Editing Phoenix (son of Amyntor)

{{Short description|Greek mythical figure}}
{{Other uses|Phoenix (Greek myth)}}
[[File:Briseis Phoinix Louvre G152.jpg|thumb|250px|According to some sources,<ref>Matheson 2009, pp. 192 Fig. 3, 195; Beazley Archive  [http://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/record/F6D1F0A6-1AA1-440E-AAF5-8B8BC8835178 203900]; ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'' [http://ark.dasch.swiss/ark:/72163/080e-73a7307fd12e4-4 241]; AVI Web [https://www.avi.unibas.ch/DB/searchform.html?ID=6726 6490].</ref>

[[Briseis]] serves wine to Phoenix. [[Red-figure pottery|Red-figure]] [[kylix]] by the [[Brygos Painter]] (c. 490 BC) [[Louvre]] G152.]]

In [[Greek mythology]], '''Phoenix''' ([[Ancient Greek]]: Φοῖνιξ ''Phoinix'', [[genitive case|gen]]. Φοίνικος ''Phoinikos'') was the son of king [[Amyntor (son of Ormenus)|Amyntor]]. Because of a dispute with his father, Phoenix fled to [[Phthia]], where he became king of the [[Dolopia]]ns, and tutor of the young [[Achilles]], whom he accompanied to the [[Trojan War]]. After Achilles had in anger withdrawn from the war, Phoenix tried to persuade Achilles to return.<ref>''Brill's New Pauly'', s.v. Phoenix 2; Tripp, s.v. Phoenix 2; Grimal, s.v. Phoenix 3; ''Oxford Classical Dictionary'', s.v. Phoenix 1; Smith [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DP%3Aentry+group%3D27%3Aentry%3Dphoenix-bio-2 s.v. Phoenix 2]; Parada, s.v. Phoenix 2.</ref>

Phoenix appears as a character in the ''[[Iliad]]'', where [[Homer]] has him tell his story. He is also mentioned several times in the [[Epic Cycle]]. There were several lost 5th-century BC tragedies titled ''Phoenix'', which presumably told his story, and he appeared as a character in several others. Mentions of Phoenix occur in [[Pindar]], the ''[[Palatine Anthology]]'', [[Lycophron]], [[Ovid]] and [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], and a brief account of his story is given by the mythographer [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]]. Phoenix also appears in many works of ancient art from as early as the 6th century BC.<ref>For discussions of the ancient sources which mention Phoenix, see Gantz, pp. 581, 582, 609, 613, 618, 640, 658, 688.</ref>

== Mythology ==
Phoenix was the son of [[Amyntor (son of Ormenus)|Amyntor]].<ref>Parada, s.v. Phoenix 2; [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:9.417-9.452 9.448]; [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.13.8 3.13.8].</ref> A dispute with his father, concerning his father's concubine, resulted in Phoenix fleeing his homeland for [[Phthia]], where he became a vassal of [[Achilles]]' father [[Peleus]], the king.<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA458 p. 458]; Tripp, p. 477. See [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' 257, which includes Peleus and Phoenix in a list of close friends.</ref> As told in the ''[[Iliad]]'',<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:9.417-9.452 9.451–457].</ref> on the urgings of his jealous mother (variously named as [[Cleobule]], [[Hippodamia (mythology)|Hippodameia]], or [[Alcimede (Greek myth)|Alcimede]]), Phoenix had had sex with his father's concubine.<ref>Gantz, p. 618; Grimal, s.v. Phoenix 3; Smith [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DP%3Aentry+group%3D27%3Aentry%3Dphoenix-bio-2 s.v. Phoenix 2]. For Cleobule, see [[Tzetzes]] on [[Lycophron]] [https://archive.org/stream/isaakioukaiiann00mlgoog#page/n659/mode/2up 421]; [[Tzetzes]], ''Allegories of the Iliad'' Prologomena 432, 524, pp. 33, 41. For Hippodamia, see the A scholia to Iliad 9.448 (cited by Gantz). For Alcimede see ''[[Palatine Anthology]]'' 3.3 (Paton, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/greek_anthology_3/2014/pb_LCL067.153.xml pp. 152&ndash;153]).</ref> Amyntor, discovering this, called upon the [[Erinyes]] to curse Phoenix with childlessness. In later accounts of the story, Phoenix was falsely accused by Amyntor's concubine, and blinded by his father, but [[Chiron]] restored his sight.<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.13.8 3.13.8], probably drawing on Euripides' ''Phoenix'', see Gantz, p. 618; Frazer's [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.13.8 note 3] to Apollodorus, 3.13.8.</ref> In either case, Phoenix fled to Phthia, where Peleus made Phoenix a king of the Dolopians, and gave him his young son Achilles to raise.<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA458 p. 458]; [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:9.453-9.491 9.479–491].</ref>

