Editing Philippine Scouts

{{about|the military unit|the youth movement|Boy Scouts of the Philippines}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Philippine English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name=Philippine Scouts
|image=[[File:12th Infantry Division SSI.svg|225px]]
|caption=Philippine Scouts [[shoulder sleeve insignia]] from 1921–1947 was the head of the [[carabao]] ([[water buffalo]]) which symbolized the Philippines. The colors red and gold represented the islands' Spanish colonial roots.
|dates=1901–1948
|country={{plainlist|
* {{flagu|United States|1912}}
* {{flag|Philippines|1936}}}}
|allegiance={{plainlist|
* {{flagu|United States|1912}} {{small|(1901–1946)}}
* {{flagdeco|Philippines|1919}} [[Insular Government (Philippines)|Insular Government]] {{small|(1901–1935)}}
* {{flag|Commonwealth of the Philippines}} {{small|(1935–1946)}}
* {{flag|Republic of the Philippines|1936}} {{small|(1946–1948)}}}}
|branch={{plainlist|
* {{Dodseal|War}} [[United States Army]]
* [[Philippine Division (United States)|Philippine Division]]
* [[24th Field Artillery Regiment (United States)|24th Field Artillery Regiment]]
* [[25th Field Artillery Regiment (United States)|25th Field Artillery Regiment]]
* [[26th Cavalry Regiment (PS)]]
* [[31st Infantry Regiment (United States)|31st Infantry Regiment]]
* [[43d Infantry Regiment (PS)]]
* [[44th Infantry Regiment (United States)|44th Infantry Regiment]]
* [[45th Infantry Regiment (PS)]]
* [[57th Infantry Regiment (PS)]]
* [[91st Coast Artillery (United States)|91st Coast Artillery]]
* [[92nd Coast Artillery (United States)|92nd Coast Artillery Regiment]]}}
|type=
|role=
|size=
|command_structure=
|garrison=
|garrison_label=
|nickname=
|patron=
|motto=
|colors=Red and Gold
|colors_label=
|march=
|mascot= [[Carabao]]
|equipment=
|equipment_label=
|battles={{plainlist|
* [[Philippine–American War]]
* [[Moro Rebellion]]
* [[Palawan|Palawan Uprising]]
* [[World War II]]}}
|anniversaries=
|decorations=
|battle_honours=
|disbanded=
<!-- Commanders -->
|commander1=
|commander1_label=
|commander2=
|commander2_label=
|commander3=
|commander3_label=
|notable_commanders=
<!-- Insignia -->
|identification_symbol=
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}}
[[File:FortMcKinley.jpg|thumb|220px|Philippine Scouts at [[Fort William McKinley]] firing a [[37 mm Gun M3|37mm]] anti-tank gun in training.]]

The '''Philippine Scouts''' ([[Filipino language|Filipino]]: ''Maghahanap ng Pilipinas''/''Hukbong Maghahanap ng Pilipinas'') was a military organization of the [[United States Army]] from 1901 until after the end of [[World War II]]. These troops were generally [[Filipinos]] and [[Filipino-Americans]] assigned to the [[United States Army]] [[Philippine Department]], under the command of American [[commissioned officer]]s (though a handful of Filipino Americans received commissions from the [[United States Military Academy]]). Philippine Scout units were given the suffix "'''(PS)'''", to distinguish them from other U.S. Army units.

The first Scout companies were organized by the U.S. in 1901 to combat the [[Philippine Revolutionary Army]] led at that time by General [[Emilio Aguinaldo]]. In 1919–1920, the PS companies were grouped into regiments as part of the [[United States Army]] and redesignated the [[43d Infantry Regiment (PS)|43d]], [[44th Infantry Regiment (United States)|44th]], [[45th Infantry Regiment (PS)|45th]], and [[57th Infantry Regiment (PS)|57th Infantry Regiments]], plus the [[24th Field Artillery Regiment (United States)|24th]] and [[25th Field Artillery Regiment (United States)|25th Field Artillery Regiments]], the [[26th Cavalry Regiment (PS)]] and the [[91st Coast Artillery (United States)|91st]] and [[92nd Coast Artillery (United States)|92nd Coast Artillery Regiments]]. Service and support formations were also organized as engineer, medical, quartermaster and military police units. The infantry and field artillery regiments were grouped together with the [[31st Infantry Regiment (United States)|U.S. 31st Infantry Regiment]] to form the U.S. Army's [[Philippine Division (United States)|Philippine Division]]. At this point, the Scouts became the U.S. Army's front line troops in the Pacific.

