Editing Philippine Revolutionary Army

{{Short description|Army of the First Philippine Republic (1899-1901)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name ={{nowrap|Philippine Revolutionary Army}}
| native_name = {{ubl|{{native name|es|Ejército Revolucionario Filipino}}|{{native name|tl|Hukbong Tagapagbangong Puri}}}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Songco |first1=Evelyn |last2=Miranda |first2=Evelyn |title=Gat Andres Bonifacio |journal=Historical Bulletin |date=22 August 2014 |volume=48 |url=https://pssc.org.ph/wp-content/pssc-archives/Historical%20Bulletin/PHA%20HB%202014.pdf |access-date=14 February 2025 |publisher=The Philippine Historical Association |language=English}}</ref>
| image = Seal of the Philippine Army (1897).svg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Emblem (1897)
| start_date = March 22, 1897
| end_date = November 13, 1899
| disbanded =
| country = {{flag|First Philippine Republic|name=Philippines}}<!-- For SOVEREIGN states per infobox description-->
| allegiance = * {{flagicon image|Flag of the Sovereign Tagalog Nation.svg}} [[Tejeros Convention|Tejeros Government]] {{small|from March 22, 1897 to November 1, 1897}}
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Biak-na-Bato.svg}} [[Republic of Biak-na-Bato]] {{small|from November 1, 1897 to December 14, 1897}}
* unknown following the December 14, 1897 signing of the [[Pact of Biak na Bato]] until April 17, 1898.
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Biak-na-Bato.svg}} [[Central Executive Committee (Philippines)|Central Executive Committee]] {{small|from April 17, 1898 to May 19, 1899}}
* {{flag|Dictatorial Government of the Philippines|name=Dictatorial Government}} {{small|from May 19, 1898 to June 23, 1898}}
* {{flag|Revolutionary Government of the Philippines|name=Revolutionary Government}} {{small|from June 23, 1898 to January 22, 1899}}
* {{flag|First Philippine Republic|name=Philippine Republic}} {{small|from January 22, 1899 to perhaps November 13, 1899, when Aguinaldo decided to disperse his army and begin guerrilla war}}
| branch =
| type = [[Army]]
| role = [[Land warfare]]
| size = 80,000 to 100,000 (1898)<ref name=deady2005p55>{{Harvnb|Deady|2005|p=55 (page 3 of the PDF)}}</ref>
| command_structure =
| garrison = [[Kawit]], [[Cavite]]{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}
| garrison_label =
| nickname = Republican Army<ref name="Linn2000">{{cite book|author=Brian McAllister Linn|title=The U.S. Army and Counterinsurgency in the Philippine War, 1899–1902|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5WOrmt_VxcC|year=2000|publisher=UNC Press Books|isbn=978-0-8078-4948-4|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-5WOrmt_VxcC&dq=%22republican+army%22+philippines&pg=PA13 13]}}</ref><ref name="Keenan2001">{{cite book|author=Jerry Keenan|title=Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American & Philippine-American Wars|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofsp00keen|url-access=registration|year=2001|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-093-2|pages=202, 205, 207-209, 212, 250, 295, 306, 310, [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofsp00keen/page/454 <!-- quote="republican army" philippines. --> 454]}}</ref>
| patron =
| motto =
| colors = [[Blue]], [[Red]], [[White]], and [[Gold (color)|Gold]]
| colors_label = <!-- or | colours_label = -->
| march =
| mascot =
| anniversaries = March 22
| equipment =
| equipment_label =
| battles = {{ubl|[[Philippine Revolution]]|[[Spanish–American War]]|[[Philippine–American War]]}}
| battles_label =
| decorations =
| battle_honours =
| battle_honours_label =
| flying_hours =
| website =
<!-- Commanders -->
| current_commander =
| commander1 = [[Generalissimo|Gen]]. [[Emilio Aguinaldo]]
| commander1_label = [[President of the Philippines|President]]
| commander2 = {{ubl|Gen. [[Artemio Ricarte]] {{small|(1897–1899)}}|Gen. [[Antonio Luna]] {{small|(1899)}}}}
| commander2_label = [[Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines|Commanding General]]
| commander3 =
| commander3_label =
| notable_commanders = {{ubl|Gen. [[Simeón Ola]]|Gen. [[Manuel Tinio]]|Gen. [[Pío del Pilar]]|Gen. [[Mariano Noriel]]|Gen. [[Juan Cailles]]|Gen. [[Gregorio del Pilar]]|Gen. [[Miguel Malvar]]|Gen. [[Tomás Mascardo]]|Gen. [[José Alejandrino]]|Gen. [[Licerio Gerónimo]]|Col. [[Paco Román]]|Maj. [[Manuel Quezon]]}}
<!-- Insignia -->
| identification_symbol =
| identification_symbol_label =
| identification_symbol_2 =
| identification_symbol_2_label =
| identification_symbol_3 =
| identification_symbol_3_label =
| identification_symbol_4 =
| identification_symbol_4_label =
| identification_symbol_5 =
| identification_symbol_5_label =
| identification_symbol_6 =
| identification_symbol_6_label =
}}

[[File:Malolosrepublic.jpeg|thumb|Marching Filipino soldiers during the inauguration of the First Philippine Republic in Malolos on January 23, 1899.|276x276px]]

The '''Philippine Revolutionary Army''' ([[Philippine Spanish|Spanish]]: {{lang|es|Ejército Revolucionario Filipino}}; {{langx|tl|Hukbong Tagapagbangong Puri}}), later renamed '''Philippine Republican Army''',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/featured/ph-revolution-timeline/|title=Philippine Revolution &#124; GOVPH|website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines}}</ref>  was the [[army]] of the [[First Philippine Republic]] from its [[Philippine Declaration of Independence|formation]] in March 1897 to its dissolution in November of 1899 in favor of guerrilla operations in the [[Philippine–American War]].