Phoenix participated in the [[Calydonian boar hunt]],<ref>Tripp, p. 478; Parada, s.v. Phoenix 2; Smith, [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DP%3Aentry+group%3D27%3Aentry%3Dphoenix-bio-2 s.v. Phoenix 2]; [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' 173; [[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0959.phi006.perseus-eng1:8.260-8.364 8.307].</ref> and was said to have given Achilles's son the name [[Neoptolemus]].<ref>Gantz, p. 581; [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:10.26.4 10.26.4] = ''[[Cypria]]'' fr. 19 West, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/greek_epic_fragments_trojan_cycle_cypria/2003/pb_LCL497.99.xml pp. 98&ndash;99].</ref> As an old man, he went with [[Odysseus]] and [[Nestor (mythology)|Nestor]] to find and recruit Achilles for the [[Trojan War]],<ref>Gantz, pp. 581&ndash;582; Tripp, p. 478; Scholia (D) ''Iliad'' 19.326 = ''[[Cypria]]'' fr. 19 West, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/greek_epic_fragments_trojan_cycle_cypria/2003/pb_LCL497.97.xml pp. 96&ndash;99]. Compare with [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' 96; [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.13.8 3.13.8].</ref> and was Achilles's companion at Troy.<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'', [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:9.162-9.204 9.165&ndash;169], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:9.205-9.243 9.220&ndash;224], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:9.417-9.452 9.427&ndash;622], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:16.155-16.199 16.194], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:17.543-17.566 17.555&ndash;561], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:19.309-19.348 19.309&ndash;313], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:23.351-23.387 23.359&ndash;361]; [[Ovid]], ''[[Heroides]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0959.phi002.perseus-eng1:3 3.27&ndash;29], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0959.phi002.perseus-eng1:3 3.127&ndash;130]; [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.13.8 3.13.8].</ref> After Achilles, in his anger at [[Agamemnon]], had withdrawn from the fighting, Phoenix was part of the unsuccessful embassy sent by Agamemnon to persuade Achilles to return to the battle.<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA463 pp. 463&ndash;464]; Gantz, p. 613; [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:9.162-9.204 9.165&ndash;169]; [[Ovid]], ''[[Heroides]]'', [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0959.phi002.perseus-eng1:3 3.27&ndash;29], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0959.phi002.perseus-eng1:3 3.127&ndash;130]; [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg002.perseus-eng1:e.4.3 E.4.3].</ref> After Achilles died, Phoenix was one of those sent to fetch Neoptolemus from [[Scyros]].<ref>Gantz, p. 640; [[Sophocles]], ''[[Philoctetes (Sophocles play)|Philoctetes]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0011.tlg006.perseus-eng1:343-390 343&ndash;344], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0011.tlg006.perseus-eng1:557-590 557&ndash;567]; [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg002.perseus-eng1:e.5.10 E.5.10&ndash;11]; [[Philostratus the Younger]], ''[[Imagines (work by Philostratus)|Imagines]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/philostratus_younger-imagines_1_achilles_scyros_pyrrhus_scyros/1931/pb_LCL256.293.xml 394 K 6]. Neoptolemus, with Phoenix and Odysseus, are depicted leaving Skyros on a 5th-century BC vase ([[Ferrara]] 44701), see Gantz, p. 640; Beazley Archive [http://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/record/63AA7C6F-F89B-4183-841C-D56B87602CA1 206070]; ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'' [http://ark.dasch.swiss/ark:/72163/080e-7400f8c829b8c-b 6591].</ref> On his way home from Troy, Phoenix died and was buried by Neoptolemus.<ref>Tripp, p. 478; Grimal, p. 370; [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg002.perseus-eng1:e.6.12 E.6.12].</ref> His tomb was said to be either in [[Eion]], [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonia]], or in [[Trachis]], [[Thessaly]], nearby the "Phoenix River" which was said to have been named after the hero.<ref>Smith, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DP%3Aentry+group%3D27%3Aentry%3Dphoenix-bio-2 s.v. Phoenix 2] (citing [[Tzetzes]] on Lycophron [https://archive.org/stream/isaakioukaiiann00mlgoog#page/n657/mode/2up 417] and Strabo ix p. 428); [[Strabo]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-eng1:9.4.14 9.4.14] (tomb near Phoenix River).</ref>

==Sources==
===The ''Iliad''===
[[File:Akhilleus embassy Staatliche Antikensammlungen 8770- cropped white balanced glare reduced.png|thumb|250px|Embassy to Achilles. On the left, Phoenix standing, [[Odysseus]] seated facing [[Achilles]] seated, and [[Patroclus]] standing on the right. A [[red-figure]] [[hydria]], by the [[Kleophrades Painter]] (c. 480 BC) [[Staatliche Antikensammlungen]] 8770.<ref>Boardman, Griffin, and Murray, [https://books.google.com/books?id=uusmzge9gvsC&pg=PA47 p. 47]; Powell, [https://books.google.com/books?id=aYNuAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA220 p. 220]; Beazley Archive [http://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/record/03DA0793-E680-4AC0-845F-7491EDC95B5D 352474]; ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'' [http://ark.dasch.swiss/ark:/72163/080e-73f89469060d5-9 6001]; AVI Web [https://www.avi.unibas.ch/DB/searchform.html?ID=5580 5361].</ref>]]