The Philippine Department assigned the Scouts to subdue the [[Moro people|Moro tribes]] on the island of Mindanao (see [[Moro rebellion]]), and to establish tranquility throughout the islands. In the 1930s, Philippine Scouts, along with the [[31st Infantry Regiment (United States)|31st Infantry Regiment]], saw action at [[Palawan|Jolo, Palawan]].

Philippine Scout regiments became the first United States Army units to be in combat during World War II, until the surrender of [[USAFFE]] in May 1942. Even after that some individual soldiers and units refused to surrender and became beginning elements of the [[Japanese occupation of the Philippines#Resistance|resistance to the Japanese occupation]]. Later paroled [[POWs]] would also join the resistance.

==Macabebe Scouts==
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name=Macabebe Scouts
|image=
|caption=
|dates=1899–1901
|country={{flag|United States|1896}}<br>{{small|(1899–1901)}}
|allegiance={{flag|United States of America|1899}}
* {{flagdeco|United States|1896}} [[United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands|Military Government]]<br>{{small|(1899–1901)}}
|branch={{army|United States}} (1899–1901)
|type= [[Militia]], [[Irregular military|Irregulars]]
|role= [[military intelligence|intelligence]], [[reconnaissance]]
|size= 1,402 personnel in December 1900<ref name=dum>{{cite web |last=Dumindin |first=Arnaldo |title=Philippine-American War, 1899–1902 |url=http://www.filipinoamericanwar.com/thewarrages1899.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160628081842/http://www.filipinoamericanwar.com/thewarrages1899.htm|archive-date=June 28, 2016|access-date=May 30, 2018}}</ref>
|command_structure=
|garrison=
|garrison_label=
|nickname=
|patron=
|motto=
|colors=
|march=
|mascot=
|equipment=
|equipment_label=
|battles=[[Philippine–American War]]<br>[[Moro rebellion]]
|anniversaries=
|decorations=
|battle_honours=
|disbanded=
<!-- Commanders -->
|commander1=
|commander1_label=
|commander2=
|commander2_label=
|commander3=
|commander3_label=
|notable_commanders=General [[Henry Lawton]]<br>
General [[Frederick Funston]]<br>
Lieutenant [[Matthew A. Batson]]
<!-- Insignia -->
|identification_symbol=
|identification_symbol_label=
|identification_symbol_2=
|identification_symbol_2_label=
|identification_symbol_3=
|identification_symbol_3_label=
|identification_symbol_4=
|identification_symbol_4_label=
}}
[[File:1902waterboarding.jpg|thumb|A newspaper depiction from 1902 of [[Water cure (torture)|water curing]] by Macabebe Scouts against fellow Filipinos.]]
[[File:FvfMacabebe9913 28.JPG|thumb|left|125px|Macabebe Scouts monument-memorial ([[Macabebe, Pampanga]]: On April 23, 1901, the Macabebe scouts helped capture Aguinaldo in [[Palanan, Isabela]]).]]

Native guides and a small number of former [[Spanish Army]] [[militia]] members from [[Macabebe]] that joined U.S. forces commanded by General [[Henry Lawton]] and, after authorization by General [[Elwell Otis]], initially two, and later five companies of Macabebe Scouts were formed on September 10, 1899<ref name=ore>{{cite news |last=Orejas |first=Tonette |title=They were fierce, loyal soldiers |newspaper=[[The Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |date=June 10, 2014 |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/610251/they-were-fierce-loyal-soldiers |access-date=May 30, 2018}}</ref> under Lieutenant [[Matthew A. Batson]].<ref name=Coffman1977p68p72>{{harvnb|Coffman|1977|pp=68, 72}}.</ref> The Macabebes proved themselves reliable over the next two months, and Batson formed five companies of 128 men each; all veterans of service in the militia. In retaliation, Aguinaldo's forces under the command of Col. [[Agapito Bonzon]] burned the town of Macabebe and massacred 300 of its residents on June 26, 1898.<ref name=ore /> Batson's Macabebe companies saw combat against Aguinaldo's forces beginning in October 1899, after which they were reorganized into "The Squadron of Philippine Cavalry, U.S. Volunteers" on June 1, 1900<ref name=dum /> and enlisted as [[Irregular military|irregulars]]. The Macabebes won lasting notability in the operation under General [[Frederick Funston]] to capture General Aguinaldo.{{sfn|García|Rodríguez|2001|pp=94-95}}

[[File:Philippine Scouts 1905.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Formation of Philippine Scouts in 1905.]]
[[File:Scouts2jf.JPG|thumb|right|125px|The marker ([[Macabebe, Pampanga]] downtown).]]