==History==
[[File:Insurgent soldiers in the Philippines 1899.jpg|thumb|Regular soldiers of the Philippine Revolutionary Army stand at attention for an inspection.|245x245px]]

{{See also|Military history of the Philippines|List of weapons of the Philippine revolution}}
The revolutionary army used the 1896 edition of the Spanish regular army's ''Ordenanza del Ejército'' to organize its forces and establish its character as a modern army.<ref name="Dumindin">{{cite web |title=Philippine-American War, 1899–1902 |url=http://philippineamericanwar.webs.com/thephilippinearmy.htm |access-date=January 28, 2012|work=philippineamericanwar.webs.com}}</ref> Rules and regulations were laid down for the reorganization of the army, along with the regulation of ranks and the adoption of new fighting methods, new rank insignias, and a new standard uniform known as the ''[[rayadillo]]''. [[Filipino people|Filipino]] artist [[Juan Luna]] is credited with this design.<ref name="Jose 1986 106">{{cite book |last=Jose |first=Vivencio R. |title=The Rise and Fall of Antonio Luna |publisher=Solar Publishing |year=1986 |pages=106}}</ref> Juan Luna also designed the collar insignia for the uniforms, distinguishing between the services: [[infantry]], [[cavalry]], [[artillery]], [[sapper]]s, and [[medic]]s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Uniformology II |url=http://falangefilipinas.4t.com/photo5.html |access-date=May 20, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502095850/http://falangefilipinas.4t.com/photo5.html |archive-date=May 2, 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Alejandrino |first=Jose |title=The Price of Freedom |year=1949}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Opiña |first=Rimaliza |title=Military academy sheds West Point look |publisher=Sun.Star Baguio |date=November 14, 2004 |url=http://www.sunstar.com.ph/static/bag/2004/11/14/news/military.academy.sheds.west.point.look.html |access-date=May 19, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029220704/http://www.sunstar.com.ph/static/bag/2004/11/14/news/military.academy.sheds.west.point.look.html |archive-date=October 29, 2008 }}</ref> His brother, General [[Antonio Luna]] commissioned him with the task and personally paid for the new uniforms.<ref name="Jose 1986 106"/> At least one researcher has postulated that Juan Luna may have patterned the tunic after the [[England|English]] [[Norfolk jacket]], since the Filipino version is not a copy of any Spanish-pattern uniform.<ref name="combsfil">{{cite web |last=Combs |first=William K. |title=Filipino Rayadillo Norfolk-pattern Tunic |url=http://www.agmohio.com/LRNorfolkRayadillo.htm |access-date=May 18, 2008}}</ref> [[Infantry]] officers wore blue pants with two white stripes down the side, while [[Cavalry]] officers wore red trousers with two black stripes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.agmohio.com/LRNorfolkRayadillo.htm|title=Filipino Rayadillo Norfolk Pattern Tunic|access-date=October 18, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Uniformology I |url=http://falangefilipinas.4t.com/photo2.html |access-date=May 20, 2008}}</ref> Soldiers and junior officers wore straw hats while senior officers often wore peaked caps.

Orders and circulars were issued covering matters such as building trenches and fortifications, equipping every male aged 15 to 50 with bows and arrows (as well as [[bolo knives]], though officers wielded European swords), enticing Filipino soldiers in the Spanish army to defect, collecting empty cartridges for refilling, prohibiting unplanned sorties, inventories of captured arms and ammunition, fundraising, purchasing of arms and supplies abroad, unification of military commands, and exhorting the rich to give aid to the soldiers.<ref name="Dumindin"/>

Aguinaldo, a month after he declared Philippine independence, created a pay scale for officers in the army: Following the board, a brigadier general would receive 600 pesos annually, and a sergeant 72 pesos.

When the [[Philippine–American War]] erupted on February 4, 1899, the Filipino army suffered heavy losses on every sector. Even [[Antonio Luna]] urged [[Apolinario Mabini]], Aguinaldo's chief adviser, to convince the President that [[guerrilla warfare]] must be announced as early as April 1899. Aguinaldo adopted guerrilla tactics on November 13, 1899, dissolving what remained of the regular army and after many of his crack units were decimated in set-piece battles.<ref>{{Harvnb|Linn|2000a|pp=186–187}}</ref>

==Weaponry==
The Filipinos were short on modern weapons. Most of its weapons were captured from the Spanish, were improvised or were traditional weapons. The service rifles of the nascent army were the [[Spanish Mauser|Spanish M93]] and the Spanish [[Remington Rolling Block rifle]].<ref name="Dumindin" /> Moreover, while in Hong Kong, [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] purchased rifles from the Americans.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Agoncillo |first1=Teodoro |title=History of the Filipino People |date=1960}}</ref> Two batches of 2,000 rifles each including ammunition were ordered and paid for. The first batch arrived while the second batch never did. In his letters to [[Galicano Apacible]], [[Mariano Ponce]] also sought weapons from both domestic and international dealers in the [[Empire of Japan]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ponce |first1=Mariano |title=Cartas Sobre la Revolución}}</ref> He was offered different breech-loading [[single-shot]] rifles since most nations were discarding them in favor of new smokeless [[bolt-action]] rifles. However, there was no mention of any purchase occurring. Another planned purchase was the [[Murata rifle]] from Japan but no record exists that it made its way into the hands of Filipino revolutionaries.