Phoenix plays an important role in Book 9 of the ''[[Iliad]]'' of [[Homer]]. [[Achilles]], the Greeks' greatest warrior, has withdrawn from the war because of his great anger at his ill treatment by the Greek commander [[Agamemnon]]. Phoenix, who had been in charge of Achilles's upbringing, now an old man, has accompanied Achilles to the Trojan War. Phoenix is sent by Agamemnon to Achilles's tent, as part of an embassy with [[Ajax the Great|Ajax]] and [[Odysseus]], to persuade Achilles to return to the battle.<ref>Hard, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA463 463]&ndash;[https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA46 464]; Gantz, p. 613; [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:9.162-9.204 9.165&ndash;169].</ref> Odysseus speaks first, presenting Agamemnon's offer of reconciliation,<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:9.205-9.243 9.225&ndash;306].</ref> an appeal which Achilles rejects utterly, saying that he will leave with his ships the next morning.<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:9.286-9.327 9.307&ndash;429].</ref> Next Phoenix&mdash;who as his tutor, as he reminds Achilles, has taught him "to be both a speaker of words and a doer of deeds"&mdash;begins himself a long speech covering 172 lines.<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:9.417-9.452 9.434&ndash;605]. For a detailed discussion of Phoenix's speech, see Rosner, pp. 314&ndash;327. Several scholars have questioned the authenticity of this section of the ''Iliad'' see Rosner, p. 314; Scodel, p. 129 with n. 4.</ref> Phoenix, "bursting into tears",<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:9.417-9.452 9.432&ndash;433].</ref> pleads passionately with Achilles to put down his anger and return to the war. Phoenix's speech presents an "exposition of heroic, traditional ethics".<ref>Scodel, p. 129.</ref>

Phoenix begins his appeal, in personal terms, by reminding Achilles how he came to be a second father to Achilles.<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA464 464]; [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:9.417-9.452 9.434&ndash;495]. For a detailed discussion of the autobiographical part of Phoenix's speech see Rosner, pp. 315&ndash;318; Scodel, pp. 128&ndash;136. Rosner, p. 315, describes the theme of this section of the speech as one of "paternal love and duty". Scodel, p. 128 n. 3, notes that the scholarly consensus sees this part of Phoenix's speech "as serving to stress the emotional ties between Phoenix and Achilles".</ref> Phoenix's father was Amyntor, the son of Ormenus, and a king in [[Achaea Phthiotis|Hellas]].<ref>For the "hopeless confusion" in Homer's statements concerning the location of Amyntor's kingdom see Leaf's note to ''Iliad'' [https://archive.org/details/cu31924011101643/page/n443 9.447, p. 403].</ref> When Amyntor forsook his wife, Phoenix's mother, for a concubine, at the urging of his jealous mother, Phoenix had sex with Amyntor's concubine. To punish this crime Amyntor called upon the [[Erinyes]] to curse Phoenix with childlessness. Outraged Phoenix intended to kill Amyntor, but was finally dissuaded. Instead he decided to leave his father's kingdom. For nine days some of his friends and family kept watch over him to prevent his leaving, but finally on the tenth day he managed to escape, and fleeing through Hellas, Phoenix came to [[Phthia]], where king [[Peleus]], the father of Achilles, took in Phoenix, and treated him like a son. Peleus made Phoenix a king of the [[Dolopia]]ns. And Phoenix was given charge of the young Achilles, whom Phoenix reared as a son.<ref>Compare with [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' 257.</ref> Having reminded Achilles of all this, Phoenix asks Achilles to "master thy proud spirit; it beseemeth thee not to have a pitiless heart. Nay, even the very gods can bend".<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:9.492-9.537 9.496&ndash;497].</ref>

Phoenix next relates two stories meant to persuade Achilles to relent. The first story concerns the ''Litai'' ("Prayers"), daughters of [[Zeus]], who follow along after ''Ate'' ("Sin").<ref>Rosner, pp. 318&ndash;322; [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:9.492-9.537 9.502&ndash;514].</ref>  This story is meant to show Achilles the dangers inherent in refusing prayers of supplication. After telling the story, Phoenix again asks Achilles to "cast aside thine anger" and heed the supplication of his comrads in arms and return to the battle.<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:9.492-9.537 9.517].</ref> Phoenix reminds Achilles that heroes of old, in their wrath, might be won over by gifts and pleadings.<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:9.492-9.537 9.524&ndash;526].</ref> He then recounts the story of the hero [[Meleager]], with its many parallels to Achilles's situation.<ref>Rosner, pp. 322&ndash;324; Swain, pp. 271&ndash;276; [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:9.492-9.537 9.529&ndash;599].</ref> Like Achilles, Meleager has withdrawn from battle in anger. Offering gifts, his friends and family beg Meleager to return to the battle, but he refuses them. But when his own household is threatened, finally heeding the pleas of his wife, he returns to the battle, but received no gifts and honors, for doing so. Finally Phoenix urges Achilles not to be like Meleager, but to accept the gifts and honors Agammenon has offered, before it is too late.<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:9.581-9.619 9.600&ndash;605].</ref>

But Achilles, responding to Phoenix, says he has no need of such gifts and has honor enough already. Further he admonishes Phoenix "not to confound my spirit by weeping and sorrowing," on Agamemnon's behalf. Nevertheless, Achilles invites Phoenix to stay the night "and at break of day we will take counsel whether to return to our own or to tarry here."<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:9.581-9.619 9.606&ndash;619].</ref>

