Editing Pierre-Joseph Redouté

{{Short description|Belgian painter and botanist (1759–1840)}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2010}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox artist
| name          = Pierre-Joseph Redouté
| image         = Portrait de Pierre-Joseph Redout.jpg
| image_size    =
| alt           = An oil on canvas in brown tones of a white man with short brown hair. He is sitting side-on, facing to the right of the picture, with his chin on his left hand. He wears a frock coat and shirt with a wide neck tie. He has a faint smile.
| caption       = Portrait by [[Louis Léopold Boilly]]
| birth_name    =
| birth_date    = {{birth date|df=yes|1759|07|10}}
| birth_place   = [[Saint-Hubert, Belgium|Saint-Hubert]], [[Austrian Netherlands]]
| death_date    = {{death date and age|df=yes|1840|06|19|1759|07|10}}
| death_place   = [[Paris]], France
| nationality   = [[Demographics of Belgium|Belgian]]
| movement      = Flower painting
| awards        = Chevalier of the [[Légion d'honneur]] (1825)
| patrons       =
| website       =
| resting_place = [[Père Lachaise Cemetery]] <!-- not supported by this template yet -->
| known_for     = [[Botanical illustration]]
| training      = [[Jardin du Roi]]
| notable_works = 
}}

'''Pierre-Joseph Redouté''' ({{IPA|fr|pjɛʁ ʒozɛf ʁədute}}, 10 July 1759 &ndash; 19 June 1840), was a [[Painting|painter]] and [[botanist]] from the Austrian Netherlands, known for his [[watercolour]]s of [[rose]]s, [[lily|lilies]] and other flowers at the [[Château de Malmaison]], many of which were published as large coloured stipple engravings.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Redoute: The Book of Flowers|last=Lack|first=H. Walter|publisher=TASCHEN|year=2018|isbn=978-3836568937|location=Germany|pages=8 & 9}}</ref> He was nicknamed "the [[Raphael]] of flowers" and has been called the greatest botanical illustrator of all time.<ref name=ams>Schmidt, Alesandra M., and Trudy B. Jacoby. [http://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/exhibitions/3 "Herbs to Orchids: Botanical Illustration in the Nineteenth Century"]. Watkinson Exhibition Catalogs, Paper 3, 1996.</ref>

Redouté was an official court artist of [[Marie Antoinette]], and continued painting through the [[French Revolution]] and [[Reign of Terror]]. He survived the turbulent political upheaval to gain international recognition for his precise renderings of plants, which remain as fresh in the early 21st century as when first painted. He combined great artistic skills with a pleasing and ingratiating personality which assisted him with his influential patrons. After Queen Marie-Antoinette, his patrons included both of Napoleon's wives – [[Empress Joséphine]] and [[Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma]] – as well as [[Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily]], wife of [[Louis Philippe I]], the last king of France.<ref name=":0" />

Redouté collaborated with the greatest botanists of his day and participated in nearly fifty publications depicting both the familiar flowers of the French court and plants from places as distant as Japan, America, South Africa, and Australia. He worked from live plants rather than [[herbarium]] specimens, which contributed to his fresh subtle renderings. He was painting during a period in [[botanical illustration]] (1798 &ndash; 1837) that is noted for the publication of outstanding [[folio (printing)|folio]] editions with coloured [[intaglio (printmaking)|plates]].  Redouté produced over {{formatnum:2100}} published plates depicting over {{formatnum:1800}} different [[species]], many never rendered before. Of the French botanical illustrators employed in the French capital, Redouté is the one who remains in the public consciousness today.<ref name=":0" /> He is seen as an important heir to the tradition of the [[Flemish people|Flemish]] and [[Dutch people|Dutch]] flower painters [[Jan Brueghel the Elder|Brueghel]], [[Rachel Ruysch|Ruysch]], [[Jan van Huysum|van Huysum]] and [[Jan David de Heem|de Heem]].

==Early life==
[[File:0 Saint-Hubert - Hôtel de ville (1).JPG|thumb|upright=1.3|right|The fountain erected in honour of Pierre-Joseph Redouté in [[Saint-Hubert, Belgium]].]]
Redouté was born 10 July 1759, in [[Saint-Hubert, Belgium|Saint-Hubert]], in the [[Belgium|Belgian]] [[Luxembourg, Belgium|Luxembourg]]. Both his father and grandfather were painters, and his elder brother, Antoine Ferdinand, was an interior decorator and scenery designer. He never had much in the way of formal education, instead leaving home at the age of 13 to earn his living as an itinerant painter, doing interior decoration, portraits, and religious commissions. Eventually, in 1782, he made his way to Paris to join his brother in painting scenery for theatres.