Crew-served weapons of the Philippine military included [[lantaka]], [[Krupp gun]]s, [[:es:Anexo:Cañones_de_60_ a_75_mm_del_Museo_Histórico_Militar_de_Cartagena#Piezas_navales|Hontoria guns]], [[Ordóñez guns]], [[Hotchkiss gun]]s, [[Nordenfelt gun]]s, [[Maxim gun]]s, and [[M1895 Colt-Browning machine gun|Colt gun]]s. Many of these were captured from the Spanish and the Americans. There were also improvised artillery weapons made of water pipes reinforced with bamboo or timber, which could only fire once or twice.<ref name="Dumindin" />
<gallery>
File:Armamento - Museo de Armas de la Nación 97 (Mondragon cropped).jpg|The Filipino Army considered acquiring the [[Mondragón rifle]].  
File:Murata gun.jpg|[[Murata rifle]]s were used in small numbers by the Filipino Army.
File:Gevär m-1867 Sverige (Typexemplar serienummer 1 - Armémuseum).jpg|The Spanish [[Remington Rolling Block rifle]] was one of the first rifles used by the Filipinos during the [[Philippine Revolution|Revolution]].
File:Nordenfelt machine gun 10 barrels.jpg| the multi-barreled [[Nordenfelt gun|Nordenfelt machine gun]].
File:Philippine Revolutionary Army Rifles.jpg|Relics of [[Mauser Model 1893|Mauser 93 rifle]]s used by Filipino infantry during the Philippine Revolution and Philippine–American War on display at Clark Museum.
File:Filipino knives.jpg| [[Bolo knives]] were widely available in the islands and were used extensively by the revolutionaries. 
</gallery>

==Ranks==
{{main|Military ranks of the Philippines}}

===Commissioned officer ranks===
The rank insignia of [[commissioned officer]]s.
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px; text-align:center;"
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armed Forces/OF/Blank}}
|-
! Shoulder insignia<ref>{{cite web |title=Infographic: Army of the First Philippine Republic |url=http://malacanang.gov.ph/76540-infographic-army-of-the-first-philippine-republic/ |website=malacanang.gov.ph |publisher=Presidential Museum and Library |access-date=26 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="Revolucionario">{{cite web |author1=Gobierno Revolucionario |title=The laws of the first Philippine Republic (the laws of Malolos) 1898-1899. |url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/aab1246.0001.001/88?page=root;rgn=main;size=100;view=image |website=quod.lib.umich.edu |access-date=21 January 2024 |pages=70–71 |language=es |date=1898}}</ref><br />(1899–1901)
| colspan=2| 
| colspan=2| [[File:PR General SE.svg|50px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:PR Teniente General SE.svg|50px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:PR General de Division SE.svg|50px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:PR General de Brigada SE.svg|50px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:PR Coronel SE.svg|50px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:PR Teniente Coronel SE.svg|50px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:PR Comandante SE.svg|50px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:PR Capitan SE.svg|50px]]
| colspan=3| [[File:PR Teniente SE.svg|50px]]
| colspan=3| [[File:PR Alferez SE.svg|50px]]
|-
! Sleeve insignia
| colspan=2| [[File:PR Ministro Mariscal.svg|50px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:PR General.svg|50px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:PR Teniente General.svg|50px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:PR Mayor General.svg|50px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:PR General de Brigada.svg|50px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:PR Coronel.svg|50px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:PR Teniente Coronel.svg|50px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:PR Mayor.svg|50px]]
| colspan=2| [[File:PR Capitán.svg|50px]]
| colspan=3| [[File:PR Teniente.svg|50px]]
| colspan=3| [[File:blank.svg|50px]]
|-
! English
| colspan=2| [[Field marshal (Philippines)|Generalissimo/Minister marshal]]
| colspan=2| [[Captain general]]
| colspan=2| [[Lieutenant general]]
| colspan=2| [[Divisional general]]
| colspan=2| [[Brigadier general]]
| colspan=2| [[Colonel]]
| colspan=2| [[Lieutenant colonel]]
| colspan=2| [[Commandant (rank)|Commandant]]
| colspan=2| [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]]
| colspan=3| [[First lieutenant]]
| colspan=3| [[Second lieutenant]]
|-
| colspan=36| {{hr}}
|-
! Tagalog 
| colspan=2| {{lang|tl|Heneralisimo/Ministrong mariskal}}
| colspan=2| {{lang|tl|Kapitán heneral}}
| colspan=2| {{lang|tl|Tenyente Heneral}}
| colspan=2| {{lang|tl|Komandante Heneral}}
| colspan=2| {{lang|tl|Brigada Heneral}}
| colspan=2| {{lang|tl|Koronel}}
| colspan=2| {{lang|tl|Tenyente koronel}}
| colspan=2| {{lang|tl|Komandante}}
| colspan=2| {{lang|tl|Kapitán}}
| colspan=3| {{lang|tl|Tenyente}}
| colspan=3| {{lang|tl|Alpéres}}
|-
| colspan=36| {{hr}}
|-
! Spanish<ref name="Revolucionario" />
| colspan=2| {{lang|es|Generalísimo/Ministro mariscal}}
| colspan=2| {{lang|es|Capitán general}}
| colspan=2| {{lang|es|Teniente general}}
| colspan=2| {{lang|es|General de división}}
| colspan=2| {{lang|es|General de brigada}}
| colspan=2| {{lang|es|Coronel}}
| colspan=2| {{lang|es|Teniente coronel}}
| colspan=2| {{lang|es|Comandante}}
| colspan=2| {{lang|es|Capitán}}
| colspan=3| {{lang|es|1{{sup|er}} teniente}}
| colspan=3| {{lang|es|2° teniente}}
|-
|}

