Editing Philipp Franz von Siebold

{{Short description|German biologist and traveler}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Bundespost Philipp Franz von Siebold.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = 
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1796|02|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Würzburg]], [[Prince-Bishopric of Würzburg]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1866|10|18|1796|02|17|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Munich]], [[Kingdom of Bavaria]]
| nationality = German
| occupation = [[Physician]], [[botanist]]
| other_names = 
| known_for = 
| partner = Kusumoto Taki, Helene von Gagern
| children = [[Kusumoto Ine]], [[Alexander von Siebold]], [[Heinrich von Siebold]]
}}

'''Philipp Franz Balthasar von Siebold''' (17 February 1796 – 18 October 1866) was a German [[physician]], [[botanist]] and traveller. He achieved prominence by his studies of Japanese [[flora (plants)|flora]] and [[fauna (animals)|fauna]] and the introduction of Western medicine in Japan. He was the father of the first female Japanese doctor educated in Western medicine, [[Kusumoto Ine]].

==Career==
[[File:シーボルト 川原慶賀筆.jpg|thumb|Portrait of von Siebold by [[Kawahara Keiga]], 1820s]]
[[File:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - RMNH.ART.5 - Carcinoplax longimana (De Haan, 1833) - Kawahara Keiga.jpg|thumb|Illustration made for von Siebold by Kawahara Keiga of the crab Carcinoplax longimana, 1820s]]
[[File:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - RMNH.ART.256 - Hemitrygon akajei (Müller & Henle, 1841) - Kawahara Keiga - Siebold Collection.jpg|thumb|[[Pale-edged stingray]] by Kawahara for von Siebold, 1820s]]
[[File:Dutch personnel and Japanese women watching an incoming towed Dutch sailing ship at Dejima by Kawahara Keiga.jpg|thumb|Kawahara Keiga: ''Arrival of a Dutch Ship''. Von Siebold at [[Dejima]] with his Japanese lover Kusumoto Otaki and their baby-daughter [[Kusumoto Ine]] observing with a ''teresukoppu'' ([[telescope]]) a Dutch ship towed into Nagasaki harbour]]
[[File:Kusumoto Otaki (1807-1865), aka Sonogi.jpg|thumb|Kusumoto Taki (1807–1865)]]
[[File:Ine Kusumoto.jpg|thumb|Von Siebold's daughter [[Kusumoto Ine]] (1827–1903), first female Japanese western physician and court physician to the Japanese empress]]
[[File:Siebold Nagasaki.jpg|thumb|right|Portrait and residence of von Siebold at Narutaki, Nagasaki]]
[[File:Siebold Park of Nagasaki.jpg|thumb|right|Siebold Nagasaki Park, Nagasaki]]
[[File:Flora Japonica cover.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Title page of ''{{lang|la|Flora Japonica, part 2, Leiden 1870}}'']]
[[File:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - Siebold Collection - Philipp Franz von Siebold - Portrait.JPG|thumb|Portrait created in 1875, showing his signature]]

===Early life===
Born into a family of doctors and professors of medicine in [[Würzburg]] (then in the [[Prince-Bishopric of Würzburg]], later part of [[Bavaria]]), von Siebold initially studied medicine at the [[University of Würzburg]] from November 1815,<ref name="Binsbergen">{{cite web|url=http://www.uba.uva.nl/collecties/object.cfm/objectid=34853D0C-C771-4E13-8B78334417AB31EE|language=nl|title=Philipp Franz von Siebold (1796–1866). Wetenschapper in de Oost|trans-title=Philipp Franz von Siebold (1796–1866). Scientist in the East|author=E. M. Binsbergen|publisher=[[University of Amsterdam]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070328203612/http://www.uba.uva.nl/collecties/object.cfm/objectid=34853D0C-C771-4E13-8B78334417AB31EE|archive-date=28 March 2007}}</ref> where he became a member of the [[German Student Corps|Corps]] Moenania Würzburg. One of his professors was [[Franz Xaver Heller]] (1775–1840), author of the ''{{Lang|la|Flora Wirceburgensis}}'' ("Flora of the Grand Duchy of Würzburg", 1810–1811).<ref name="Binsbergen"/> [[Ignaz Döllinger]] (1770–1841), his professor of anatomy and physiology, however, most influenced him. Döllinger was one of the first professors to understand and treat medicine as a natural science. Von Siebold stayed with Döllinger, where he came in regular contact with other scientists.<ref name="Binsbergen"/> He read the books of [[Alexander von Humboldt|Humboldt]], a famous naturalist and explorer, which probably raised his desire to travel to distant lands.<ref name="Binsbergen"/> Philipp Franz von Siebold became a physician by earning his [[Doctor of Medicine|M.D.]] degree in 1820. He initially practiced medicine in [[Heidingsfeld]], in the [[Kingdom of Bavaria]], now part of [[Würzburg]].<ref name="Binsbergen"/>