The Army Reorganization Act of 1901 authorized the formation of scout units of Philippine origin within the U.S. Army.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2liGLyKRW6QC|title=Military Laws of the United States|author=United States|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|year=1901|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2liGLyKRW6QC&pg=PA1064 1064]}}</ref> On the Army's recommendation, U.S. President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] authorized the formation of a unified native Scouts organization. The Army activated this Native Scouts force in October 1901 by integrating 50 local companies into a single force of 5,000 men.{{sfn|García|Rodríguez|2001|pp=97–98}} Over the next ten years, the Scouts won accolades from their American commanders which contributed to their survival as a unit.{{sfn|García|Rodríguez|2001|p=99}}

==Philippine Scouts and U.S. Army Forces in the Far East (USAFFE)==
On July 26, 1941, in preparation for the coming war, President Roosevelt called [[General Douglas MacArthur]] back to active duty and put him in charge of a new military organization: The United States Army Forces in the Far East ([[USAFFE]]). MacArthur took command of all military forces in the Philippines except the U.S. Navy's [[Asiatic Fleet]]. The [[Philippine Division (United States)|Philippine Division]], [[Philippine Department]] and all other Philippine Scout units were included in USAFFE, as was the U.S. Army's [[United States Far East Air Force|Far East Air Force]] (FEAF). At the time of USAFFE's formation, the unit consisted of 22,532 troops, of which 11,972 were Philippine Scouts.

Of the 22,532 troops, 10,473 were members of the Philippine Division, itself containing 2,552 Americans and 7,921 Filipinos. All of the division's enlisted men, with the exception of the [[31st Infantry Regiment (United States)|31st Infantry Regiment]] and some of the [[Military Police Corps (United States)|military police]] and headquarters troops, were Philippine Scouts.

==Filipino Officers within the Philippine Division, July 1941==
In 1910, the U.S. Army began sending one outstanding Filipino soldier per year to West Point. Among these cadets were [[Vicente Lim]] (USMA, Class of 1914),<ref name=Braden1707>{{harvnb|Braden|1920|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=SSHcAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22Vicente%20Lim%22&pg=PA1707 1707]}}.</ref> [[Fidel V. Segundo]] (1917),<ref name=Braden1939>{{harvnb|Braden|1920|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=SSHcAAAAMAAJ&dq=Segundo+Ventura&pg=PA1939 1939]}}.</ref> Eustaquio S. Baclig (1918),<ref name=WPBB>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HCk-DQAAQBAJ |title=West Point, Bataan, and Beyond |first=Nick |last=Guevara |date=September 15, 2016 |page=138 |publisher=Lulu Press, Inc. |isbn=978-1365280542}}</ref> Pastor Martelino (1920),<ref name=Braden2146>{{harvnb|Braden|1920|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=SSHcAAAAMAAJ&dq=Pastor+Martelino&pg=PA2146 2146]}}.</ref> and at least eight others.<ref name=WPBB/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.westpointaog.org/file/history/International-Graduates.pdf |title=International Graduates |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=West Point Association of Graduates |access-date=May 15, 2018 |archive-date=May 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512181611/https://www.westpointaog.org/file/history/International-Graduates.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> However, the first Filipino officer with the Philippine Scouts, Esteban Boadilla Dalao, had been commissioned in 1912 and rose to the rank of Colonel.<ref name="Filipinos buried in Arlington">{{cite web |title=Names D-L |url=https://filipinos-buried-arlington.tripod.com/id2.html |website=filipinos-buried-arlington.tripod.com |access-date=June 20, 2021}}</ref><ref name="Corregidor.org - Philippine Scouts">{{cite web |title=91st COASTAL ARTILLERY (PHILIPPINE SCOUTS) |url=https://corregidor.org/chs_munson/91st.htm |website=corregidor.org |access-date=June 23, 2021}}</ref> By 1941 some of these men had risen to the rank of senior officers, and some transferred to the Philippine Army when the [[Philippine Commonwealth]] began to build up its own forces in 1937. In July 1941, there were fifteen Filipino Scout officers within the [[Philippine Department|Philippine Division]]. Two were in the Headquarters, two were amongst the Special Troops, three in the [[45th Infantry Regiment (PS)]], one in the [[57th Infantry Regiment (PS)]], five in the [[24th Field Artillery Regiment (PS)]], one in the [[12th Quartermaster Regiment (PS)]], and one in the [[14th Engineer Regiment (PS)]].