===Other ranks===
The rank insignia of [[non-commissioned officer]]s and [[Enlisted rank|enlisted personnel]].
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/Blank}}
|- style="text-align:center;" 
! Sleeve insignia
| colspan=10 rowspan=2| 
| colspan=6| [[File:PR Sargento.svg|50px]]
| colspan=10 rowspan=2| 
| colspan=2| [[File:PR Cabo.svg|50px]]
| colspan=6| [[File:blank.svg|50px]]
| colspan=1| [[File:blank.svg|50px]]
| colspan=1| [[File:blank.svg|50px]]
|- style="text-align:center;" 
! English
| colspan=6| [[Sergeant]]
| colspan=2| [[Corporal]]
| colspan=6| Soldier
| colspan=2| Recruit
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan=39| {{hr}}
|- style="text-align:center;" 
! Tagalog
| colspan=10| 
| colspan=6| {{lang|tl|Sarhento}}
| colspan=10| 
| colspan=2| {{lang|tl|Kabo}}
| colspan=6| {{lang|tl|Sundalo}}
| colspan=2| {{lang|tl|Recluta}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan=39| {{hr}}
|- style="text-align:center;" 
! Spanish
| colspan=10| 
| colspan=6| {{lang|es|Sargento}}
| colspan=10| 
| colspan=2| {{lang|es|Cabo}}
| colspan=6| {{lang|es|Soldado}}
| colspan=2| {{lang|es|Recluta}}
|}

===Branch colors===
In 1898, the Philippine government prescribed branch colors twice:{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}

{| class="wikitable"
! Branch
!July 30, 1898
!November 25, 1898
|-----
| Infantry
| [[Black]]
| [[Crimson|Deep Red]]
|-----
| Artillery
| [[Red]]
| [[Green]]
|-----
| Cavalry
| Green
| Black
|-----
| Engineer Corps
| [[Violet (color)|Violet]]
| [[Khaki]]
|-----
| General Staff
| [[Blue]]
| Blue
|-----
| Military Juridical Corps
| [[White]]
| White
|-----
| Commissary and Quarter-master Corps
| [[Yellow]]
|
|-----
| Medical Corps
| [[Emblems of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement#Red Cross|Red Cross]]
| Yellow
|-----
| Military Administration
|
| [[Rayadillo]]
|-----
| Pharmacists
|
| Yellow and Violet Piping
|-----
| Secretary of War personnel
|
| Blue
|-----
| [[Philippine Military Academy]]
|
| Blue
|-----
| Chaplains
|
| Violet
|-----
| Signal Corps
|
| [[Hemp]]
|-----
|}

===Branch insignia===
*Engineers: A castle superimposed on a diagonally crossed [[pickax]] and [[shovel]], surmounted by a [[Sun (heraldry)|sun]].
*Artillery: Crossed [[field gun]]s above six [[Round shot|cannonballs]], surmounted by a sun.
*Infantry: A diagonally crossed [[dagger]] and [[bolo knife|bolo]] surmounted by a sun, superimposed on three [[Concentric objects|concentric circles]].
*Cavalry: Two crossed [[lance]]s over two crossed [[saber]]s, surmounted by a sun.
*Light Infantry/Rifle battalions: Two crossed [[rifle]]s with fixed [[bayonet]]s surmounted by a sun, superimposed on three concentric circles. (This badge is the basis of the current PA infantry branch insignia).
*Intendancy-Quartermaster: A [[cockade]] within a wreath surmounted by a sun.
*Signals: Six [[thunderbolts|lightning bolts]] over a semicircular wreath surmounted by a sun.
*Medical Service: A [[bowl of Hygieia]] within a wreath surmounted by a sun.

==Recruitment and conscription==
During the revolution against [[Spain]], the [[Katipunan]] gave leaflets to the people to encourage them to join the revolution. Since the revolutionaries had become regular soldiers at the time of [[Emilio Aguinaldo]], they started to recruit males and some females aged 15 and above as a form of national service. A few Spanish and Filipino enlisted personnel and officers of the Spanish Army and Spanish Navy defected to the Revolutionary Army, as well as a number of foreign individuals and American defectors who volunteered to join during the course of the revolution.

Conscription in the revolutionary army was in effect in the [[Philippines]] and [[military service]] was mandatory at that time by the order of Gen. [[Antonio Luna]], the Chief Commander of the Army during the [[Philippine–American War]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Gregorio F. Zaide|title=The Philippine Revolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8nlCAAAAYAAJ|year=1968|publisher=Modern Book Company|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8nlCAAAAYAAJ&q=conscription 279]}}</ref>

==Organization==
{{main|Military Units of the Philippine Republican Army}}
The largest standard unit in the Filipino army according to the decree issued by President Aguinaldo on July 30, 1898 was the [[battalion]], which varied in size depending on the province: six-[[Company_(military_unit)|company]] battalions in populous provinces like [[Cavite]] and [[Manila_(province)|Manila]], four-company battalions in [[Rizal_(province)|Morong]], [[Bataan]], and [[Nueva Ecija]], a two-company battalion in [[Mindoro]], and a single company in [[Marinduque]]. Soldiers were recruited voluntarily, with surplus volunteers either joining the police or forming a 3,000-strong central corps under the President. Battalions were named after their respective provinces, such as the ''1st Battalion of Tayabas''.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Angeles |first=Jose Amiel |date=2013 |title=AS OUR MIGHT GROWS LESS: THE PHILIPPINE-AMERICAN WAR IN CONTEXT |degree=PhD |publisher=University of Oregon}}</ref>