Invited to Holland by an acquaintance of his family, Von Siebold applied for a position as a military physician, which would enable him to travel to the Dutch colonies.<ref name="Binsbergen"/> He entered the Dutch military service on 19 June 1822, and was appointed as ship's surgeon on the frigate ''Adriana'', sailing from [[Rotterdam]] to Batavia (present-day [[Jakarta]]) in the [[Dutch East Indies]] (now called [[Indonesia]]).<ref name="Binsbergen"/> On his trip to Batavia on the frigate ''Adriana'', Von Siebold practiced his knowledge of the Dutch language and also rapidly learned [[Malay language|Malay]]. During the long voyage he also began a collection of marine fauna.<ref name="Binsbergen"/> He arrived in Batavia on 18 February 1823.<ref name="Binsbergen"/>

As an army medical officer, von Siebold was posted to an [[artillery]] unit. However, he was given a room for a few weeks at the residence of the Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies, Baron [[Godert van der Capellen]], to recover from an illness. With his erudition, he impressed the Governor-General, and also the director of the botanical garden at Buitenzorg (now [[Bogor]]), [[Caspar Georg Carl Reinwardt]].<ref name="Binsbergen"/> These men sensed in Von Siebold a worthy successor to [[Engelbert Kaempfer]] and [[Carl Peter Thunberg]], two former resident physicians at [[Dejima]], a Dutch trading post in [[Japan]], the former of whom was the author of ''{{lang|la|Flora Japonica}}''.<ref name="Binsbergen"/> The [[Batavian Academy of Arts and Sciences]] soon elected Von Siebold as a member.

===Arrival in Japan===
On 28 June 1823, after only a few months in the Dutch East Indies, Von Siebold was posted as resident [[physician]] and [[scientist]] to [[Dejima]], a small artificial island and trading post at [[Nagasaki, Nagasaki|Nagasaki]], and arrived there on 11 August 1823.<ref name="Binsbergen"/> During an eventful voyage to Japan he only just escaped drowning during a [[typhoon]] in the [[East China Sea]].<ref name="Binsbergen"/> As only a very small number of Dutch personnel were allowed to live on this island, the posts of physician and scientist had to be combined. Dejima had been in the possession of the [[Dutch East India Company]] (known as the VOC) since the 17th century, but the Company had gone bankrupt in 1798, after which a trading post was operated there by the Dutch state for political considerations, with notable benefits to the Japanese.

The European tradition of sending doctors with botanical training to Japan was a long one. Sent on a mission by the Dutch East India Company, [[Engelbert Kaempfer]] (1651–1716), a German physician and botanist who lived in Japan from 1690 until 1692, ushered in this tradition of a combination of physician and botanist. The Dutch East India Company did not, however, actually employ the Swedish botanist and physician [[Carl Peter Thunberg]] (1743–1828), who had arrived in Japan in 1775.

===Medical practice===
Japanese scientists invited von Siebold to teach them western science. After curing an influential local officer, Von Siebold gained the permission to leave the trade post. He used this opportunity to treat Japanese patients in the greater area around the trade post. Von Siebold is credited with the introduction of [[vaccination]] and pathological anatomy for the first time in Japan.<ref name="Odagiri-Goto">{{cite book |author=Hiroyuki Odagiri & Akira Gotō | title = Technology and Industrial Development in Japan | publisher =[[Clarendon Press]] |location=Oxford | year = 1996 | isbn = 0-19-828802-6 | page = 236}}</ref>

In 1824, von Siebold started a medical school in Nagasaki, the ''Narutaki-juku'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.grips.ac.jp/teacher/oono/hp/lecture_J/lec02.htm|title = Edo Period}}</ref> that grew into a meeting place for around fifty ''students''. They helped him in his botanical and naturalistic studies. The Dutch language became the ''[[lingua franca]]'' (common spoken language) for these academic and scholarly contacts for a generation, until the [[Meiji Restoration]].

His patients paid him in kind with a variety of objects and artifacts that would later gain historical significance. These everyday objects later became the basis of his large [[ethnography|ethnographic]] collection, which consisted of everyday household goods, [[woodblock prints]], tools and hand-crafted objects used by the Japanese people.

===Japanese family===
During his stay in Japan, von Siebold "lived together" with Kusumoto Taki (楠本滝),<ref name="Binsbergen"/> who gave birth to their daughter [[Kusumoto Ine|Kusumoto (O-)Ine]] in 1827.<ref name="Binsbergen"/> Von Siebold used to call his wife "Otakusa" (probably derived from O-Taki-san) and named a ''[[Hydrangea]]'' after her. Kusumoto Ine eventually became the first Japanese woman known to have received a physician's training and became a highly regarded practicing physician and court physician to the Empress in 1882. She died at court in 1903.<ref name="Binsbergen"/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.unterstein.net/Toyoashihara-no-Chiaki-Nagaioaki-no-Mitsuho-no-Kuni/SieboldGED/g0000001-x.html#I65880| title = Unterstein.net: Von Siebold family}}</ref>

===Studies of Japanese fauna and flora===
His main interest, however, focused on the study of Japanese fauna and flora. He collected as much material as he could. Starting a small botanical garden behind his home (there was not much room on the small island) Von Siebold amassed over 1,000 native plants.<ref name="Binsbergen"/> In a specially built [[greenhouse|glasshouse]] he cultivated the Japanese plants to endure the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] [[climate]]. Local Japanese artists like [[Kawahara Keiga]] drew and painted images of these plants, creating botanical illustrations but also images of the daily life in Japan, which complemented his ethnographic collection. He hired Japanese hunters to track rare animals and collect specimens. Many specimens were collected with the help of his Japanese collaborators [[Keisuke Ito (botanist)|Keisuke Ito]] (1803–1901), Mizutani Sugeroku (1779–1833), Ōkochi Zonshin (1796–1882) and Katsuragawa Hoken (1797–1844), a physician to the ''[[shōgun]]''. As well, von Siebold's assistant and later successor, [[Heinrich Bürger]] (1806–1858), proved to be indispensable in carrying on Von Siebold's work in Japan.