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Strength of the Philippine Division, July 31, 1941<ref>{{Citation|title=The Fall of the Philippines|chapter=Chapter II. U.S. Army Forces, Far East|chapter-url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_2.htm|author=Louis Morton|editor=Kent Roberts Greenfield|publisher=[[United States Army Center of Military History]]|year=1953|access-date=December 7, 2009|archive-date=February 17, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217093142/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_2.htm|url-status=dead}}.</ref>
|-
! rowspan=2 | Unit
! rowspan=2 | Total
! rowspan=2 | Officers
! colspan=3 | Enlisted
|-
! Total
! American
! Filipino
|-
| All Units || 10,473 || 516{{ref label|scoutmanning|a|a}} || 9,957 || 2,036 || 7,921
|-
| Hq and Hq Co || 181 || 30 || 151 || 4 || 147
|-
| Special Troops || 5 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| 31st Infantry || 2,100 || 114 || 1,986 || 1,986 || 0
|-
| 45th Infantry || 2,265 || 117 || 2,148 || 1 || 2,147
|-
| 57th Infantry || 2,279 || 118 || 2,161 || 0 || 2,161
|-
| 23rd FA Regt || 401 || 10 || 391 || 0 || 804
|-
| 24th FA Regt || 843 || 39 || 804 || 0 || 804
|-
| 12th MP Co || 136 || 5 || 131 || 5 || 86
|-
|12th QM Regt || 592 || 18 || 574 || 0 || 574
|-
| 12th Ord Co || 142 || 3 || 139 || 0 || 139
|-
| 12th Sig regt || 227 || 10 || 217 || 0 || 217
|-
|4th Vet Co || 11 || 1 || 10 || 0 || 10
|}
:{{small|{{note label|scoutmanning|a|a}}Includes 15 Philippine Scout officers: 2 Hq, 2 Sp Trs, 3 45th Inf, 1 57th Inf, 5 24th FA Regt, 1 12th QM Regt, and 1 14th Engr.}}
:{{small|Source: Phil Dept, Machine Rcds Unit Station Strength and Misc., Officers and Enlisted Men, Jul 41.}}

==World War II==
[[File:26th Cavalry PI Scouts moving into Pozorrubio.jpg|thumb|220px|26th Cavalry moving into Pozorrubio pass a [[M3 Stuart|General Stuart light tank, M3]] in 1942.]]

On December 7, 1941, (December 8, 1941, local time in Asia), Imperial Japanese forces attacked the U.S. Navy's [[United States Pacific Fleet|Pacific Fleet]] at Pearl Harbor, bombed the U.S. Army's [[Far East Air Force (United States)|Far East Air Force]] at [[Clark Field]] in the Philippines, attacked [[British Hong Kong]], and landed troops on the shores of [[British Malaya]], simultaneously. Over the next three months the Japanese Army marched through [[Southeast Asia]], and by March 1942 the Japanese had completely overrun every country and island in the western Pacific — except the Philippines.

On the [[Bataan Peninsula]] of [[Luzon Island]], the Philippine Scouts, a few U.S. Army National Guard units, and ten divisions of poorly equipped, almost untrained [[Philippine Army]] soldiers held out against the Japanese. Survivors of the [[Battle of Bataan]], to a man, describe the Philippine Scouts as the backbone of the American defense there. President Franklin Roosevelt awarded the U.S. Army's first three [[Medal of Honor|Medals of Honor]] of World War II to Philippine Scouts: to Sergeant [[Jose Calugas]] for action at Culis, Bataan on January 6, 1942, to Lieutenant [[Alexander R. Nininger]] for action near Abucay, Bataan on January 12, and to Lieutenant [[Willibald C. Bianchi]] for action near Bagac, Bataan on February 3, 1942.

With the U.S. Navy at [[Pearl Harbor]] in shambles, and the Japanese Navy blockading the Philippines, there was no way to send adequate amounts of food, medicine, ammunition or reinforcements to Bataan. Early in the campaign, in January 1942, General MacArthur ordered that his forces be fed one-half daily rations because the USAFFE food-stocks on Bataan were insufficient for the planned six-month siege. Such a diet did not provide enough calories for men working and fighting in the tropical heat of the Philippines' Dry Season. Nonetheless, the Scouts and the other soldiers held out for more than four months without adequate food or medicine, while malaria, dysentery and malnutrition ravaged their ranks, and Japanese attacks drove them further down the [[Bataan Peninsula]]. In the midst of the [[Battle of Bataan]], on March 11, 1942, U.S. President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] ordered General [[Douglas MacArthur]] spirited out of the Philippines by PT boat and airplane.