==Philippine Revolutionary Navy==
<!--This should have its own article-->The Philippine Revolutionary Navy was established during the second phase of the [[Philippine Revolution]] when General [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] formed the Revolutionary Navy. On May 1, 1898, the first ship handed by [[George Dewey|Admiral George Dewey]] to the Revolutionary Navy is a small [[pinnace (ship's boat)|pinnace]] from the [[Spanish cruiser Reina Cristina|Reina Cristina]] of [[Patricio Montojo|Admiral Patricio Montojo]], which was named ''Magdalo''.<ref name=pn>{{cite web|url=http://www.navy.mil.ph/history.htm |title=History of the Philippine Navy |author=Zulueta, Joselito |publisher=Philippine Navy |access-date=July 21, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100217101436/http://www.navy.mil.ph/history.htm |archive-date=February 17, 2010 }}</ref> The Navy was initially composed of a small fleet of eight Spanish steam launches captured from the Spaniards. The ships were refitted with 9-centimeter guns. The rich, namely [[León Apacible|Leon Apacible]], Manuel Lopez and Gliceria Marella de Villavicencio, later donated five other vessels of greater tonnage, the ''Taaleño'', the ''Balayan'', the ''Bulusan'', the ''Taal'' and the ''Purísima Concepción''. The 900-ton inter-island tobacco steamer further reinforced the fleet, ''[[Compania de Filipinas]]'' (renamed as the navy flagship ''Filipinas''), steam launches purchased from China and other watercraft donated by wealthy patriots.<ref name=pn /><ref name=dlsu>{{cite web |title=THE PHILIPPINE NAVY |url=http://www.dlsu.edu.ph/offices/osa/rotc/pdf/ms2/phil-navy-b.pdf |work=dlsu.edu.ph |publisher=De La Salle University-Manila (ROTC) |access-date=July 21, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914074806/http://www.dlsu.edu.ph/offices/osa/rotc/pdf/ms2/phil-navy-b.pdf |archive-date=September 14, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Naval stations were later established to serve as ships' home bases in the following:<ref name=dlsu />
*Ports of Aparri
*Ports of Legaspi
*Ports of Balayan
*Ports of Calapan
*Ports of San Roque, Cavite

On September 26, 1898, Aguinaldo appointed Captain Pascual Ledesma (a [[merchant ship]] captain) as Director of the Bureau of the Navy, assisted by Captain Angel Pabie (another merchant ship captain). After passing of the [[Malolos Constitution]] the Navy was transferred from the Ministry of Foreign Relations to the Department of War (thereafter known as the Department of War and the Navy) headed by [[Mariano Trías|Gen. Mariano Trías]].<ref name=pn /><ref name=dlsu />

As the tensions between Filipinos and Americans erupted in [[Battle of Manila (1899)|1899]] and a continued blockade on naval forces by the Americans, the Philippine naval forces started to be decimated.<ref name=pn />

==Flags and early banners of the revolution==
{{main|Flags of the Philippine Revolution}}
<gallery>
File:Flag of the Philippines (1898–1901).svg|Official Flag of the [[First Philippine Republic]].
File:Philippines Aguinaldo flag (obverse).svg|Color of the North Luzon Expeditionary Forces.
File:Flag of the Biak-na-Bato.svg|Flag of the [[Republic of Biak-na-Bato]].
File:Personal flag of Andres Bonifacio.svg|Flag used during the [[Cry of Pugadlawin]].
File:Flag of the Sovereign Tagalog Nation.svg|Flag of [[Magdiwang (Katipunan faction)|Magdiwang]] faction led by [[Mariano Álvarez]] and Flag of the [[Magdalo (Katipunan faction)|Magdalo]] faction led by [[Baldomero Aguinaldo]].
File:Flag of Katipunan.svg|The flag of the [[Katipunan]] was also used in many campaigns.
File:Philippine revolution flag llanera.png|The ''Skull Banner'' by General [[Mariano Llanera]] of the republican army.
File:Flag of Pio del Pilar.svg|Banner of [[Pio del Pilar]], called the ''Bandila ng Matagumpay'' (Flag Of the Triumphants).
File:Philippine revolution flag gregoriodelpilar.svg|Banner of General [[Gregorio del Pilar]], which he used during his campaigns.
File:Flag of the Katagalugan Republic.svg|Flag of "''Republic of Katagalugan''" established by [[Macario Sakay]]
File:Red flag.svg|The supposed flag adopted by the Kakarong Republic was either the Katipunan banner or a plain red banner shown above.
File:Flag of the Katipuneros of Bicol.svg|Flag of the Katipuneros of the [[Bicol region]].
File:Flag of Negros Republic.svg|Flag of the Revolutionary Government in Bacolod (1899), [[Republic of Negros]].
File:Negrense revolution banner.svg|Flag of the [[Negros Revolution]].
</gallery>

==Officers==
===General officers===
{{Main|List of Filipino generals in the Philippine Revolution and the Philippine–American War}}
During the existence of the Philippine Revolutionary Army, over a hundred individuals were appointed to [[General Officer]] grades.