Von Siebold first introduced to Europe such familiar garden-plants as the ''[[Hosta]]'' and the [[Hydrangea|''Hydrangea otaksa'']]. Unknown to the Japanese, he was also able to smuggle out germinative seeds of [[Camellia sinensis|tea plants]] to the botanical garden ''{{Lang|nl|Buitenzorg}}'' in Batavia. Through this single act, he started the [[tea culture]] in [[Java (island)|Java]], a Dutch [[colony]] at the time. Until then Japan had strictly guarded the trade in tea plants. Remarkably, in 1833, Java already could boast a half million tea plants.

He also introduced Japanese knotweed (''[[Reynoutria japonica]]'', [[Synonym (taxonomy)|syn.]] ''Fallopia japonica''), which has become a highly invasive weed in Europe and North America.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://archive.bsbi.org.uk/Wats23p93.pdf|first1=J.P.|last1=Bailey|first2=A.P.|last2=Conolly|date=2000|journal=Watsonia|volume=23|pages=93–110|title=Prize-winners to pariahs - A history of Japanese Knotweed ''s.l.'' (Polygonaceae) in the British Isles|access-date=26 October 2018}}</ref> All derive from a single female plant collected by Von Siebold.

During his stay at Dejima, von Siebold sent three shipments with an unknown number of herbarium specimens to [[Leiden]], [[Ghent]], [[Brussels]] and [[Antwerp]]. The shipment to Leiden contained the first specimens of the [[Japanese giant salamander]] (''Andrias japonicus'') to be sent to Europe.

In 1825 the government of the Dutch-Indies provided him with two assistants: apothecary and mineralogist [[Heinrich Bürger]] (his later successor) and the painter [[Carl Hubert de Villeneuve]]. Each would prove to be useful to Von Siebold's efforts that ranged from ethnographical to botanical to horticultural, when attempting to document the exotic Eastern Japanese experience. De Villeneuve taught Kawahara the techniques of Western painting.

Reportedly, von Siebold was not the easiest man to deal with. He was in continuous conflict with his Dutch superiors who felt he was arrogant. This threat of conflict resulted in his recall in July 1827 back to Batavia. But the ship, the ''Cornelis Houtman'', sent to carry him back to Batavia, was thrown ashore by a typhoon in Nagasaki bay. The same storm badly damaged Dejima and destroyed Von Siebold's botanical garden. Repaired, the ''Cornelis Houtman'' was refloated. It left for Batavia with 89 crates of von Siebold's salvaged botanical collection, but Von Siebold himself remained behind in Dejima.

<span id="Siebold Incident"></span>
===Von Siebold Incident===
In 1826 von Siebold made the court journey to [[Edo (Tokyo)|Edo]]. During this long trip he collected many plants and animals. But he also obtained from the court astronomer Takahashi Kageyasu several detailed maps of Japan and Korea (written by [[Inō Tadataka]]), an act strictly forbidden by the Japanese government.<ref name="Binsbergen"/> When the Japanese discovered, by accident, that Von Siebold had a map of the northern parts of Japan, the government accused him of [[high treason]] and of being a spy for [[Russia]].<ref name="Binsbergen"/>

The Japanese placed von Siebold under house arrest and expelled him from [[Japan]] on 22 October 1829.<ref name="Binsbergen"/> Satisfied that his Japanese collaborators would continue his work, he journeyed back on the frigate ''Java'' to his former residence, Batavia, in possession of his enormous collection of thousands of animals and plants, his books and his maps.<ref name="Binsbergen"/> The botanical garden of ''{{lang|nl|Buitenzorg}}'' would soon house von Siebold's surviving, living flora collection of 2,000 plants. He arrived in the Netherlands on 7 July 1830. His stay in Japan and Batavia had lasted for a period of eight years.<ref name="Binsbergen"/>

===Return to Europe===
Philipp Franz von Siebold arrived in the Netherlands in 1830, just at a time when political troubles erupted in [[Brussels]], leading soon to [[Belgian Revolution|Belgian independence]]. Hastily he salvaged his ethnographic collections in [[Antwerp]] and his herbarium specimens in Brussels and took them to [[Leiden]], helped by [[Johann Baptist Fischer]].<ref name="Binsbergen"/> He left behind his botanical collections of living plants that were sent to the [[University of Ghent]].<ref name="Binsbergen"/> The consequent expansion of this collection of rare and exotic plants led to the horticultural fame of [[Ghent]]. In gratitude the University of Ghent presented him in 1841 with specimens of every plant from his original collection.

