Editing Philip the Bold

{{Short description|Duke of Burgundy from 1363 to 1404}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{For|the king of France known as Philip the Bold|Philip III of France}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Philip II the Bold
| image        = 16th-century unknown painters - Philip the Bold - WGA23677.jpg
| alt          = 
| caption      = Later copy of an early 15th-century portrait of Philip, possibly by [[Jean Malouel]]
| succession   = [[Duke of Burgundy]]
| reign        = 6 September 1363 – 27 April 1404
| predecessor  = [[Philip I, Duke of Burgundy|Philip I]]
| successor    = [[John the Fearless]]
| birth_date   = 17 January 1342
| birth_place  = [[Pontoise]], [[Kingdom of France]]
| death_date   = 27 April 1404 (aged 62)
| death_place  = [[Halle, Belgium|Halle]], [[County of Hainaut]]
| burial_date  = 
| burial_place = 
| spouse       = {{marriage|[[Margaret III of Flanders]]|19 June 1369}}
| issue        = {{ubl|[[John the Fearless]]|[[Margaret of Burgundy (1374-1441)|Margaret, Duchess of Bavaria]]|[[Mary of Burgundy, Duchess of Savoy|Mary, Duchess of Savoy]]|[[Anthony, Duke of Brabant]]|[[Philip II, Count of Nevers]]}}
| issue-link   = #Marriage and issue
| issue-pipe   = among others
| house        = [[House of Valois-Burgundy|Valois-Burgundy]]
| father       = [[John II of France]]
| mother       = [[Bonne of Bohemia]]
| signature    = 
| succession1  = [[List of regents#France|Regent of France]]
| reign-type1  = Regency
| reign1       = 1382–1388
| pre-type1    = Monarch
| predecessor1 = [[Charles VI of France|Charles VI]]
| reg-type1    = Co-Regent
| regent1      = [[John, Duke of Berry]]<br />[[Louis II, Duke of Bourbon]]
}}

'''Philip II the Bold''' ({{Langx|fr|link=yes|Philippe II le Hardi}}; {{Langx|nl|Filips de Stoute}}; 17 January 1342 – 27 April 1404) was [[Duke of Burgundy]] and ''[[jure uxoris]]'' [[Count of Flanders]], [[Count of Artois|Artois]] and [[Count of Burgundy|Burgundy]]. He was the fourth and youngest son of King [[John II of France]] and [[Bonne of Luxembourg]].{{sfn|Vaughan|2009b|p=152}}

Philip was the founder of the [[House of Valois-Burgundy|Burgundian branch]] of the [[House of Valois]]. His [[Burgundian State|vast collection of territories]] made him the undisputed premier peer of the [[Kingdom of France]] and made his successors formidable subjects, and later rivals, of the [[kings of France]].

Philip played an important role in the development of [[Gunpowder artillery in the Middle Ages|gunpowder artillery]] in European warfare, making extensive and successful use of it in his military campaigns.{{sfn|Smith|Smith|DeVries|2005|p=16-19}}
By political marriage, from 1384 Philip gained control over Flanders, one of the most wealthy provinces of Europe in that time. He and his successors ruled it until 1482. This period is referred to as the [[Burgundian Netherlands]].  

==Early life==
Philip was born in [[Pontoise]] in 1342 to [[John II of France|John]] and Bonne of Luxembourg.{{sfn|Keane|2016|p=17}} His father, John, was the eldest son of [[Philip VI of France|Philip, Duke of Normandy]], and [[Joan the Lame of Burgundy|Joan of Burgundy]].{{sfn|Keane|2016|p=17}} His father became [[king of France]] in 1350. Philip became known as "the Bold" at the age of 14, when he fought beside his father at the [[Battle of Poitiers]] in 1356.{{sfn|Villalon|Kagay|2017|p=53}} They were captured during the battle by the English.{{sfn|Poupardin|1911}} He remained in custody with his father until the terms of their ransom were agreed to in the [[Treaty of Brétigny]] of 1360. He was created [[duke of Touraine]] in 1360, but in 1363, he returned this duchy to the crown to receive instead the [[Duchy of Burgundy]] in [[apanage]] from his father as a reward for his courage at the Battle of Poitiers.{{sfn|Vaughan|2009b|p=3}}

==Duke of Burgundy==
{{see also|List of territories of the Valois dukes of Burgundy}}
[[File:Arms of Philippe le Hardi.svg|thumb|right|Coat of arms (after 1363)]]
On 19 June 1369, Philip married the 19-year-old [[Margaret III, Countess of Flanders|Margaret]], daughter of Count [[Louis II of Flanders]], who in 1382 inherited the [[County of Flanders]], the [[Duchy of Brabant]], the [[County of Artois]], and the [[Free County of Burgundy]].{{sfn|Vaughan|2009b|p=16}}

From 1379 to 1382, Philip helped his father-in-law Louis II put down revolts in Flanders, particularly in [[Ghent]], by organising an army against [[Philip van Artevelde]].{{sfn|Poupardin|1911}} The revolts were finally ended in 1385, following the death of Louis II, with the [[Peace of Tournai]]. As ''[[jure uxoris]]'' Count of Flanders, he would keep in mind the economic interests of the [[Flemings|Flemish]] cities, which mainly made their money from weaving and spinning. He was aided in this by the expansion of the Three Members – a parliament consisting of representatives from the towns of [[Bruges]], [[Ghent]] and [[Ypres]] – to the [[Four Members]] through the addition of the rural area [[Franc of Bruges]].