==Painting career==
In Paris, Redouté met the botanists [[Charles Louis L'Héritier de Brutelle]] and [[René Desfontaines]], who steered him towards botanical illustration, a rapidly growing discipline. L'Héritier became his instructor, teaching him to dissect flowers and portray their specific characteristics with precision. L'Heritier also introduced Redouté to members of the court at [[Palace of Versailles|Versailles]], following which Marie Antoinette became his patron. Redouté eventually received the title of Draughtsman and Painter to the Queen's Cabinet.
[[File:Lilium superbum (Lithographie, Pierre-Joseph Redoute).jpg|thumb|[[Botanical illustration]] of ''[[Lilium superbum]]'']]

Cheveau, a Parisian dealer, brought the young artist to the attention of the botanical artist [[Gerard van Spaendonck]] at the [[Jardin du Roi]], which became the [[Jardin des plantes]] of the [[National Museum of Natural History, France]] in 1793, after the Revolution. Van Spaendonck became another of Redouté's teachers, especially influencing his handling of watercolour.

In 1786, Redouté began to work at the National Museum of Natural History cataloguing the collections of flora and fauna and participating in botanical expeditions. In 1787, he left France to study plants at the [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] near London, returning the following year.  In 1792 he was employed by the [[French Academy of Sciences]]. In 1798, Empress [[Joséphine de Beauharnais]], the first wife of [[Napoleon Bonaparte]], became his patron and, some years later, he became her official artist. In 1809, Redouté taught painting to [[Princess Adélaïde of Orléans]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.johnmitchell.net/Princesse-Louise-Marie-Eugenie-Adelaide-dOrleans-1777-1847-Pansies-Morning-Glories-and-Single-Chrysanthemums-DesktopDefault.aspx?tabid=6&tabindex=5&objectid=668553&categoryid=10236 |title=Princesse Louise Marie Eugénie Adélaïde d'Orléans (1777–1847) |publisher=John Mitchell Fine Paintings}}</ref>

Redouté was engaged to paint selected plants from the garden at the [[Château de Malmaison]], Paris.  Whilst he was well known for the painting ''Les Roses'', ''Jardin de la Malmaison'' has a distinctly Australian connection, as 46 of the 120 plates featured Australian plants, and the majority of these are endemic to [[Queensland]].<ref name=slq2022>{{SLQ-CC-BY|url=https://www.slq.qld.gov.au/blog/jardin-de-la-malmaison-french-and-australian-plants|title=Jardin de la Malmaison: The French and Australian plants|date=29 September 2022|authors=Stacey Larner|access-date=18 January 2023}}</ref>  One of the first Australian plants Empress Joséphine chose for Redouté to illustrate was a common Queensland flowering vine, ''[[Hardenbergia violacea]]'' (false sarsaparilla), a vine seen in abundance in the Queensland bush.  Other Queensland plants illustrated include the ''[[Pandorea pandorana]]'' (wonga wonga vine), ''[[Melaleuca styphelioides]]'' (prickly-leaved paperbark), and ''[[Hibiscus heterophyllus]]'' (native rosella).<ref name=slq2022 />

== Later career and legacy ==
[[File:Pierre-Joseph Redoute's school of botanical drawing in the Salle Buffon in the Jardin des Plantes 1.jpg|thumb|left|[[Julie Ribault]], ''Redoute's school of botanical drawing in the Salle Buffon of the Jardin des Plantes'', 1830 ([[Fitzwilliam Museum]])]]
[[File:Redoute flowers01.jpg|thumb|Flowers by the artist ([[Rosa centifolia]], [[anemone]], and [[clematis]])]]
After Empress Joséphine's death (1814), Redouté had some difficult years until he was appointed a master of draughtsmanship for the National Museum of Natural History in 1822. In 1824, he gave some drawing classes at the museum. Many of his pupils were aristocrats or royalty. He became a [[Chevalier of the Legion of Honour]] in 1825. Although particularly renowned for his botanical exploration of roses and lilies, he thereafter produced paintings purely for aesthetic value.{{sfn|cdpb}}

Redouté taught and painted up to the day he died of a stroke on 19 or 20 June 1840.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Redoute: The Book of Flowers|last=Lack|first=H. Walter|publisher=TASCHEN|year=2018|isbn=978-3836568937|location=Germany|pages=14}}</ref> He was survived by his wife, Marie-Marte Gobert, whom he married in 1786, and their two daughters.<ref name=":1" /> He was interred in [[Père Lachaise Cemetery]]. A [[Brussels]] school bears his name: the [[Institut Redouté-Peiffer]] in [[Anderlecht]].