==Prisoners of war==
The [[Battle of Bataan]] ended on April 9, 1942, when [[Edward P. King|Major General Edward P. King, Jr.]], surrendered rather than see any more of his starving, diseased men slaughtered by the advancing enemy. At that point 70,000 men became [[Prisoner of war|prisoners of war]]: about 16,000 Americans and 54,000 Filipinos. Japanese soldiers marched the emaciated Scouts, American soldiers, and Philippine Army men sixty-five miles up the Bataan Peninsula's East Road on the notorious "March of Death", the [[Bataan Death March]]. During the March, Japanese guards shot or bayoneted between 7,000 and 10,000 men who fell, attempted to escape, or just stopped to quench their thirst at roadside spigots or puddles. They also beat and sometimes killed Filipino civilians who attempted to give food and water to the POWs, and at times flashed the "V" for "Victory" hand-gesture to the defeated soldiers along the length of the Death March. The March ended at the railroad head in San Fernando, Pampanga province. There the POWs were forced into overcrowded "40 and 10" railroad cars, which only had enough room for them to sit down in shifts on the final leg of the trip to Capas, Tarlac province. At Capas they were herded into Camp O'Donnell, a former Philippine Army training camp, which was to be their prison camp.

At [[Camp O'Donnell]] the Japanese crammed all 60,000 survivors into a Philippine Army camp designed to accommodate 10,000 men. There, the Japanese commander greeted each new group of arrivals with the discouraging "Goddamn you to Hell" speech in his native language, and assured the men that they were "captives," not Prisoners of war, and would be treated as such. There was little running water, sparse food, no medical care, and only slit trenches for sanitation. The heat was intolerable, flies rose out of the latrines and covered the prisoner's food, and malaria, dysentery, beriberi and a host of other diseases swept through the crowds of men. They began to die at the rate of four hundred per day.

From September through December 1942, the Japanese gradually paroled the surviving Philippine Scouts and other Filipino soldiers to their families and to the mayors of their hometowns. But by the time Camp O'Donnell closed in January 1943, after eight months of operation, 26,000 of the 50,000 Filipino [[Prisoner of war|prisoners of war]] had died there.

The Japanese transferred the American prisoners to [[Cabanatuan]], Nueva Ecija province, where conditions were only marginally better. But as U.S. forces pulled closer to the Philippines in 1944, they [[Hell ship|evacuated]] the healthiest American prisoners to [[Japan]] and [[Manchuria]], for use as slave laborers. Thousands of men were crammed into the dark holds of cargo ships so tightly that they could not sit or lay down. Again, food and water were scarce, sanitary facilities were non-existent, and the heat in the closed holds of the ships was unbearable. Men suffocated to death standing up. The Japanese ships were unmarked and some of them were torpedoed by American submarines. More of the men died of malnutrition and exposure in the work camps. By the time Japan surrendered and the U.S. and Filipino Army liberated the Bataan prisoners of war, two-thirds of the American prisoners had died in Japanese custody.

==Liberation and the "New" Scouts==
During the Japanese occupation of the Philippines an extensive Filipino [[Philippine resistance against Japan|guerrilla]] movement sprang up. In some cases the guerrilla units were led by escaped American officers (e.g., [[Wendell Fertig]]) and often included "paroled" Philippine Scout and Philippine Commonwealth Army soldiers, along with civilian members of the Philippine underground. As MacArthur's forces, supported by the guerrillas, liberated the [[Philippine Islands]], the surviving Philippine Scouts stepped forward and rejoined the U.S. Army. The Filipino guerrillas joined them, and the U.S. Army set up new Philippine Scout units, reconstituting the old Philippine Division as the [[Philippine Division (United States)|12th Infantry Division]]. Subordinate units included the [[43rd Infantry Regiment (PS)|43rd]], [[44th Infantry Regiment (PS)|44th]] and [[45th Infantry Regiment (PS)|45th Infantry Regiments]] (PS); [[23rd Field Artillery (PS)|23rd]], [[24th Field Artillery (PS)|24th]] and [[88th Field Artillery (PS)|88th Field Artillery]] (PS) Battalions; [[56th Engineer Battalion (PS)]] and the [[57th Infantry Regiment (PS)]]. The "New Scouts" actively participated in combat against the Japanese Army in north [[Luzon]], served as [[military police]] to restore order and help locate pockets of escaped Japanese in the south, and served as occupation forces on [[Okinawa Prefecture|Okinawa]]. As planning for the invasion of Japan progressed, the Philippine Scouts were included in the invasion forces, and were selected to become part of the occupying force once Japan was defeated.