Brief mentions of Phoenix also appear in Books 16, 17, 19, and 23.<ref>Gantz, p. 609.</ref> In Book 16 Phoenix leads a company of [[Myrmidons]] into battle.<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:16.155-16.199 16.194].</ref> In Book 17, Athena takes Phoenix's form, as she urges on [[Menelaus]] in the heat of battle.<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:17.543-17.566 17.555&ndash;561].</ref> In Book 19, Phoenix is among those comforting Achilles in his tent after the death of [[Patroclus]].<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]''  [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:19.309-19.348 19.309&ndash;313].</ref> In Book 23, Phoenix is an umpire in Patroclus's funeral games.<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:23.351-23.387 23.359&ndash;361].</ref>

===Epic Cycle===
Besides the ''Iliad'' a few other mentions of Phoenix, from the epic tradition, are found in the [[Epic Cycle]], a collection of epic poems about the Trojan War.
According to [[scholia]] to ''Iliad'' 19, citing the Epic Cycle, prior to the Trojan War, Phoenix was sent with Odysseus and [[Nestor (mythology)|Nestor]] to seek out Achilles (who, as it turns out, is hiding on [[Skyros]] disguised as a girl) to recruit him for the war.<ref>Gantz, pp. 581&ndash;582; Scholia (D) ''Iliad'' 19.326 = ''[[Cypria]]'' fr. 19 West, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/greek_epic_fragments_trojan_cycle_cypria/2003/pb_LCL497.97.xml pp. 96&ndash;99]. Compare with [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' 96; [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.13.8 3.13.8].</ref> According to the ''[[Cypria]]'', (one of the poems in the Epic Cycle) Achilles's son [[Neoptolemus]], originally named Pyrrhus, was given the name Neoptolemus ("young soldier") by Phoenix, because Achilles was a young man when he went to war.<ref>Gantz, p. 581; [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:10.26.4 10.26.4] = ''[[Cypria]]'' fr. 19 West, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/greek_epic_fragments_trojan_cycle_cypria/2003/pb_LCL497.99.xml pp. 98&ndash;99].</ref> According to Proclus' summary of the ''[[Nostoi]]'', Phoenix, while traveling home from the Trojan War with Neoptolemus, died and was buried by Neoptolemus.<ref>Gantz, p. 688; Proclus, [https://chs.harvard.edu/primary-source/epic-cycle-sb/ Summary of the ''Nostoi''] = ''Returns'' argument 4 West [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/greek_epic_fragments_trojan_cycle_returns/2003/pb_LCL497.157.xml pp. 156, 157].</ref>

===Later sources===
The late sixth-century early fifth-century BC poet [[Pindar]] mentioned Phoenix, saying that he "held a throng of Dolopians, bold in the use of the sling and bringing aid to the missiles of the Danaans, tamers of horses."<ref>[[Strabo]] [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-eng1:9.5.5 9.5.5] = [[Pindar]] fr. 183 Race [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pindar-fragments/1997/pb_LCL485.409.xml pp. 408, 409].</ref> Phoenix appeared as a character in [[tragedian]] [[Aeschylus]]' lost play ''[[Achilleis (trilogy)|Myrmidons]]'' ({{circa|490}}&ndash;480), which included an embassy scene, and presumably Phoenix's attempt to persuade Achilles to put aside his anger and return to the battlefield.<ref>Sommerstein, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-attributed_fragments/2009/pb_LCL505.135.xml p. 134]; Shapiro 1994, p. 19; Aeschylus fr. 132b Sommerstein, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-attributed_fragments/2009/pb_LCL505.139.xml pp. 138, 139].</ref>

The tragedian [[Sophocles]], in his play ''[[Philoctetes (Sophocles play)|Philoctetes]]'' (409 BC), tells us that after Achilles died at Troy, the Greeks received a prophecy which said that they would never take Troy unless Neoptolemus came to fight for them, so the Greeks sent Phoenix and Odysseus to [[Scyros]] to bring Neoptolemus back with them to Troy.<ref>Gantz, pp. 639&ndash;640; [[Sophocles]], ''[[Philoctetes (Sophocles play)|Philoctetes]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0011.tlg006.perseus-eng1:343-390 343&ndash;344], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0011.tlg006.perseus-eng1:557-590 557&ndash;567], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0011.tlg006.perseus-eng1:1314-1347 1329&ndash;1342]. So also [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg002.perseus-eng1:e.5.10 E.5.10&ndash;11]; [[Philostratus the Younger]], ''[[Imagines (work by Philostratus)|Imagines]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/philostratus_younger-imagines_1_achilles_scyros_pyrrhus_scyros/1931/pb_LCL256.293.xml 394 K 6] (no mention of Odysseus). Compare with [[Homer]], ''[[Odyssey]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:11.486-11.537 11.506&ndash;509], where Odysseus tells Achilles's shade in the underworld that he brought Neoptolemus to Troy.</ref> A [[red-figure]] [[volute-krater]] ({{circa|470 BC}}), had already depicted Neoptolemus, with Phoenix and Odysseus (all named), saying goodbye to his mother and grandfather [[Lycomedes]] on Skyros ([[Ferrara]] 44701).<ref>Gantz, p. 640; Beazley Archive [http://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/record/63AA7C6F-F89B-4183-841C-D56B87602CA1 206070]; ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'' [http://ark.dasch.swiss/ark:/72163/080e-7400f8c829b8c-b 6591].</ref>