Von Siebold settled in Leiden, taking with him the major part of his collection.<ref name="Binsbergen"/> The "Philipp Franz von Siebold collection", containing many [[type specimen]]s, was the earliest botanical collection from Japan. Even today, it still remains a subject of ongoing research, a testimony to the depth of work undertaken by von Siebold. It contained about 12,000 specimens, from which he could describe only about 2,300 species. The whole collection was purchased for a handsome amount by the Dutch government. Von Siebold was also granted a substantial annual allowance by the Dutch King [[William II of the Netherlands|William II]] and was appointed ''Advisor to the King for Japanese Affairs''. In 1842, the King even raised von Siebold to the nobility as an esquire.

The "Siebold collection" opened to the public in 1831. He founded a museum in his home in 1837. This small, private museum would eventually evolve into the [[National Museum of Ethnology (Netherlands)|National Museum of Ethnology]] in Leiden.<ref>{{cite book |author=Willem Otterspeer |year=1989 |title=Leiden Oriental Connections, 1850–1940 |volume=5 |series=Studies in the History of Leiden University |location=Leiden |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|E. J. Brill]] |isbn=978-90-04-09022-4 |page=389}}</ref> Von Siebold's successor in Japan, Heinrich Bürger, sent him three more shipments of herbarium specimens collected in Japan. This flora collection formed the basis of the Japanese collections of the [[National Herbarium of the Netherlands]]<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/| title = Nationaal Herbarium Nederland<!-- Bot generated title -->}}</ref> in Leiden, while the zoological specimens Von Siebold collected were kept by the [[Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie]] (''National Museum of Natural History'') in Leiden, which later became Naturalis. Both institutions merged into [[Naturalis Biodiversity Center]] in 2010, which now maintains the entire natural history collection that von Siebold brought back to Leiden.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.naturalis.nl/en/| title = Naturalis Biodiversity Center homepage (in English)}}</ref>

In 1845 von Siebold married Helene von Gagern (1820–1877), they had three sons and two daughters.

===Writings===
During his stay in Leiden, Von Siebold wrote ''Nippon'' in 1832, the first part of a volume of a richly illustrated ethnographical and geographical work on Japan. The ''Archiv zur Beschreibung Nippons'' also contained a report of his journey to the Shogunate Court at Edo.<ref name="Binsbergen"/> He wrote six further parts, the last ones published posthumously in 1882; his sons published an edited and lower-priced reprint in 1887.<ref name="Binsbergen"/>

[[File:Cephalotaxus pedunculata SZ132.png|thumb|left|upright|Coloured plate of ''[[Cephalotaxus pedunculata]]'' in ''{{lang|la|Flora Japonica}}'', by Philipp Franz von Siebold and Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini]]

The ''{{lang|la|Bibliotheca Japonica}}'' appeared between 1833 and 1841. This work was co-authored by Joseph Hoffmann and Kuo Cheng-Chang, a Javanese of Chinese extraction, who had journeyed along with Von Siebold from Batavia.<ref name="Binsbergen"/> It contained a survey of Japanese literature and a Chinese, Japanese and Korean dictionary.<ref name="Binsbergen"/> Von Siebold's writing on Japanese religion and customs notably shaped early modern European conceptions of [[Buddhism]] and [[Shinto]]; he notably suggested that Japanese Buddhism was a form of [[Monotheism]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Josephson |first=Jason |title=The Invention of Religion in Japan|publisher=University of Chicago Press|pages=12–4|location = Chicago|year=2012|url=https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/I/bo13657764.html}}</ref>

The zoologists [[Coenraad Jacob Temminck|Coenraad Temminck]] (1777–1858), [[Hermann Schlegel]] (1804–1884), and [[Wilhem de Haan]] (1801–1855) scientifically described and documented Von Siebold's collection of Japanese animals.<ref name="Binsbergen"/> The ''{{lang|la|[[Fauna Japonica]]}}'', a series of monographs published between 1833 and 1850, was mainly based on von Siebold's collection, making the Japanese fauna the best-described non-European fauna – "a remarkable feat". A significant part of the ''{{lang|la|Fauna Japonica}}'' was also based on the collections of Von Siebold's successor on Dejima, [[Heinrich Bürger]].

Von Siebold wrote his ''{{lang|la|[[Flora Japonica (1834 book)|Flora Japonica]]}}'' in collaboration with the German botanist [[Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini]] (1797–1848). It first appeared in 1835, but the work was not completed until after his death, finished in 1870 by F.A.W. Miquel (1811–1871), director of the Rijksherbarium in Leiden. This work expanded von Siebold's scientific fame from Japan to Europe.

From the [[Hortus Botanicus Leiden]] – the botanical garden of Leiden – many of von Siebold's plants spread to Europe and from there to other countries. ''Hosta'' and ''[[Hortensia]]'', ''[[Azalea]]'', and the Japanese [[butterbur]] and the [[Petasites|coltsfoot]] as well as the [[Japanese larch]] began to inhabit gardens across the world.