===Other notable officers===
{{more citations needed section|date=October 2014<!-- if these persons were notable, reliable sources taking note of them should be cited here -->}}
[[File:Quezon.jpg|thumb|right|[[Manuel L. Quezon]], a [[List of presidents of the Philippines|former president]] of the Philippines, rose to the rank of [[Major (rank)|major]] in the army.]]
[[File:Francisco "Paco" Roman, c. 1899.jpg|thumb|right|[[Paco Roman|Francisco "Paco" Román]] – Aide to Lieutenant General Antonio Luna.]]
* General [[Agueda Kahabagan|Águeda Kahabagan y Iniquinto]] - Commander of the Reserve Corps from April 6, 1899. The only female general in the roster.
* Colonel Agapito Bonzón
* Colonel [[Felipe Salvador]] – Commander of the Santa Iglesia faction.
* Colonel [[Apolinar Velez|Apolinar Vélez]]
* Colonel Alejandro Avecilla
* Colonel [[Paco Roman|Francisco "Paco" Román]] – Aide to Lieutenant General Antonio Luna.
*
* Colonel Pablo Tecson – Leader, [[Battle of Quingua]].
* Colonel Alipio Tecson – Supreme Military Commander of [[Tarlac]] in 1900 and exiled to [[Guam]]. 
* Colonel Simón Tecson – Leader of [[Siege of Baler]]; signatory of the Biak-na-Bato Constitution.
* Colonel Simeón Villa
* Colonel Luciano San Miguel
* Colonel [[Joaquin Luna]]
* Colonel José Tagle – Known for his role in the [[Battle of Imus]].
* Lieutenant Colonel [[Lazaro Macapagal|Lázaro Macapagal]] – Commanding officer in-charge at the execution of Andrés and Procopio Bonifacio brothers.
* Lieutenant Colonel [[José Torres Bugallón]] – Hero of the Battle of La Loma.
* Lieutenant Colonel [[Regino Diaz Relova|Regino Díaz Relova]] – Fought as one of the heads of columns under General [[Juan Cailles]] in the Laguna province.
* Major [[Manuel Quezon]] – Aide to President Emilio Aguinaldo. Eventually succeeded him as the [[List of presidents of the Philippines|second]] [[president of the Philippines]] under the United States-sponsored [[Commonwealth of the Philippines|Commonwealth]].
* Major [[Eugenio Daza]] – Area Commander Southeastern [[Samar]] and overall Commander and chief organizer of the [[Balangiga massacre|Balangiga Encounter]].
* Major Geronimo Gatmaitan – Commanding Officer of the presidential guards responsible for the protection of the President.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/philippines/psg-history.htm|title=Presidential Security Group - History|date=n.d.|accessdate=July 12, 2023|website=globalsecurity.org}}</ref>
* Major Juan Arce
*
* Captain Eduardo Rusca – Aide to Lieutenant General Antonio Luna.
* Captain Pedro Janolino – Commanding Officer of the Kawit Battalion.
* Captain Vicente Roa
* Captain Serapio Narváez – Officer of the 4th Company, Morong Battalion.
* Captain Cirilo Arenas - Captain of Maguagui (Naic), Cavite.
* Lieutenant García – one of Gen. Luna's favorite sharpshooters of the Black Guard units.
* Corporal Anastacio Félix – 4th Company, Morong Battalion the first Filipino casualty of the Philippine–American War.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://philippineamericanwar.webs.com/filamwarbreaksout.htm|title=FIL-AM WAR BREAKS OUT|work=philippineamericanwar.webs.com}}</ref>

===Notable officers and servicemen and their ethnic background===
[[File:Juan Cailles.jpg|thumb|[[Juan Cailles]].]]