Sophocles, and his fellow fifth-century tragedians [[Euripides]], and [[Ion of Chios]], among others, all wrote plays titled ''Phoenix'', now lost, which presumably told the story of Phoenix's conflict with his father.<ref>Gantz, p. 618. Sophocles' ''Phoenix'' may be the same as a play elsewhere called ''The Dolopians'', see Llyod-Jones, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/sophocles-fragments_known_plays/1996/pb_LCL483.69.xml pp. 68&ndash;69]. Phoenix also appeared as a character in Sophocles, ''The Lovers of Achilles'', see Llyod-Jones, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/sophocles-fragments_known_plays/1996/pb_LCL483.59.xml p. 58], and probably played an important role in Sophocles' ''Scyrians'', see Kotlinska-Toma, [https://books.google.com/books?id=I3YeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA187 187]; Lloyd-Jones, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/sophocles-fragments_known_plays/1996/pb_LCL483.277.xml pp. 276&ndash;277]. For Hellenistic plays involving Phoenix, see Kotlinska-Toma, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=I3YeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA30 29&ndash;30], [https://books.google.com/books?id=I3YeBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA62 62].</ref> Nothing is known about the plays by Sophocles or Ion. However, from an allusion in [[Aristophanes]]' play ''[[The Acharnians]]'', Euripides seems to have represented Phoenix as blind.<ref>Gantz, p. 618; Collard and Cropp, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-dramatic_fragments/2008/pb_LCL506.405.xml p. 405]; ''Oxford Classical Dictionary'', s.v. Phoenix 1; [[Aristophanes]], ''[[Acharnians]]''
[http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0019.tlg001.perseus-eng1:407-453 421], where Aristophanes has Euripides refer to the costume of rags he gave his "Phoenix, the blind man". For a detailed discussion of Euripides' ''Phoenix'' see Collard and Cropp, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-dramatic_fragments/2008/pb_LCL506.405.xml pp. 405&ndash;421]. For further evidence for Phoenix's blindness in Euripides' play, see test. iva, Collard and Cropp, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-dramatic_fragments/2008/pb_LCL506.411.xml pp. 410, 411], frs. 815 (with note), 816.2, Collard and Cropp, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-dramatic_fragments/2008/pb_LCL506.419.xml pp. 418, 419].</ref> Moreover, evidence indicates that in Euripides' version of the story, Phoenix is falsely accused of rape by his father's concubine, and is blinded by Amyntor in punishment.<ref>Collard and Cropp, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-dramatic_fragments/2008/pb_LCL506.407.xml p. 406]; Gantz, p. 618; test. iic, Collard and Cropp, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-dramatic_fragments/2008/pb_LCL506.407.xml p. 406]; test. iva, Collard and Cropp, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-dramatic_fragments/2008/pb_LCL506.411.xml pp. 410, 411].</ref>

The [[Cyzicene epigrams]], the third book of the ''[[Palatine Anthology]]'', refers to the blinding of Phoenix by Amyntor, with Phoenix's mother, here named Alcimede, trying to restrain her husband.<ref>Gantz, p. 618; ''[[Palatine Anthology]]'' 3.3 (Paton, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/greek_anthology_3/2014/pb_LCL067.153.xml pp. 152&ndash;153])</ref> The poet [[Lycophron]] alludes to Phoenix, and his blinding by his father,<ref>[[Lycophron]], ''Alexandra'' [https://archive.org/stream/callimachuslycop00calluoft#page/528/mode/2up 417&ndash;423], with note h.</ref> and the poet [[Propertius]], mentions Chiron restoring Phoenix's sight.<ref>Frazer's note 3 to [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.13.8 3.13.8]; [[Propertius]], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/propertius-elegies/1990/pb_LCL018.107.xml 2.1.60].</ref>

Lycophron also connects Phoenix with [[Eion]],<ref>[[Lycophron]], ''Alexandra'' [https://archive.org/stream/callimachuslycop00calluoft#page/528/mode/2up 417&ndash;423], with note f.</ref> where he was said to have been buried.<ref>Smith, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DP%3Aentry+group%3D27%3Aentry%3Dphoenix-bio-2 s.v. Phoenix 2]; [[Tzetzes]] on Lycophron [https://archive.org/stream/isaakioukaiiann00mlgoog#page/n657/mode/2up 417].</ref> Lycophron scholia name Phoenix's mother [[Cleobule]], and give the concubine's name as either [[Clytie]] or [[Phthia]].<ref>Gantz, p. 618; Frazer's note 3 to [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.13.8 3.13.8]; Smith [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DP%3Aentry+group%3D27%3Aentry%3Dphoenix-bio-2 s.v. Phoenix 2]; [[Tzetzes]] on [[Lycophron]] [https://archive.org/stream/isaakioukaiiann00mlgoog#page/n659/mode/2up 421].</ref> According to the A scholia to ''Iliad'' 9.448, Phoenix's mother was named Hippodameia, and the concubine Clytia.<ref>Gantz, p. 618; Frazer's note 3 to [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.13.8 3.13.8]; Smith, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DP%3Aentry+group%3D27%3Aentry%3Dphoenix-bio-2 s.v. Phoenix 2].</ref>

