D. |editor-last2=Woodward |number=1}}
* {{Citation |last=Soucek |first=Svat |title=Piri Reis and Ottoman Discovery of the Great Discoveries |journal=Studia Islamica |issue=79 |pages=121–142 |year=1994 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1595839 |doi=10.2307/1595839 |jstor=1595839}}
* {{Cite book |last=Soucek |first=Svatopluk |title=Piri Reis and Turkish Mapmaking After Columbus: The Khalili Portolan Atlas |publisher=The Nour Foundation |year=1996 |series=Studies in the Khalili Collection |volume=2 |location=London |orig-year=1992}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Soucek |first=Svatopluk |date=2004 |title=Navals Aspects of the Ottoman Conquests of Rhodes, Cyprus and Crete |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20059216 |journal=Studia Islamica |issue=98/99 |pages=219–261 |issn=0585-5292 |jstor=20059216}}
* {{cite book |chapter=Piri Reis and the Persian Gulf |last=Soucek |first=Svat |title=Studies in Ottoman Naval History and Maritime Geography |publisher=Georgia Press |isbn=978-1-61719-150-3 |date=2011 |orig-date=Lecture given at the "Uluslararasi Piri Reis Sempozyumu" September 2004}}
* {{Citation |last=Soucek |first=Svat |title=His uniqueness among cartographers and hydrographers of the Renaissance |work=Cartes & Géomatique |issue=216 |pages=135–144 |year=2013 |url=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download;jsessionid=09F33FCEF2BC21E763D542BE343F3446?doi=10.1.1.692.1619&rep=rep1&type=pdf |citeseerx=10.1.1.692.1619}}
* {{citation |last=Stunkel |first=Kenneth R. |title=Reviewed Work(s): Maps of the Ancient Sea Kings: Evidence of Advanced Civilization in the Ice Age by Charles Hapgood |journal=Geographical Review |year=1967 |volume=57 |number=3 |pages=440–442 |doi=10.2307/212645 |jstor=212645 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/212645}}
* {{Cite news |last=Tarihi |first=Güncellenme |date=24 March 2022 |title=Son dakika: Barbaroslar Piri Reis kimdir? Barbaroslar Akdeniz'in Kılıcı Piri Reis'i Emir Benderlioğlu canlandırıyor! Emir Benderlioğlu kaç yaşında? - Son Dakika Magazin Haberleri |url=https://www.cnnturk.com/magazin/son-dakika-barbaroslar-piri-reis-kimdir-barbaroslar-akdenizin-kilici-piri-reisi-emir-benderlioglu-canlandiriyor-emir-benderlioglu-kac-yasinda-1738665 |work=CNN TÜRK |language=tr}}
* {{Citation |last=Tekeli |first=Sevim |title=The Map of America by Piri Reis |journal=Erdem |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=673–683 |year=1985 |doi=10.32704/erdem.1985.3.673 |s2cid=167145440 |author-link=Sevim Tekeli}}
* Tethys (2024). {{Cite web |title=Piri Reis University |url=https://tethys-engineering.pnnl.gov/organizations/piri-reis-university-0 |website=Tethys Engineering |ref={{sfnref|Tethys|2024}}}}
* {{Cite video game |title=Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood |developer=Ubisoft Montreal |publisher=Ubisoft |platform=PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Microsoft Windows, OS X, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Nintendo Switch |date=2010}}{{sfn whitelist|CITEREFUbisoft_Montreal2010}}
* {{Cite magazine |last=Urguplu |first=Ahmet |date=1 July 2015 |title=Piri Reis and His World Map |url=https://fountainmagazine.com/all-issues/2015/issue-106-july-august-2015/piri-reis-and-his-world-map-july-august-2015?__cf_chl_tk=mfSW3n1AyTd6xkvYfb4T_o24WQH8zL0mrJXnVs41Re8-1721448176-0.0.1.1-4479 |magazine=The Fountain}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VF-zDwAAQBAJ |title=Turkish Foundations in Rhodes and Kos |date=2 October 2019 |publisher=Eğitim Yayinevi |isbn=978-6-05778-613-5 |editor-last=Yaldız |editor-first=Mustafa |language=en |editor-last2=Kaymakçı |editor-first2=Cihan |editor-last3=Özgün |editor-first3=Fırat}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Zarinebaf |first1=Fariba |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ju9sKUox3OcC |title=A Historical and Economic Geography of Ottoman Greece: The Southwestern Morea in the 18th Century |last2=Bennet |first2=John |last3=Davis |first3=Jack L. |date=2005 |publisher=ASCSA |isbn=978-0-87661-534-8 |language=en}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite web |last1=Arikan |first1=Muzaffer |last2=Toledo |first2=Paulino |title=VENEDİK'TEKİ PAPALIK SEFARETİ BELGELERİNE GÖRE TÜRKLER |url=http://dergiler.ankara.edu.tr/dergiler/19/821/10412.pdf |publisher=Ankara University |language=tr |ref=none}} <!--was a source before in lead, not in english-->