===International endeavours===
[[File:Coat of arms of von Siebold.png|200px|thumb|Coat of arms of Von Siebold]]
After his return to Europe, Von Siebold tried to exploit his knowledge of Japan. Whilst living in [[Boppard]], from 1852 he corresponded with Russian diplomats such as [[Andreas Feodorowitsch Budberg|Baron von Budberg-Bönninghausen]], the Russian ambassador to [[Prussia]], which resulted in an invitation to go to St Petersburg to advise the Russian government how to open trade relations with Japan. Though still employed by the Dutch government he did not inform the Dutch of this voyage until after his return.

American Naval Commodore [[Matthew C. Perry]] consulted Von Siebold in advance of his voyage to Japan in 1854.<ref>{{cite book |author=John S. Sewall |year=1905 |title=The Logbook of the Captain's Clerk: Adventures in the China Seas |location=Bangor, Maine |publisher=Chas H. Glass & Co. [reprint by Chicago: R.R. Donnelly & Sons, 1995] |isbn=0-548-20912-X |page=xxxviii}}</ref> He notably advised [[Townsend Harris]] on how [[Christianity]] might be spread to Japan, alleging based on his time there that the Japanese "hated" Christianity.<ref>{{cite book|last=Josephson |first=Jason |title=The Invention of Religion in Japan|publisher=University of Chicago Press|pages=80–2|location = Chicago|year=2012|url=https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/I/bo13657764.html}}</ref>

In 1858, the Japanese government lifted the banishment of von Siebold. He returned to Japan in 1859 as an adviser to the Agent of the Dutch Trading Society (Nederlandsche Handel-Maatschappij) in Nagasaki, Albert Bauduin. After two years the connection with the Trading Society was severed as the advice of Von Siebold was considered to be of no value. In Nagasaki he fathered another child with one of his female servants.

In 1861 von Siebold organised his appointment as an adviser to the Japanese government and went in that function to Edo. There he tried to obtain a position between the foreign representatives and the Japanese government. As he had been specially admonished by the Dutch authorities before going to Japan that he was to abstain from all interference in politics, the Dutch Consul General in Japan, J.K. de Wit, was ordered to ask von Siebold's removal.<ref>{{cite book |author=Herman J. Moeshart |year=1990 |chapter=Von Siebold's second visit to Japan |editor=Peter Lowe & Herman J. Moeshart |title=Western Interactions with Japan: Expansion, the Armed Forces & Readjustment, 1859–1956 |publisher=Sandgate |isbn=978-0-904404-84-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/westerninteracti00lowe/page/13 13–25] |chapter-url-access=registration |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/westerninteracti00lowe/page/13 }}</ref> Von Siebold was ordered to return to Batavia and from there he returned to Europe.

After his return he asked the Dutch government to employ him as Consul General in Japan but the Dutch government severed all relations with von Siebold who had a huge debt because of loans given to him, except for the payment of his pension.

Von Siebold kept trying to organise another voyage to Japan. After he did not succeed in gaining employment with the Russian government, he went to Paris in 1865 to try to interest the French government in funding another expedition to Japan, but failed.<ref>The story is told by [[Alphonse Daudet]] in the short story "L'Empereur aveugle", part of his book "Contes du lundi".</ref> He died in [[Munich]] on 18 October 1866.<ref name="Binsbergen"/>

==Legacy==
===Plants named after von Siebold===
The botanical and horticultural spheres of influence have honored Philipp Franz von Siebold by naming some of the very garden-worthy plants that he studied after him. Examples include:
[[File:Malus sieboldii D.jpg|thumb|right|Toringo Crab-Apple (flowering ''Malus sieboldii'')]]
* ''[[Acer sieboldianum]]'' or Siebold's Maple: a variety of maple native to Japan
* ''[[Calanthe striata|Calanthe sieboldii]]'' or Siebold's Calanthe is a terrestrial evergreen orchid native to Japan, the Ryukyu Islands and Taiwan.
* ''[[Clematis florida]]'' var. ''sieboldiana'' (syn: ''C. florida'' 'Sieboldii' & ''C. florida'' 'Bicolor'): a somewhat difficult ''Clematis'' to grow "well" but a much sought after plant nevertheless
* ''[[Corylus sieboldiana]]'': (Asian beaked hazel) is a species of nut found in northeastern Asia and Japan
* ''[[Dryopteris sieboldii]]'': a fern with leathery fronds
* ''[[Hosta sieboldii]]'' of which a large garden may have a dozen quite distinct [[cultivar]]s
* ''[[Magnolia sieboldii]]'': the under-appreciated small "Oyama" magnolia
* ''[[Malus sieboldii]]'': the fragrant Toringo Crab-Apple, (originally called ''Sorbus toringo'' by Siebold), whose pink buds fade to white
* ''[[Primula sieboldii]]'': the Japanese woodland primula ''Sakurasou'' (Chinese/Japanese: 櫻草)
* ''[[Prunus sieboldii]]'': a flowering cherry
* ''[[Sedum sieboldii]]'': a succulent whose leaves form rose-like whorls
* ''[[Tsuga sieboldii]]'': a Japanese hemlock
* ''[[Viburnum sieboldii]]'': a deciduous large shrub that has creamy white flowers in spring and red berries that ripen to black in autumn