Both the poet [[Ovid]] and the mythographer [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]] say that Phoenix was one of the heroes to have participated in the hunt for the [[Calydonian Boar]].<ref>[[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' 173; [[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0959.phi006.perseus-eng1:8.260-8.364 8.307].</ref> And [[Virgil]] in his [[Aeneid]], has Phoenix and Odysseus, during the sack of Troy, in a temple, in [[Priam]]'s palace, standing guard over Troy's treasures.<ref>[[Virgil]], ''[[Aeneid]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0690.phi003.perseus-eng2:2.752-2.794 2.761–763].</ref>

The mythographer [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]],<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.13.8 3.13.8].</ref> probably drawing on Euripides' ''Phoenix'',<ref>Gantz, p. 618; Frazer's note 3 to Apollodorus, [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.13.8 3.13.8].</ref> says that Phoenix was falsely accused of seducing Amyntor's concubine Phthia. Amyntor blinded Phoenix, but Peleus brought Phoenix to the [[centaur]] [[Chiron]] who restored his sight. Peleus then made Phoenix king of the Dolopians. Apollodorus mentions the embassy of Odysseus, Phoenix, and Ajax, to Achilles.<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg002.perseus-eng1:e.4.3 E.4.3].</ref> Like Sophocles, Apollodorus says Phoenix and Odysseus were sent to bring Neoptolemus to Troy,<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg002.perseus-eng1:e.5.11 E.5.11].</ref> and agreeing with Proclus, says that after the war, traveling home with Neoptolemus, Phoenix died and Neoptolemus buried him.<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg002.perseus-eng1:e.6.12 E.6.12].</ref>

The Greek comic poet [[Eubulus (poet)|Eubulus]] wrote a play titled ''Phoenix'', so too did the Latin poet [[Ennius]].<ref>Collard and Cropp, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-dramatic_fragments/2008/pb_LCL506.407.xml p. 407] For Ennius' ''Phoenix'', see Goldberg and Manuwald, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/ennius-tragedies/2018/pb_LCL537.115.xml?result=2&rskey=fNnMR4 pp. 114&ndash;121].</ref> The 4th-century AD (?) Greek poet [[Quintus Smyrnaeus]], in his epic poem ''[[Posthomerica]]'', has Phoenix welcome Achilles's son [[Neoptolemus]] to Troy, and give a speech telling Neoptolemus about his father.<ref>[[Quintus Smyrnaeus]], ''[[Posthomerica]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/quintus_smyrnaeus-fall_troy/2018/pb_LCL019.395.xml 7.630&ndash;666].</ref> According to the c. 4th-century AD [[Dictys Cretensis]], Achilles, Ajax, and Phoenix were the commanders of the Greek's Trojan War fleet.<ref>[[Dictys Cretensis]], 1.16.</ref>

==Iconography==
[[File:Akhilleus embassy Louvre G146.jpg|thumb|250px|Embassy to Achilles. On the left, Ajax and Odysseus standing, facing Achilles seated and Phoenix standing on the right. A [[skyphos]] (c. 480&ndash;470 BC) [[Louvre]] G146.<ref>Shapiro 1994, pp. ix, 17, fig. 8; Beazley Archive  [http://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/record/E027CEA5-C3B9-4140-A97A-F97919D74FF3 204682]; ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'' [http://ark.dasch.swiss/ark:/72163/080e-741a25e594bb1-6 8366]; AVI Web [https://www.avi.unibas.ch/DB/searchform.html?ID=6723 6487].</ref>]]

Phoenix is depicted in several ancient works of art, from as early as {{circa|570 BC.}}<ref>Gantz, p. 658. For a detailed discussion and catalogue, see Kauffmann-Samaras, pp. 984&ndash;987.</ref> He can often be distinguished by his white hair and beard, in contrast to the black of the other figures,<ref>Matheson 2014, [https://books.google.com/books?id=rR7oBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA143 p. 143]; Matheson 2009, p. 195.</ref> as in the red-figure [[kylix]] by the [[Brygos Painter]] ({{circa|490 BC}}), where he is being served wine by [[Briseis]] ([[Louvre]] G152 shown above).<ref>Matheson 2009, pp. 192 Fig. 3, 195; Beazley Archive  [http://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/record/F6D1F0A6-1AA1-440E-AAF5-8B8BC8835178 203900]; ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'' [http://ark.dasch.swiss/ark:/72163/080e-73a7307fd12e4-4 241]; AVI Web [https://www.avi.unibas.ch/DB/searchform.html?ID=6726 6490].</ref>

The embassy to Achilles, from Book 9 of [[Homer]]'s [[Iliad]], becomes a popular scene on Attic vases of the early fifth century BC, with Phoenix being a prominent figure.<ref>Boardman, Griffin, and Murray, [https://books.google.com/books?id=uusmzge9gvsC&pg=PA47 p. 47]; Matheson 2014, [https://books.google.com/books?id=rR7oBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA143 p. 143]. For a discussion of the embassy scene see Shapiro 1994, pp. 16&ndash;21.</ref>  A dozen or so Attic vases depict the scene.<ref>Shapiro 1994, p. 19.</ref> The earliest of these, c. 490 BC, is a red-figure [[Krater|calyx-krater]] attributed to the [[Eucharides Painter]] ([[Louvre]] G163).<ref>Shapiro 1994, pp. 18&ndash;19, fig. 9; Beazley Archive [http://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/record/FEDD158E-F0CF-45E2-A811-284D14FDF30B 202217]; ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'' [http://ark.dasch.swiss/ark:/72163/080e-742de43e36b6a-4 9764].</ref> It depicts, on the left, Phoenix standing behind a seated Odysseus, both facing right, and on the right, Diomedes (rather than the expected Ajax) standing behind a seated Achilles, both facing left, all named by inscription. Though without his usual white hair, Phoenix here is still recognizably older than the other three men. Other vases showing similar embassy scenes include: [[Staatliche Antikensammlungen|Antikensammlungen]] 8770 (shown above), and Louvre G146 (shown right).