After Japan surrendered in August 1945, the United States granted the Republic of the Philippines full independence on July 4, 1946. At that point the ethnically Filipino Philippine Scouts held a unique status in U.S. military history: they were soldiers in the regular U.S. Army, but now they were citizens of a foreign country. To solve this dilemma, the United States offered the Filipinos in the Philippine Scouts full [[U.S. citizenship]]. Many of the surviving Scouts, perhaps around 1,000, accepted, and the Army transferred them to other units to finish their military careers.

With the consent of the Philippine government, Congress approved the maintenance of 50,000 Philippine Scouts. Under Major General Hibbs, Philippine Division as the 12th Infantry Division (PS) was reconstituted. Unlike its previous organization enlisted personnel of the division were exclusively Philippine Scouts. The War Department also proposed organizing a second Philippine Scout division, the [[14th Infantry Division (United States)|14th]], but never did so.<ref>{{cite book|author=Alexander M. Bielakowski Ph.D.|title=Ethnic and Racial Minorities in the U.S. Military: An Encyclopedia &#91;2 volumes&#93;|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w_Mqj6UuRgQC&pg=PT157|date=January 11, 2013|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-428-3|pages=157–}}</ref> In the end [[Harry S. Truman|President Truman]] disbanded the Philippine Scouts as an official element of the United States Army, and all of their unit colors were retired in 1947,<ref>{{cite book |title=MANEUVER AND FIREPOWER |last=Wilson |first=John B. |author2=Jeffrey J. Clarke |year=1998 |publisher=[[Center of Military History]], [[United States Army]] |location=Washington D.C. |page=212 |url=http://www.history.army.mil/catalog/pubs/60/60-14.html|chapter=Chapter VIII: An Interlude of Peace|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027171421/http://www.history.army.mil/books/Lineage/M-F/chapter8.htm |chapter-url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/Lineage/M-F/chapter8.htm |access-date=November 15, 2014|archive-date=October 27, 2012 }}</ref> and finally disbanded in December 1948.<ref>{{cite book |title=World War 2 Pacific island guide |last=Rottman |first=Godron L. |year=2002 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |location=Westport, Connecticut |isbn=978-0-313-31395-0 |page=318 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ChyilRml0hcC&q=guerrilla%20Philippine%20liberation%20fighting%20Japanese&pg=PA318 |access-date=May 7, 2011}}</ref>

==Legacy==
Many of the former Philippine Scouts went on to serve the new Philippine Army, as well as the United States Army in military careers of twenty and more years, campaigning in the [[Korean War]], the build-up to the planned invasion of Cuba during the October 1962 Missile Crisis, the [[Vietnam War]], and the Cold War. Children of the Scouts (known as "Army Soup" in pre-World War II Fort William McKinley days) sometimes carried on their fathers' military traditions and also became U.S. Army soldiers and Marines. Two Philippine Scout children even earned the stars of U.S. Army generals: Lt. General [[Edward Soriano]] and Major General [[Antonio M. Taguba]]. A third, Brig. General [[Oscar Hilman]], a native of Washington state and an armor officer who had started out as an enlisted man, earned his star in a long career in the Army National Guard.

Unlike other non-citizen veterans, veterans of the Philippine Division and other Filipinos who fought as part of the [[USAFFE]] were never granted citizenship. Since 1993, various bills have been introduced to the [[United States Congress]] under the name [[Filipino Veterans Fairness Act]] to rectify this. However, this was a complicated matter as after the liberation of the Philippines members of the Philippine Scouts were offered enlistments and in some applicable cases commissions in the U.S. Army and subsequent citizenship. Large numbers of "old" Philippine Scouts (those enlisting before or during World War II) took advantage of this. However, most "new" Philippine Scouts (those recruited following the war, mostly for occupation duty on Okinawa and elsewhere) were not offered citizenship. Language similar to the aforementioned proposed legislation was inserted by the Senate into the [[American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009]]<ref>{{cite news |first=Rick|last=Maze |title=Senate puts Filipino vet pensions in stimulus |url=http://www.armytimes.com/news/2009/01/military_filipinoscouts_stimulus_012909w/ |format=News article |work=Army Times |date=January 29, 2008|access-date=January 30, 2009 |quote=Buried inside the Senate bill, which includes tax cuts and new spending initiatives intended to create jobs in the U.S., the Filipino payment was inserted at the urging of Sen. Daniel Inouye, D-Hawaii, the new chairman of the Senate Appropriations Committee and a longtime supporter of monthly pensions for World War II Filipino veterans.}}</ref> which was signed into law. This provided a one-time payment to those veterans who are recognized as being soldiers or recognized guerrilla members by the United States or their surviving spouse. Even this, however, falls far short of the benefits available to similar veterans of other units.