Most of the ''Les Liliacées'' watercolours went from the Empress Joséphine to her son from her first marriage [[Eugène de Beauharnais]]. Most of the watercolours of her ''Jardin de la Malmaison'' (gardens of [[Château de Malmaison]]) were acquired by the [[Fitzwilliam Museum]] in Cambridge.<ref name=":1" />

Redouté's paintings for ''Les Roses'' were bought by [[Charles X of France]] for his widowed daughter-in-law, [[Marie-Caroline of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Duchess of Berry]]. Their whereabouts are virtually untraceable: in 1948 some were sold by [[Sotheby's]] in London and a few were acquired by the Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation; later, single sheets have appeared repeatedly in auction.<ref name=":1" />

In 1985, 468 leaves were bought at a New York auction by an art dealer for approximately $5.5 million and then dispersed.<ref name=":1" />

In the 20th and 21st century, numerous exhibitions in Europe, the Americas, and Australia have been devoted to the work of Redouté. The [[Biodiversity Heritage Library]], the [[Library of Congress]] and other libraries have made many of his works accessible online<ref name=":1" /> and reproductions of his prints are available from virtually all print and poster shops.

== Principal works ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071210145421/http://num-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr:8080/83/ ''Geraniologia,'', ed. Petri-Francisci Didot (1787&ndash;88)]
* ''Traité des arbres et arbustes que l'on cultive en France, par Duhamel. Nouvelle édition, avec des figures, d'après les dessins de P. J. Redouté,'' 7 vols. (1800&ndash;1819)
* ''Les Liliacées,'' 8 vols. (1802&ndash;1816); [[Taschen]] America (2000) {{ISBN|3-8228-6407-2}}; [https://web.archive.org/web/20070818045956/http://num-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr:8080/2/ SCD, University of Strasbourg. (1802–1816) On line.]
* ''Les Roses,'' 3 vols. (1817&ndash;1824); French & European Pubns (1954) {{ISBN|0-320-05904-9}}; Pierre-Joseph Redoute, Sandra Raphael (Narrator), Ian Jackson (Translator), CD-ROM Octavo (2002) {{ISBN|1-891788-28-0}}; [http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/dgkeysearchresult.cfm?parent_id=448333&word= NYPL On Line.] or [http://www.rarebookroom.org/Control/rdtrse/index.html Rare Book Room] (1817&ndash;1824 from Library of Congress) or [http://www.rarebookroom.org/Control/redros/index.html Rare Book Room] (1817 from The Warnock Library).  Taschen has also published this as part of its 25th Anniversary series.
* {{cite book|title=Plantes grasses|first1=Pierre-Joseph|last1=Redouté|first2=Augustin Pyramus|last2=with Candolle|publisher=Levrault|year=1790|url=http://num-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr:8080/23/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206112224/http://num-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr:8080/23/|archive-date=6 December 2008}}
*''[[Choix des plus belles fleurs|Choix des plus belles fleurs et de quelques branches des plus beaux fruit]]s. Dédié à LL. AA. RR. les princesses Louise et Marie d'Orléans'' (1827) [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12695402 Online facsimile - Biodiversity Heritage Library]
*''Catalogue de 486 liliacées et de 168 roses peintes par P.-J. Redouté'' (1829)
*''Alphabet Flore'' (1835)

Posthumously published, in 1989:
* ''Champignons du Luxembourg. Planches inédites de Pierre-Joseph Redouté (1759–1840). Manuscrit de [[Louis Marchand (1807–1843)|Louis Marchand]] (1807–1843).'' Ministère d'Etat. Government commission for the commemoration of the 150th anniversary of Independence of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; Musée national d'histoire naturelle; Société des naturalistes luxembourgeois, 1989.

== Paintings ==
<gallery perrow="5" widths="180" heights="180">
Image:Rosa clinophylla.jpg|[[Rosa clinophylla]]
Image:Rosa centifolia foliacea 17.jpg|[[Rosa centifolia]] (cabbage rose)
Image:Rosa moschata.jpg|[[Rosa moschata]] (musk rose)
File:Fritillaria imperialis in Les liliacees.jpg|Fritillaria imperialis 
File:Banana Pierre-Joseph Redouté.jpg|Musa × paradisiaca
</gallery>