;Army:
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* General [[Juan Cailles]] – Franco-Indian ''[[mestizo]]'' who led Filipino forces in Laguna<ref name=tan2002p249>{{harvnb|Tan|2002|p=249}}.</ref>
* General José Valesy Nazaraire – Spanish.<ref name=tan2002p249 />
* Brigadier General [[Jose Ignacio Paua|José Ignacio Paua]] – Full-blooded Chinese general in the Army.<ref name=linn2000bp97>{{harvnb|Linn|2000b|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-5WOrmt_VxcC&pg=PA97 97]}}.</ref>
* Brigadier General Benito Natividad – Brigade Acting Commander in Vigan under General Tinio.<ref name=tan2002p108 />
* Colonel Manuel Sityar – Half-Spanish Director of Academía Militar de Malolos. A former captain in the Spanish colonial army who defected to the Filipino side.<ref name=tan2002p108,249>{{harvnb|Tan|2002|pp=108, 249}}.</ref>
* Colonel Sebastian de Castro – Spanish director of the military hospital at [[Malasiqui, Pangasinan]].<ref name=tan2002p249 />
* Colonel Dámaso Ybarra y Thomas – Spanish.<ref name=tan2002p249 />
* Lieutenant Colonel Potenciano Andrade – Spanish.<ref name=tan2002p249 />
* Estaquio Castellor – French ''mestizo'' who led a battalion of sharpshooters.<ref name=tan2002p249 />
* Major Candido Reyes – Instructor at the Academía Militar de Malolos. Former sergeant in the Spanish Army.<ref name=halili2004p169>{{harvnb|Halili|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC&dq=%22Candido+Reyes%22+%22Jose+Reyes%22&pg=PA169 169]}}.</ref>
* Major José Reyes – Instructor at the Academía Militar de Malolos. Former sergeant in the Spanish Army.<ref name=halili2004p169 />
* Major José Torres Bugallón – Spanish officer who served under General Luna.<ref name=tan2002p249 />
* Captain Antonio Costosa – Former officer in the Spanish Army.
* Captain Tei Hara – Japanese officer who fought in the Philippine-American war with volunteer soldiers.<ref name="INQ">{{cite web|url=http://opinion.inquirer.net/86364/japanese-with-a-different-face|title=Japanese with a different face|author=Ambeth R. Ocampo|work=inquirer.net|date=July 3, 2015}}</ref>
* Captain Chizuno Iwamoto – Japanese officer who served on Emilio Aguinaldo's staff.<ref name="INQ"/> Returned to Japan after Aguinaldo's capture.<ref name="INQ"/>
* A Japanese national named Tobira ("Tomvilla" in American records) who was adjutant to General Licerio Geronimo.<ref>Report of the United States Philippine Commission to the Secretary of War for the period from December 1, 1900, to October 15, 1901</ref>
* Captain [[David Fagen]] – An [[African Americans|African-American]] Captain who served under Brigadier General Urbano Lacuna. A former Corporal in [[United States Army]] [[24th Infantry Regiment (United States)|24th Colored Regiment]].<ref>{{harvnb|Bowers|Hammond|MacGarrigle|1997|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=s5smqFkTmcIC&pg=PA12 12]}}.</ref><ref name=fantina2006p12>{{Harvnb|Fantina|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=AD0B560nGVIC&pg=PA88 88]}}.</ref><ref name=tan2002p250 />
* Captain Francisco Espina – Spanish.<ref name=tan2002p108>{{harvnb|Tan|2002|p=108}}.</ref>
* Captain Estanislao de los Reyes – Spanish aide-de-camp to General Tinio.<ref name=tan2002p108 />
* Captain Feliciano Ramoso – Spanish aide-de-camp to General Tinio.<ref name=tan2002p108 />
* Captain Mariano Queri – Spanish officer who served under General Luna as an instructor in the Academía Militar de Malolos and later as the director-general of the staff of the war department.<ref name=tan2002p249 />
* Captain [[Camillo Ricchiardi]] – Italian.<ref name=tan2002p249 />
* Captain Telesforo Centeno – Spanish.<ref name=tan2002p249 />
* Captain Arthur Howard – American deserter from the 1st California Volunteers.<ref name=tan2002p250 />
* Captain Glen Morgan – American who organized insurgent forces in central Mindanao.<ref name=tan2002p250 />
* Captain John Miller – American who organized insurgent forces in central Mindanao.<ref name=tan2002p250 />
* Captain Russel – American deserter from the 10th Infantry.<ref name=tan2002p250 />
* Lieutenant Danfort – American deserter from the 10th Infantry.<ref name=tan2002p250 />
* Lieutenant Maximino Lazo – Spanish.<ref name=tan2002p249 />
* Lieutenant Gabriel Badelly Méndez – Cuban.<ref name=tan2002p249 />
* 2nd Lieutenant Segundo Paz – Spanish.<ref name=tan2002p249 />
* Lieutenant Alejandro Quirulgico – Spanish.<ref name=tan2002p108 />
* Lieutenant Rafael Madina – Spanish.<ref name=tan2002p108 />
* Lieutenant Saburo Nakamori – Japanese.<ref>Consistency Is the Hobgoblin: Manuel L. Quezon and Japan, 1899–1934 by Grant K. Goodman, Vol. 14, No. 1 (Mar. 1983), p.79.</ref>
* Lieutenant Arsenio Romero – Spanish.<ref name=tan2002p108 />
* Private John Allane – United States Army.<ref name=scott1986pp36-37>{{harvnb|Scott|1986|pp=36–37}}</ref>
* Private Harry Dennis<!-- redo this characterization as needed if a target article is provided -- the WP article for Harry Dennis is for a different person--> – United States Army.<ref name=scott1986pp36-37 />
* Private William Hyer – United States Army.<ref>{{harvnb|Scott|1986|pp=36–37, 195}}</ref>
* Private Meeks (given name not specified)<!-- redo this characterization as needed if a target article is provided -- the WP article for Edward Walpole is for a different person--> – United States Army.<ref name=scott1986pp36-37 />
* Private George Raymond – 41st Infantry, United States Army.{{citation needed|date=April 2012}}
* Private Maurice Sibley – 16th Infantry, United States Army.<ref>{{cite book|first=Vic|last=Hurley|title=Jungle Patrol, the Story of the Philippine Constabulary (1901–1936)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WKPWJLDvyyoC|date=June 14, 2011|publisher=Cerberus Books|isbn=978-0-9834756-2-0|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=WKPWJLDvyyoC&dq=%22Maurice+Sibley%22&pg=PA169 169]}}</ref>
* Private John Wagner<!-- redo this characterization as needed if a target article is provided -- the WP article for John Wagner is for a different person--> – United States Army.<ref name=scott1986pp36-37 />
* Private Edward Walpole<!-- redo this characterization as needed if a target article is provided -- the WP article for Edward Walpole is for a different person--> – United States Army.<ref name=scott1986pp36-37 />
* Henry Richter – American deserter from the 9th Cavalry.<ref name=tan2002p250 />
* Gorth Shores – American deserter from the 9th Cavalry.<ref name=tan2002p250 />
* Fred Hunter – American deserter from the 9th Cavalry.<ref name=tan2002p250 />
* William Denten – American deserter who joined General Lukban in Samar.<ref name=tan2002p250 />
* Enrique Warren – American deserter who served under [[Francisco Makabulos]] in Tarlac.<ref name=tan2002p250 />
* Frank Mekin - American deserter from the 37th Infantry who served as a lieutenant under General Juan Cailles.<ref>The Bamberg herald. June 27, 1901</ref>
* Earl Guenther - American deserter and canteen keeper from the 37th Infantry at the Paete garrison who served under General Juan Cailles.<ref>San Francisco Call, Volume 87, Number 23, 23 June 1901</ref>
* Antonio Prisco – Spanish.<ref name=tan2002p249 />
* Manuel Alberto – Spanish.<ref name=tan2002p249 />
* Eugenia Plona – Spanish aide-de-camp to Baldermo Aguinaldo.<ref name=tan2002p249 />
* Alexander MacIntosh – English.<ref name=tan2002p250>{{harvnb|Tan|2002|p=250}}.</ref>
* William McAllister – English.<ref name=tan2002p250 />
* Charles MacKinley – Englishman who served in Laoag.<ref name=tan2002p250 />
* James O'Brian – English.<ref name=tan2002p250 />
{{div col end}}
;Navy:
* Captain Simplicio Agoncillo Orosa - Captain of the first steam flagship of the navy, SS Bulusan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://maritimereview.ph/flagships-of-the-philippine-navy-up-to-the-present-day/|title=Flagships of the Philippine Navy up to the Present Day – The Maritime Review|website=maritimereview.ph}}</ref>
* Captain [[Vicente Catalan]] – Captain of the [[Philippine Navy]] ship ''Filipinas''. A [[Criollo people|Criollo]] from [[Cuba]] and a former member of the [[Spanish Navy]]. Admiral of the Philippine Navy.<ref>[https://maritimereview.ph/flagships-of-the-philippine-navy-up-to-the-present-day/ Flagships of the Philippine Navy up to the Present Day]</ref>