In 2012, a [[documentary film]] named ''Forgotten Soldiers'' was produced by Donald A. Pata, with the help of Associate Instructor Chris Schaefer of the [[University of Utah]], and narrated by [[Lou Diamond Phillips]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Forgotten Soldiers: A Film Recognizing the Bravery and Courage of WWII's Philippine Scouts |author=Malou Liwanag-Bledsoe |url=http://www.asianjournal.com/aj-magazine/something-filipino/17559-forgotten-soldiers-a-film-recognizing-the-bravery-and-courage-of-wwiis-philippine-scouts.html |newspaper=Asian Journal |date=October 3, 2012 |access-date=May 5, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128075437/http://asianjournal.com/aj-magazine/something-filipino/17559-forgotten-soldiers-a-film-recognizing-the-bravery-and-courage-of-wwiis-philippine-scouts.html |archive-date=January 28, 2013 }}</ref> The film received awards from the City of [[Los Angeles]], the [[California Senate]], [[County of Los Angeles]], and at the [[Beloit International Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite news |title=City of LA recognizes Donald Plata for 'Forgotten' Soldiers |url=http://www.asianjournal.com/community/community-news/17827-city-of-la-recognizes-donald-plata-for-forgotten-soldiers-.html |newspaper=Asian Journal |date=October 19, 2012 |access-date=May 5, 2013 }}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

==Notable Philippine Scouts==
* [[Vicente Barros]] – Major, U.S. Army, the only Filipino officer among the ranks of Americans during the formation of the [[Philippine National Guard]] in 1917.<ref>{{cite news |title=THE CORNERSTONE OF PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE: A Narrative Of Seven Years |author=Francis Burton Harrison |url=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/AFJ2343.0001.001/192 |pages=166 |publisher=Kessinger Publishing, LLC |date=September 10, 2010 |access-date=April 17, 2014}}<br />{{cite book|author=Francis Burton Harrison|title=The Corner-stone of Philippine Independence|url=https://archive.org/details/cornerstonephil00harrgoog|year=1922|publisher=Century Company|page=[https://archive.org/details/cornerstonephil00harrgoog/page/n196 166]}}</ref> Became advisor to the Philippine Commonwealth militia, the National Volunteers of the Philippines in 1935.<ref>{{cite news |title=THE PHILIPPINE ARMY, 1935-1942 |author=Ricardo Trota Jose |year=1992 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kGocnp15GQ8C&q=barros&pg=PA13 |pages=21 |publisher=Ateneo de Manila University Press (1992) |isbn=9789715500814 |access-date=April 17, 2014}}</ref>
* [[Vicente Lim]] - Brigadier General, first Filipino graduate of the [[United States Military Academy]]
* [[Mateo M. Capinpin]] - Brigadier General, Commanding General of the [[21st Division (Philippines)|21st Division]] of the [[Philippine Army]] at the [[Battle of Bataan]].
* [[Willibald C. Bianchi]] – [[First Lieutenant#United States|First Lieutenant]], [[United States Army|U.S. Army]]. [[Medal of Honor]] recipient, 45th Infantry Regiment
* [[Jose Calugas]] – [[Captain (United States O-3)|Captain]], U.S. Army. Medal of Honor recipient, 88th Field Artillery Regiment
* [[Philip T. Fry]] - Commanded C Battalion, 57th Infantry during initial Japanese attack at Abucay.  Received the Silver Star for this action and the Bronze Star as a POW after the Bataan Death March. 
* [[Eddie Garcia]] – Sergeant, 116th Military Police Company. Actor, previously a Philippine Scout in Okinawa.<ref>{{cite news |last=Layug |first=Margaret Claire |date=June 22, 2019 |title=Eddie Garcia honored by Philippine Army in memorial service |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/showbiz/chikaminute/698592/eddie-garcia-honored-by-philippine-army-in-memorial-service/story/ |work=GMA News |location=Philippines |access-date=July 3, 2019 }}</ref>
* [[Louis C. Mosher]] – First Lieutenant, U.S. Army. Medal of Honor recipient
* [[Alexander R. Nininger]] – [[Second Lieutenant#United States|Second Lieutenant]], U.S. Army. First Medal of Honor recipient in World War II, 57th Infantry Regiment
* [[José B. Nísperos]] – [[Private First Class#United States|Private First Class]], U.S. Army. First Asian Medal of Honor recipient, 34th Company
* [[Juan Pajota]] – Captain, U.S. Army, 45th Infantry Regiment
* [[Edwin Ramsey]] – First Lieutenant, U.S. Army. Led last horse cavalry charge in U.S. military history, 26th Cavalry Regiment
* [[Benigno G. Tabora]] – [[Sergeant major#United States Army|Sergeant Major]], U.S. Army. [[Purple Heart]] recipient
* [[Miguel White]] – Lieutenant, [[Philippine Commonwealth Army|Philippine Army]]. Olympian, previously a Philippine Scout.<ref>{{cite book|author=Mariano Villarin|title=We Remember Bataan and Corregidor: The Story of the American & Filipino Defenders of Bataan and Corregidor and Their Captivity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wj4gAAAAMAAJ|year=1990|publisher=Gateway Press|isbn=978-0-9626127-0-1|page=53}}</ref>
* [[Teofilo Yldefonso]] – Sergeant, U.S. Army. Olympian, [[57th Infantry Regiment (United States)|57th Infantry Regiment]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Viloria |first=Barry |date= September 8, 2016 |title=What makes the first Filipino Olympics medalist a 'hero' |url=https://sports.abs-cbn.com/sportslifestyle/news/2016/09/08/what-makes-first-filipino-olympics-medalist-hero-15317 |work=ABS-CBN |location=Philippines |access-date=May 8, 2018}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Alamo Scouts]]
* [[Apache Scouts]]
* [[Eskimo Scouts]]
* [[Military history of Asian Americans]]
* [[Military History of the Philippines]]
* [[Military History of the United States]]
* [[Navajo Scouts]]
* [[Philippine Scout Mutiny]]
* [[United States Army Indian Scouts]]