* {{TDV Encyclopedia of Islam | last = Bostan | first = Idris | title = PÎRÎ REİS | volume = 34 | pages = 283–285 | url = https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/piri-reis |ref=none }}{{sfn whitelist|CITEREFBostan2007}}
* {{Cite web |last=Çal |first=İsmail |date=21 October 2010 |title=Piri Reis neden idam edildi? |url=http://www.dunyabulteni.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=133432 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305030553/http://www.dunyabulteni.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=133432 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |publisher=Dünya Bülteni |language=tr |ref=none}} <!--was a source before in lead, not in english-->
* {{Cite book |last=Carboni |first=Stefano |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=10Rrl29pBMYC&q=46a-b |title=Venice and the Islamic world, 828-1797 |date=2007 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |isbn=978-0-30012-430-9 |location=New York |at=sec. 46a-b |ref=none}}
* {{Cite web |last=Dutch |first=Steven |title=The Piri Reis map |url=http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/PSEUDOSC/PiriRies.HTM |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813090645/http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/PSEUDOSC/PiriRies.HTM |archive-date=13 August 2013 |ref=none}}
* {{Cite web |last=FSTC Research Team |date=13 February 2010 |title=Piri Reis: A Genius 16th-Century Ottoman Cartographer and Navigator |url=https://muslimheritage.com/piri-reis-16th-c-cartographer-navigator/ |website=Muslim Heritage |ref=none}}
* {{Cite conference |last=Loupis |first=Dimitris |year=2004 |title=Piri Reis' Book on Navigation (Kitab-ı Bahriye) as a Geography Handbook |url=https://www.academia.edu/1188647 |conference=Eastern Mediterranean cartographies |location=Athens, Greece |publisher=National Hellenic Research Foundation |oclc=892160459 |ref=none}}
* {{Cite web |last=Lunde |first=Paul |date=1992 |title=A Muslim History Of The New World |url=https://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/199203/a.muslim.history.of.the.new.world.htm |website=Saudi Aramco World |ref=none}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Mesenburg |first=Peter |year=2001 |title=Kartometrische Untersuchung und Rekonstruktion der Weltkarte des Piri Re'is (1513) |journal=Cartographica Helvetica |language=de |pages=3–7 |number=24 |ref=none}}
* {{Cite web |title=Piri Reis: A Genius 16th-Century Ottoman Cartographer and Navigator |url=http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=1183 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917040844/http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=1183 |archive-date=17 September 2013 |website=MuslimHeritage.com |ref=none}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Savvides |first=Alexis G. K. |year=1992 |title=Notes on Navarino in the Frankish, Venetian and early Ottoman periods |journal=Ekklisiastikos Faros |location=Alexandria and Johannesburg |volume=74 |ref=none}}
* {{Cite web |title=The Maps of Piri Reis |url=http://publicdomainreview.org/collections/the-maps-of-piri-reis/ |website=[[The Public Domain Review]] |ref=none}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline}}

{{Seamen of the Ottoman Empire}}
{{Islamic geography}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reis, Piri}}
[[Category:Piri Reis| ]]
[[Category:1460s births]]
[[Category:1550s deaths]]
[[Category:15th-century explorers]]
[[Category:15th-century people from the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:16th-century executions by the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:16th-century explorers]]
[[Category:16th-century geographers]]
[[Category:16th-century people from the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:Cartographers from the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:Executed people from the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:Executed Turkish people]]
[[Category:Geographers from the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:Greeks from the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:Naval history of the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:People executed by the Ottoman Empire by decapitation]]
[[Category:People from Gelibolu]]
[[Category:People from the Ottoman Empire of Greek descent]]
[[Category:Suleiman the Magnificent]]
[[Category:Turks from the Ottoman Empire]]