{{botanist|Redouté|Redouté, Pierre-Joseph}}

== Sources ==
* {{cite web|url=http://www-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr/wiki/doku.php/auteur:Redout%C3%A9%2C%20Pierre-Joseph|title=Redouté, Pierre-Joseph|publisher=SCD, Universities of Strasbourg|ref=CITEREFuscd|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211112200/http://www-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr/wiki/doku.php/auteur:Redout%C3%A9%2C%20Pierre-Joseph|archive-date=11 December 2007}}
* {{cite book|title=Choix des Plus Belles Fleurs|place=Paris |orig-year=1827–1833|first1=Pierre-Joseph|last1=Redouté|first2=Sandra (narrator)|last2=Raphael|first3=Ian (translator)|last3=Jackson|publisher=California Academy of Sciences / Octavo|year=2004|isbn=1-59110-053-4|ref=CITEREFcdpb}}<ref>Taschen was due to release its version of this book on 1 October 2009; [http://www.rarebookroom.org/Control/redcho/index.html Rare Book Room On Line]</ref>
* {{cite book|date=2017|isbn=978-2-7596-0345-9|language=fr|last1=Musée de la Vie romantique (Paris)|location=Paris|publisher=Paris Musées|title=Le Pouvoir des fleurs: Pierre-Joseph Redouté (1759-1840)}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator -->. This is the catalog of the exhibition at the Musée de la vie romantique in Paris, April 28 to October 1, 2017.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Literature==
* {{cite book|first1=Wilfrid|last1=Blunt|first2=William T.|last2=Stearn|title=The Age of Redouté|chapter=The Art of Botanical Illustration|pages=173&ndash;183|place=London|publisher=[[HarperCollins|Collins]]|year=1950|isbn=0-486-27265-6}}
* {{cite book|first1=Alain|last1=Dierkens|first2=Andre|last2=Lawalrée|author-link2=André Lawalrée|first3=Jean-Marie|last3=Duvosquel|title=Pierre-Joseph Redouté, 1759&ndash;1840: La Famille, L'Oeuvre, ''("Pierre-Joseph Redouté, 1759&ndash;150: his life and works")''|publisher=Centre Pierre-Joseph Redouté|place=Saint-Hubert, Belgium|year=1996|isbn=2-87193-238-7}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.octavo.com/store/product.php?product=redcho-ode|title=Choix des Plus Belles Fleurs|last=Redouté|first=Pierre-Joseph|publisher=Octavo Editions|access-date=27 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100805054336/http://octavo.com/store/product.php?product=redcho-ode|archive-date=5 August 2010|url-status=dead}} CD-ROM
* {{cite book |last=Ridge |first=Antonia |author-link=Antonia Ridge |title=The Man Who Painted Roses: Story of Pierre-Joseph Redoute |year=1974 |publisher=Faber and Faber |isbn=978-0571105540 }}

==External links==
{{Wikispecies}}
{{Commons category|Pierre-Joseph Redouté}}
* {{in lang|en}} [http://www.globalgallery.com/artist.bio.asp?nm=pierre+joseph+redoute "Pierre Joseph Redouté" biography at globalgallery.com.]
* {{in lang|en}} [http://library.cincymuseum.org/bot/redoute.htm "Pierre-Joseph Redouté, 1759-1840", ''From Seed to Flower: Selected Books from the Cornelius J. Hauck Botanical Collection,'' Cincinnati Museum.]
*{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.ulg.ac.be/wittert/fr/flori/opera/redoute/redoute_roses.html Drawings of roses by Pierre-Joseph Redouté at the University of Liège]
* {{in lang|en}} [http://www.rosarian.com/redoute/ Drawings of roses by Pierre-Joseph Redouté at rosarian.com]
* {{in lang|fr}} [http://www.wallonie-en-ligne.net/1995_Wallonie_Atouts-References/1995_ch13-6_Stiennon_Jacques.htm Redouté in the cultural history of Wallonia at wallonie-en-ligne.net]
* {{in lang|fr}} [http://balat.kikirpa.be/DPB/FR/FMPro?-db=Dictionnaire.fp5&-lay=web&-format=Detail_notice.htm&ID_dpb=4426&-find Dictionary of Belgian painters at balat.kikirpa.be]
*[http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.rbc/rosenwald.1892.1 ''Les roses, par P.J. Redouté''] From the Collections at the [[Library of Congress]]
*[https://collections.rhs.org.uk/browse?q=must,any,contains,Pierre%20Joseph%20Redouté Botanical illustrations by Pierre Joseph Redouté at RHS Digital Collections]
*[http://www.plantillustrations.org/artist.php?id_artist=6&mobile=0&SID=0&lay_out=0&hd=0&size=0&offset=0 Botanical illustrations of ''Pierre Joseph Redouté''.] at http://www.plantillustrations.org
{{Authority control (arts)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Redoute, Pierre-Joseph}}
[[Category:1759 births]]
[[Category:1840 deaths]]
[[Category:Flower artists]]
[[Category:Artists from the Austrian Netherlands]]
[[Category:Knights of the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:19th-century Belgian painters]]
[[Category:Belgian male painters]]
[[Category:19th-century Belgian male artists]]
[[Category:19th-century Belgian botanists]]
[[Category:Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery]]
[[Category:People from Saint-Hubert, Belgium]]