Phoenix also appears on several other vases. On a [[black-figure]] Tyrrhenian [[amphora]], c. 570 BC, (London 1897.0727.2), Phoenix is shown as part of a scene depicting [[Polyxena]]'s slaughter at the tomb of Achilles. While Neoptolemus cuts Polyxena's throat, Phoenix stands on the far right, with his back turned looking away (perhaps disapproving or unable to watch).<ref>Gantz, p. 658; Beazley Archive [http://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/record/84ED6F5C-CE45-49E6-86D4-18D857FF77DF 310027]; ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'' [http://ark.dasch.swiss/ark:/72163/080e-7441e0ceced38-5 11175]; British Museum [https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=462439&partId=1&searchText=1897,0727.2&page=1 1897,0727.2].</ref> As noted above, Phoenix appears with Odysseus and Neoptolemos on a [[red-figure]] [[volute-krater]] ({{circa|470 BC}}), in a scene depicting Neoptolemos' departure from Skyros (Ferrara 44701).<ref>Gantz, p. 640; Beazley Archive [http://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/record/63AA7C6F-F89B-4183-841C-D56B87602CA1 206070]; ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'' [http://ark.dasch.swiss/ark:/72163/080e-7400f8c829b8c-b 6591].</ref> Phoenix is probably also depicted on a red-figure [[kylix]], by [[Euphronios]], leading a procession, followed by a woman with hand to head (Thetis?) looking back, Ajax carrying Achilles's corpse, and a warrior (probably Odysseus) at the rear of the procession ([[J. Paul Getty Museum]] 77.AE.20).<ref>Moore, [https://books.google.com/books?id=iN81AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA177 pp. 177&ndash;178]; Beazley Archive [http://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/record/FCD2AFDE-34F8-4899-863B-09411B3FEFB0 7504]; ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'' [http://ark.dasch.swiss/ark:/72163/080e-74a4a72dba2e9-c 18151]; J. Paul Getty Museum [http://www.getty.edu/art/collection/objects/7681/euphronios-kachrylion-fragmentary-attic-red-figure-cup-greek-attic-about-490-bc/ 77.AE.20].</ref>

Phoenix appears on both sides of an Athenian red-figure [[stamnos]], c. 480 BC, attributed to the [[Triptolemos Painter]] (Antikenmuseum BS 477).<ref>Shapiro 2009, p. 6, fig. 4; Matheson 2014, [https://books.google.com/books?id=rR7oBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA142 pp. 142&ndash;143]; Matheson 2009, p. 195; Beazley Archive [http://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/record/CDB1F3AE-C277-4D11-9D1D-E7A384D1DB1E 203796]; ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'' [http://ark.dasch.swiss/ark:/72163/080e-7455c017e40de-c 12573]; AVI Web [https://www.avi.unibas.ch/DB/searchform.html?ID=2131 1999].</ref> The B. side is another embassy to Achilles scene. Phoenix, his long white hair tied up in back, stands on the right, behind the seated Achilles. On the A. side, Phoenix on the left, named by inscription, restrains either Ajax or Achilles, while Priam on the right, also depicted with long white hair tied up in the back, restrains Hector. If the warrior being restrained by Phoenix is Ajax, then this would appear to be Ajax's dual with Hector from ''Iliad'' 7, otherwise this might be Achilles's dual with Hektor, following the death of Patroclus,<ref>Matheson 2014, [https://books.google.com/books?id=rR7oBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA142 pp. 142&ndash;143] (identifying the figure as Achilles); Matheson 2009, p. 195 (identifying the figure as Ajax); Shapiro 2009, p. 6.</ref> although the ''Iliad'' does not mention Phoenix's involvement in either dual. A related scene occurs on an Athenian red-figure amphora ({{circa|480 BC}}) by the [[Kleophrades Painter]] ([[Martin von Wagner Museum]] L508).<ref>Robertson, [https://books.google.com/books?id=BmmW1h7Qk7MC&pg=PA67 p. 67]; Beazley Archive [http://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/record/E7F580EF-FCDD-4428-A25D-5446D5E83331 201658]; ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae|LIMC]]'' [http://ark.dasch.swiss/ark:/72163/080e-7455b174229ca-5 12569]; AVI Web: [https://www.avi.unibas.ch/DB/searchform.html?ID=8416 8123].</ref> On the A. side, Phoenix (named) restrains a warrior (Ajax?), while on the B. side, another old man (Priam?) restrains Hektor (named).