===Animals named after von Siebold===
*''[[Enhydris sieboldii]]'' or Siebold's smooth water snake<ref>Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}. ("Siebold, P.F.B.", p. 243).</ref>
* A type of [[abalone]], ''[[Nordotis gigantea]]'', is known as Siebold's abalone,<ref name="jst">{{cite web |url=http://sciencelinks.jp/j-east/article/200403/000020040303A0861607.php |title=Siebold's abalone (''Nordotis gigantea''), disk abalone (''Nordotis discus''), and red sea cucumber (Holothuroidea) in Fukuoka Prefecture |year=2009 |publisher=JST: Science Links Japan |access-date=16 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722124014/http://sciencelinks.jp/j-east/article/200403/000020040303A0861607.php |archive-date=22 July 2011 }}</ref> and is prized for [[sushi]].
* A genus of large gomphid dragonflies, ''[[Sieboldius]]''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Paulson |first=Dennis R. |title=Dragonflies and damselflies of the West |date=2009 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-12281-6 |series=Princeton field guides |location=Princeton}}</ref>

===Further legacy===
Though he is well known in Japan, where he is called "Shiboruto-san", and although mentioned in the relevant schoolbooks, von Siebold is almost unknown elsewhere, except among gardeners who admire the many plants whose names incorporate ''sieboldii'' and ''sieboldiana''. The [[Hortus Botanicus Leiden|Hortus Botanicus]] in Leiden has recently laid out the "Von Siebold Memorial Garden", a Japanese garden with plants sent by Von Siebold. The garden was laid out under a 150-year-old ''[[Zelkova serrata]]'' tree dating from Von Siebold's lifetime.<ref>A video introduces the Von Siebold Memorial garden. See [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7VBoQbBJ9eE video here]</ref> Japanese visitors come and visit this garden, to pay their respect for him.

==Von Siebold museums==
[[File:Sword given to Philipp Franz von Siebold by Tokugawa Iemochi on 11 Nov 1861 - Staatlichen Museums für Völkerkunde München - DSC08358.JPG|thumb|right|Sword given to Von Siebold by [[Tokugawa Iemochi]] on 11 November 1861, on display at the [[State Museum of Ethnology]] in [[Munich]]]]
[[File:Siebold Memorial Museum 002.jpg|thumb|[[Siebold Memorial Museum]] in [[Nagasaki]], [[Japan]]]]
Although he was disillusioned by what he perceived as a lack of appreciation for Japan and his contributions to its understanding, a testimony of the remarkable character of Von Siebold is found in [[museum]]s that honor him.
* Japan Museum [[SieboldHuis]] in [[Leiden]], [[Netherlands]], shows highlights from the Leiden Von Siebold collections in the transformed, refitted, formal, first house of Von Siebold in Leiden.
* [[Naturalis Biodiversity Center]], the National Museum of Natural History in Leiden, Netherlands houses the zoological and botanical specimens Von Siebold collected during his first stay in Japan (1823-1829). These include 200 mammals, 900 birds, 750 fishes, 170 reptiles, over 5,000 invertebrates, 2,000 different species of plants and 12,000 herbarium specimens.<ref>Parts of the Von Siebold natural history collection have been digitized in recent years, see [http://bioportal.naturalis.nl/nba/result?theme=siebold Naturalis Collections portal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302031435/http://bioportal.naturalis.nl/nba/result?theme=siebold |date=2 March 2017 }}</ref>
* The [[National Museum of Ethnology (Netherlands)|National Museum of Ethnology]] in [[Leiden]], [[Netherlands]] houses the large collection which Von Siebold brought together during his first stay in Japan (1823–1829). 
* The [[State Museum of Ethnology]] in Munich, Germany, houses the collection of Philipp Franz von Siebold from his second voyage to Japan (1859–1862) and a letter of Von Siebold to [[Ludwig I of Bavaria|King Ludwig I]] in which he urged the monarch to found a museum of ethnology at Munich. Von Siebold's grave, in the shape of a Buddhist pagoda, is in the ''{{lang|de|Alter Münchner Südfriedhof}}'' (Former Southern Cemetery of Munich). He is also commemorated in the name of a street and a large number of mentions in the Botanical Garden at Munich.
* A ''Siebold-Museum'' exists in [[Würzburg]], Germany.
* ''Siebold-Museum'' on {{ill|Brandenstein castle|de|Burg Brandenstein}}, [[Schlüchtern]], Germany.
* Nagasaki, Japan, pays tribute to Von Siebold by housing the [[Siebold Memorial Museum]] on property adjacent to Von Siebold's former residence in the Narutaki neighborhood, the first museum dedicated to a non-Japanese in Japan.

His collections laid the foundation for the ethnographic museums of Munich and Leiden. [[Alexander von Siebold]], one of his sons by his European wife, donated much of the material left behind after Von Siebold's death in Würzburg to the [[British Museum]] in London. The Royal Scientific Academy of [[St. Petersburg]] purchased 600 colored plates of the ''{{lang|la|Flora Japonica}}''.