==See also==
{{Commons category}}
* [[Military history of the Philippines]]
* [[Katipunan]]
* [[Luna Sharpshooters]]
* [[Armed Forces of the Philippines]]
* [[Philippine Army]]
* [[History of the Philippine Army]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|last1=Bowers|first1=William T. |last2=Hammond|first2=William M. |last3=MacGarrigle|first3=George L. |title=Black Soldier, White Army: The 24th Infantry Regiment in Korea|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s5smqFkTmcIC|year=1997|publisher=DIANE Publishing|isbn=978-0-7881-3990-1}}
*{{cite journal|last=Deady |first=Timothy K. |title=Lessons from a Successful Counterinsurgency: The Philippines, 1899–1902 |url=http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/Parameters/05spring/deady.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326184120/http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/Parameters/05spring/deady.pdf|archive-date=March 26, 2009|journal=Parameters |volume=35|issue=1|pages=53–68 |date=Spring 2005|publisher=US Army War College}}
*{{cite book|last=Fantina|first=Robert |title=Desertion and the American Soldier, 1776–2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AD0B560nGVIC|year=2006|publisher=Algora Publishing|isbn=978-0-87586-453-2}}
*{{cite book|last=Halili|first=Christine N.|title=Philippine History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC|year=2004|publisher=Rex Bookstore, Inc.|isbn=978-971-23-3934-9}}
* {{citation |last=Linn |first=Brian McAllister |author-link=Brian McAllister Linn |title=The Philippine War, 1899–1902 |url=https://books.google.com/books?unstot=PSJGPgAACAAJ |year=2000a |publisher=University Press of Kansas|isbn=978-0-7006-1225-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Linn|first=Brian McAllister |title=The U.S. Army and Counterinsurgency in the Philippine War, 1899-1902|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5WOrmt_VxcC|date=2000b|publisher=UNC Press Books|isbn=978-0-8078-4948-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Scott|first=William Henry |title=Ilocano responses to American aggression, 1900-1901|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X_1wAAAAMAAJ|year=1986|publisher=New Day Publishers|isbn=978-971-10-0336-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Tan|first=Samuel K.|title=The Filipino-American War, 1899-1913|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O_qRAAAAIAAJ|year=2002|publisher=University of the Philippines Press|isbn=978-971-542-339-7}}
{{refend}}

== In popular media ==
The Philippine revolutionary army has been mentioned in several books and films.

=== Books ===

=== Films ===
* ''Teniente Rosario'' (1937) 
* ''Dugo sa Kapirasong Lupa'' (1975)
* ''[[Ganito Kami Noon, Paano Kayo Ngayon?]]'' (1976)
* ''Aguila'' (1980)
* ''[[Tirad Pass: The Last Stand of Gen. Gregorio del Pilar]]'' (1996)
* ''[[José Rizal (film)|José Rizal]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Baler (film)|Baler]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Amigo (film)|Amigo]]'' (2010)
* ''[[El Presidente (film)|El Presidente]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Bonifacio: Ang Unang Pangulo]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Heneral Luna]]'' (2015) 
* ''[[Goyo: Ang Batang Heneral]]'' (2018)

== External links ==
* [http://www.agmohio.com/LRenemyuniforms_Filipino_Insignia.htm Philippines Independence Armies: Insignia 1896 – 1902]
* {{cite web |title=Artemio Ricarte |url=http://server.pvao.mil.ph/artemio_ricarte.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809163308/http://server.pvao.mil.ph/artemio_ricarte.html |archive-date=August 9, 2011 |access-date=January 28, 2012}}
* [http://www.agmohio.com/LRNorfolkRayadillo.htm Images of Filipino Republican Army ''rayadillo'' tunics]

{{Philippine Revolution}}

[[Category:Military of the Philippines]]
[[Category:Philippine Revolution]]
[[Category:Military history of the Philippines]]
[[Category:Disbanded armies]]
[[Category:Rebel groups in the Philippines]]
[[Category:National liberation armies]]