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], ''Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes.'' Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Aristophanes]], ''[[The Acharnians|Acharnians]]'', in  ''Acharnians. Knights''. Edited and translated by Jeffrey Henderson. [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 178. Cambridge, Massachusetts: [[Harvard University Press]], 1998. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL178/1998/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press].
* Boardman, John, Jasper Griffin, Oswyn Murray, ''The Oxford Illustrated History of Greece and the Hellenistic World'', Oxford University Press, 2001. {{ISBN|0-19-285438-0}}.
* ''Brill's New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World'', Volume 11, Phi-Prok, editors: Hubert Cancik, Helmuth Schneider, [[Brill Publishers]], 2007. [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/browse/brill-s-new-pauly Online version].
* Collard, Christopher and Martin Cropp (2008b), ''Euripides Fragments: Oedipus-Chrysippus: Other Fragments'', [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 506. Cambridge, Massachusetts: [[Harvard University Press]], 2008. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99631-1}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL506/2009/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press].
* [[Dictys Cretensis]], ''The Trojan War. The Chronicles of Dictys of Crete and Dares the Phrygian'', translated by R. M. Frazer (Jr.). Indiana University Press. 1966. [http://www.theoi.com/Text/DictysCretensis1.html Online version]. [https://wwu.instructure.com/courses/1082380/files/38833537/download?wrap=1 PDF].
* [[Timothy Gantz|Gantz, Timothy]], ''Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources'', Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, Two volumes: {{ISBN|978-0-8018-5360-9}} (Vol. 1), {{ISBN|978-0-8018-5362-3}} (Vol. 2).
* Goldberg, Sander M., Gesine Manuwald, ''Fragmentary Republican Latin, Volume II: Ennius, Dramatic Fragments. Minor Works'', Edited and translated by Sander M. Goldberg, Gesine Manuwald. [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 537. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2018. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL537/2018/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press].
* Grimal, Pierre, ''The Dictionary of Classical Mythology'', Wiley-Blackwell, 1996. {{ISBN|978-0-631-20102-1}}.
* Hard, Robin, ''The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Rose's "Handbook of Greek Mythology"'', Psychology Press, 2004, {{ISBN|9780415186360}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC Google Books].
* [[Homer]], ''The Iliad with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, Ph.D. in two volumes''. Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D1%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Homer]], ''The Odyssey with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, PH.D. in two volumes''. Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1919. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0136%3Abook%3D1%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus, Gaius Julius]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' in ''Apollodorus' ''Library'' and Hyginus' ''Fabulae'': Two Handbooks of Greek Mythology, Translated, with Introductions by R. Scott Smith and Stephen M. Trzaskoma'', Hackett Publishing Company, 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-87220-821-6}}.
* Kauffmann-Samaras, Aliki, "Phoinix II" in ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae]] (LIMC)'' VIII.1 Artemis Verlag, Zürich and Munich, 1997. {{ISBN|3-7608-8758-9}}. pp.&nbsp;984&ndash;987.
* Kotlinska-Toma, Agnieszka, ''Hellenistic Tragedy: Texts, Translations and a Critical Survey'', Bloomsbury Publishing, 2014. {{ISBN|9781472523945}}.
* Leaf, Walter, ''The Iliad, Edited, with Apparatus Criticus, Prolegomena, Notes, and Appendices, Vol I, Books I&ndash;XII'', second edition, London, Macmillan and Co., limited; New York, The Macmillan Company, 1900. [https://archive.org/details/cu31924011101643/page/n5 Internet Archive].
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* [[Lycophron]], ''Alexandra'' (or ''Cassandra'') in ''Callimachus and Lycophron with an English translation by A. W. Mair; Aratus, with an English translation by G. R. Mair'', London: W. Heinemann, New York: G. P. Putnam 1921. [https://archive.org/stream/callimachuslycop00calluoft#page/n5/mode/2up Internet Archive].
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* [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], ''Pausanias Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes.'' Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+1.1.1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
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* Rosner, Judith A., "The Speech of Phoenix: ''Iliad'' 9.434&ndash;605", ''Phoenix'', Vol. 30, No. 4 (Winter, 1976), pp.&nbsp;314&ndash;327. {{JSTOR|1087169}}
* Scodel, Ruth, "The Autobiography of Phoenix: Iliad 9.444&ndash;95", ''The American Journal of Philology'', Vol. 193, No. 2 (Summer, 1982), pp.&nbsp;128&ndash;136. {{JSTOR|294243}}
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* [[Sophocles]], ''The Philoctetes of Sophocles. Edited with introduction and notes by Sir Richard Jebb'', [[Richard Claverhouse Jebb|Sir Richard Jebb]]. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. 1898 [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0011.tlg003.perseus-eng1:1-35 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library]
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*[[Virgil]], ''[[Aeneid]]'', Theodore C. Williams. trans. Boston. Houghton Mifflin Co. 1910. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0054%3Abook%3D1%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library]
* [[Martin Litchfield West|West, M. L.]] (2003), ''Greek Epic Fragments: From the Seventh to the Fifth Centuries BC''. Edited and translated by Martin L. West. [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 497. Cambridge, Massachusetts: [[Harvard University Press]], 2003. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99605-2}}. [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL497/2003/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press].

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline|Phoenix (Iliad)}}

{{Characters in the Iliad}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Achaean Leaders]]
[[Category:Characters in Greek mythology]]
[[Category:Mythological blind people]]