Another son, [[Heinrich von Siebold|Heinrich (or Henry) von Siebold]] (1852–1908), continued part of his father's research. He is recognized, together with [[Edward S. Morse]], as one of the founders of modern [[archaeology|archaeological]] efforts in Japan.

==Published works==
* (1832–1852) ''Nippon. Archiv zur Beschreibung von Japan und dessen Neben- und Schutzländern: Jezo mit den Südlichen Kurilen, Krafto, Koorai und den Liukiu-Inseln''. 7 volumes, Leiden.
** (1838) ''Voyage au Japon Executé Pendant les Années 1823 a 1830'' – French abridged version of ''Nippon'' – contains 72 plates from ''Nippon'', with a slight variance in size and paper. Published in twelve "Deliveries". Each "Delivery" contains 72 lithographs (plates) and each "Delivery" varies in its lithograph contents by four or five plate variations.
** Revised and enlarged edition by his sons in 1897: ''Nippon. Archiv zur Beschreibung von Japan ..., 2. veränderte und ergänzte Auflage, hrsg. von seinen Söhnen'', 2 volumes, Würzburg and Leipzig.
** Translation of the part of ''Nippon'' on Korea ("Kooraï"): Boudewijn Walraven (ed.), Frits Vos (transl.), [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075724/http://www.koreanhistories.org/files/Volume_2_2/KH2_2_Koorai.pdf''Korean Studies in Early-nineteenth century Leiden''], Korean Histories 2.2, 75-85, 2010
* (1829) ''Synopsis Hydrangeae generis specierum Iaponicarum''. In: ''Nova Acta Physico-Medica Academiae Caesareae Leopoldino-Carolina'' vol 14, part ii.
* (1835–1870) (with Zuccarini, J. G. von, editor) ''[[Flora Japonica (1834 book)|Flora Japonica]]''. Leiden.
* (1843) (with Zuccarini, J. G. von) ''Plantaram, quas in Japonia collegit'' Dr. Ph. Fr. de Siebold genera nova, notis characteristicis delineationibusque illustrata proponunt. In: ''Abhandelungen der mathematisch-physikalischen Classe der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften'' vol.3, pp 717–750.
* (1845) (with Zuccarini, J. G. von) ''Florae Japonicae familae naturales adjectis generum et specierum exemplis selectis. Sectio prima. Plantae Dicotyledoneae polypetalae''. In: ''Abhandelungen der mathematischphysikalischen Classe der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften'' vol. 4 part iii, pp 109–204.
* (1846) (with Zuccarini, J. G. von) ''Florae Japonicae familae naturales adjectis generum et specierum exemplis selectis. Sectio altera. Plantae dicotyledoneae et monocotyledonae''. In: ''Abhandelungen der mathematischphysikalischen Classe der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften'' vol. 4 part iii, pp vol 4 pp 123–240.<!--pp 205-240 perhaps?, the pars primas being on pp 109-204-->
* (1841) {{cite book |year=1841 |title=Manners and Customs of the Japanese, in the Nineteenth Century |quote=From recent Dutch visitors of Japan and the German of Dr. Ph. Fr. von Siebold |location= London |publisher= [[John Murray (publishing house)|Murray]] |url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008586235 |via=Hathi Trust }} (compiled by an anonymous author, not by Von Siebold himself !)

The standard [[List of botanists by author abbreviation|author abbreviation]] '''Siebold''' is used to indicate Philipp Franz von Siebold as the author when [[Author citation (botany)|citing a botanical name]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idAuthorSearch.do?id=9616-1 |title=Siebold, Philipp Franz (Balthasar) von (1796–1866) |work=IPNI Author Details |publisher=[[International Plant Name Index]] |year=2005 |access-date=8 January 2012}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[:Category:Taxa named by Philipp Franz von Siebold]]
* [[Erwin Bälz]]
* [[Bunsei]] – [[Japanese era names]]
* [[Dejima]]
* [[List of Westerners who visited Japan before 1868]]
* [[Sakoku]]
* [[Karl Theodor Ernst von Siebold]]
* [[Johan Willem de Stürler]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|32em}}