==Bibliography and references==
<!--===Footnotes===
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===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Braden|first=Charles|editor=Wirt Robinson|title=Biographical register of the officers and graduates of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, N.Y.: from its establishment, in 1802, to 1890, with the early history of the United States Military Academy |year=1920 |publisher=Houghton, Mifflin |location=University of Michigan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SSHcAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite journal|last=Coffman|first=Edward M.|title=Batson of the Philippine Scouts|year=1977|volume=VII|issue=3|journal=Journal of the U.S. Army War College}}
* {{cite book |last1=García |first1=Florentino Rodao |last2=Rodríguez |first2=Felice Noelle |title=The Philippine Revolution of 1896: Ordinary Lives in Extraordinary Times |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |location=Honolulu, HI |date=2001 |isbn=978-971-550-386-0 |oclc=53224282 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MnNxAAAAMAAJ |access-date=January 29, 2025}}
* {{cite book|last=Knox|first=Donald |title=Death March: The Survivors of Bataan|url=https://archive.org/details/deathmarchsurviv00knox|url-access=registration|year=1981|publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich|isbn=978-0-15-124094-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Linn|first=Brian McAllister |author-link=Brian McAllister Linn|title=Guardians of Empire: The U.S. Army and the Pacific, 1902–1940|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zEOtgqPEkgwC|year=1999|publisher=UNC Press Books|isbn=978-0-8078-4815-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Morton|title=The Fall of the Philippines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1AJgPwAACAAJ|year=2004|publisher=University Press of the Pacific|isbn=978-1-4102-1696-0}}
* {{cite book|author=Philippine Scouts Heritage Society|title=The Philippine Scouts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Def9NwAACAAJ|year=1996|publisher=The Society}}
* {{cite book|last=Olson|first=John E. |title=O'Donnell, Andersonville of the Pacific|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XaOEAAAAIAAJ|year=1985|publisher=J.E. Olson|isbn=9780964443211 }}
* {{cite book|author=United States War Dept|title=Annual Reports of the Secretary of War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QjhKQgAACAAJ|year=2009|publisher=Books LLC|isbn=978-1-4588-1628-3}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Philippine Scouts}}
* [http://www.philippine-scouts.org/ Philippine Scouts Heritage Society]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110624063024/http://www.army.mil/asianpacificsoldiers/history/phillipineScouts.html Philippine Scouts on United States Army website]

[[Category:Military history of the Philippines]]
[[Category:20th-century military history of the United States]]
[[Category:Military history of the Philippines during World War II]]
[[Category:United States Army in World War II]]
[[Category:Philippine–American War]]
[[Category:Filipino-American history]]
[[Category:American military personnel of Filipino descent]]
[[Category:United States military in the Philippines]]
[[Category:History of the Philippines (1898–1946)]]