== References and other literature==
{{refbegin}}
* Brown, Yu-jing: [http://www.bl.uk/eblj/1976articles/pdf/article5.pdf ''The von Siebold Collection from Tokugawa, Japan''], pp.&nbsp;1–55, British Library bl.uk
* [[Andreas Daum|Andreas W. Daum]]: "German Naturalists in the Pacific around 1800: Entanglement, Autonomy, and a Transnational Culture of Expertise." In ''Explorations and Entanglements: Germans in Pacific Worlds from the Early Modern Period to World War I'', ed. Hartmut Berghoff et al. New York, Berghahn Books, 2019, 70‒102.
* Effert, Rudolf Antonius Hermanus Dominique: ''Royal Cabinets and Auxiliary Branches: Origins of the National Museum of Ethnology 1816–1883'', Leiden: CNWS Publications, 2008. Serie: Mededelingen van het Rijksmuseum van Volkenkunde, Leiden, no. 37
* Friese, Eberhard: ''Philipp Franz von Siebold als früher Exponent der Ostasienwissenschaften.'' Berliner Beiträge zur sozial- und wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen Japan-Forschung Bd. 15. Bochum 1983 {{ISBN|3-88339-315-0}}
* Reginald Grünenberg: ''Die Entdeckung des Ostpols. Nippon-Trilogie'', Vol. 1 ''Shiborto'' {{ISBN|978-3-942662-16-1}}, Vol. 2 ''Geheime Landkarten'', {{ISBN|978-3-942662-17-8}}, Vol. 3 ''Der Weg in den Krieg'', {{ISBN|978-3-942662-18-5}}, ''Die Entdeckung des Ostpols. Nippon-Trilogie.Gesamtausgabe'' ('Complete Edition'), {{ISBN|978-3-942662-19-2}}, Perlen Verlag 2014; English resume of the novel on [http://www.east-pole.com www.east-pole.com]
* Richtsfeld, Bruno J.: Philipp Franz von Siebolds Japansammlung im Staatlichen Museum für Völkerkunde München. In: Miscellanea der Philipp Franz von Siebold Stiftung 12, 1996, pp.&nbsp;34–54.
* Richtsfeld, Bruno J.: Philipp Franz von Siebolds Japansammlung im Staatlichen Museum für Völkerkunde München. In: 200 Jahre Siebold, hrsg. von Josef Kreiner. Tokyo 1996, pp.&nbsp;202–204.
* Richtsfeld, Bruno J.: Die Sammlung Siebold im Staatlichen Museum für Völkerkunde, München. In: Das alte Japan. Spuren und Objekte der Siebold-Reisen. Herausgegeben von Peter Noever. München 1997, p.&nbsp;209f.
* Richtsfeld, Bruno J.: Philipp Franz von Siebold (1796–1866). Japanforscher, Sammler und Museumstheoretiker. In: Aus dem Herzen Japans. Kunst und Kunsthandwerk an drei Flüssen in Gifu. Herausgegeben von dem Museum für Ostasiatische Kunst Köln und dem Staatlichen Museum für Völkerkunde München. Köln, München 2004, pp.&nbsp;97–102.
* [http://www.brill.com/herbarium-pf-von-siebold-1796-1866 Thijsse, Gerard: ''Herbarium P.F. von Siebold, 1796–1866'', 1999, Brill.com]
* Yamaguchi, T., 1997. ''Von Siebold and Japanese Botany''. Calanus Special number I.
* Yamaguchi, T., 2003. ''How did Von Siebold accumulate botanical specimens in Japan?'' Calanus Special number V.
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Philipp Franz von Siebold}}
* {{Gutenberg author | id=39864| name=P. F. von Siebold}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Philipp Franz von Siebold}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071012205514/http://caliban.mpiz-koeln.mpg.de/~stueber/library/authors/author_00214_en.html Scanned versions of ''Flora Japonica'' and ''Fauna Japonica'']
* [http://edb.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/exhibit/b05/b05cont.html ''Fauna Japonica''] – University of Kyoto
* [http://edb.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/exhibit/b01/b01cont.html ''Flora Japonica''] – University of Kyoto
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050407214328/http://www.sun.ac.jp/english/index.html Siebold University of Nagasaki]
* Website dedicated to the German novel [https://web.archive.org/web/20181107003957/http://entdeckung-des-ostpols.de/ ''Die Entdeckung des Ostpols'']
* [http://www.sieboldhuis.org/ Siebold Huis] – a museum in the house where Von Siebold lived in Leiden
* The [https://web.archive.org/web/20070311035558/http://uploader.wuerzburg.de/siebold-museum/en/museum_info.html Siebold Museum] in Würzburg
* The [https://www.burg-brandenstein.de/fuehrungen/siebold-museum/ Siebold-Museum] on Brandenstein castle, Schlüchtern
* [http://www.unterstein.net/Toyoashihara-no-Chiaki-Nagaioaki-no-Mitsuho-no-Kuni/SieboldNippon.pdf Siebold's ''Nippon'', 1897] {{in lang|de}}
* [http://www.um.u-tokyo.ac.jp/publish_db/Bulletin/no41/index.htm Proceedings of the symposium 'Siebold in the 21st Century' held at the University Museum, the University of Tokyo, in 2003]
* {{Wikisource-inline|list=
** {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Siebold, Philipp Franz von|year=1905 |short=x |noicon=x}}
** {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Siebold, Philipp Franz von |short=x |noicon=x}}
** {{Cite Americana|wstitle=Siebold, Philipp Franz von|year=1920 |short=x |noicon=x}}
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Siebold, Philipp Franz von}}
[[Category:1796 births]]
[[Category:1866 deaths]]
[[Category:Scientists from Würzburg]]
[[Category:People from the Prince-Bishopric of Würzburg]]
[[Category:University of Würzburg alumni]]
[[Category:German untitled nobility]]
[[Category:19th-century German botanists]]
[[Category:German carcinologists]]
[[Category:Expatriates in Japan]]
[[Category:German Japanologists]]
[[Category:German male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Botanists active in Japan]]
[[Category:Botanists with author abbreviations]]