In 1390, Philip also became the Count of [[Charolais (county)|Charolais]], a title used by [[Philip the Good]] and [[Charles the Bold]] as the heirs of Burgundy.

[[File:Filips de Stoute Jangelaar of dubbele groot Vlaanderen Gent.jpg|thumb|Flanders, double groat or ''jangelaar'', struck in Ghent under Philip the Bold (1384–1404) with the arms of Burgundy and Flanders.]]
Philip was very active at the court of France, particularly after the death in 1380 of his brother King [[Charles V of France|Charles V]], whose successor [[Charles VI of France|Charles VI]] became king at the age of 11. During Charles' [[Minor (law)|minority]], a council of [[Regent]]s was set up to govern France that was made up of four of his uncles: [[Louis I, Duke of Anjou|Louis, Duke of Anjou]], [[John, Duke of Berry]], and Philip himself from his father's side, and from his mother's side, [[Louis II, Duke of Bourbon]]. Among Philip's acts while regent was the suppression of a tax revolt in 1382 known as the [[Harelle]]. The regency lasted until 1388, always with Philip assuming the dominant role: Louis of Anjou spent much effort fighting for his claim to the [[Kingdom of Naples]] after 1382 and died in 1384, John of Berry was interested mainly in the [[Languedoc]]{{sfn|Vaughan|2009b|pp=40-41}} and not particularly interested in politics, and Louis of Bourbon was largely an unimportant figure due to his personality (he showed signs of mental instability) and his status (since he was not the son of a king). However, Philip, along with John of Berry and Louis of Bourbon, lost most of their power at court in 1388, when Charles VI chose to favour the advice of the [[Marmousets]], his personal advisors, over that of his uncles when he attained his majority.{{sfn|Vaughan|2009b|p=42}}

In 1392, events conspired to allow Philip to seize power once more in France. Charles VI's friend and advisor [[Olivier de Clisson]] had recently been the target of an assassination attempt by agents of [[John V, Duke of Brittany]]. The would-be assassin, [[Pierre de Craon]], had taken refuge in [[Brittany]]. Charles, outraged at these events, determined to punish Craon, and on 1 July 1392 led an expedition against Brittany. While travelling to Brittany, the king, already overwrought by the slow progress, was shocked by a madman who spent half-an-hour following the procession to warn the king that he had been betrayed. When a page dropped a lance, the king reacted by killing several of his knights and had to be wrestled to the ground. Philip, who was present, immediately assumed command and appointed himself regent, dismissing Charles' advisors. He was the principal ruler of France until 1402.{{sfn|Vaughan|2009b|p=42}}

His seizure of power, however, had disastrous consequences for the unity of the [[House of Valois]] and of France itself. The king's brother [[Louis I de Valois, Duke of Orléans|Louis, Duke of Orléans]], resented his uncle taking over as regent instead of himself; the result was a feud between Philip and Louis that continued after their deaths by their families. In particular, both quarreled over royal funds, which each desired to appropriate for his own ends: Louis to fund his extravagant lifestyle, Philip to further his expansionist ambitions in Burgundy and the [[Low Countries]]. This struggle only served to enhance the reputation of Philip, since he appeared to be a sober and honest reformer in comparison to the profligate and irresponsible Louis. Although Charles VI confirmed his brother as regent in 1402 in a rare moment of sanity, Louis's misrule allowed Philip to regain control of France as regent in 1404, shortly before his death.{{sfn|Vaughan|2009b|pp=56-57}}

In 1395, Philip the Bold outlawed cultivation of the [[Gamay]] grape in favour of [[Pinot Noir]] in an early example of agricultural regulation related to wine quality.{{sfn|Dominé|2000|p=210}}{{sfn|Rose|2013|p=44}}

Philip died in [[Halle, Belgium|Halle]], [[County of Hainaut]] (modern [[Belgium]]), on 27 April 1404. His territories were bequeathed to his eldest son [[John the Fearless]], who also inherited Philip's political position in France and the leadership of the Burgundian branch of the Valois family against the Orléans branch.

==Tomb==
{{Main|Tomb of Philip the Bold}}
[[Image:Philippe le Hardi.jpg|thumb|right|Tomb of Philip the Bold at the Palace of the Dukes of Burgundy at [[Dijon]]]]
In 1378, Philip the Bold acquired the domain of Champmol, just outside [[Dijon]], to build the [[Chartreuse de Champmol]] (1383–1388), a [[Carthusian]] monastery ("Charterhouse"), which he intended to house the tombs of his dynasty. His tomb, with [[pleurants]] and his recumbent [[effigy]], is an outstanding work of Burgundian sculpture. They were created by [[Jean de Marville]] (1381–1389), [[Claus Sluter]] (1389–1406) and [[Claus de Werve]] (1406–1410). [[Jean Malouel]], official painter to the duke, was responsible for the polychrome and gilt decoration. After his death, the body of Philip the Bold was eviscerated and embalmed, then placed in a lead coffin. It was then deposited in the choir of Chartreuse de Champmol on 16 June 1404. His internal organs were sent to the church of [[Martin of Tours|Saint Martin]] at Halle. In 1792, his body was transferred to [[Dijon Cathedral]], and in the following year, his tomb was damaged by revolutionaries and looters. It was restored in the first half of the 19th century and today it is in housed the former palace of the dukes, now part of the [[Musée des Beaux-Arts de Dijon]].

==Marriage and issue==
Philip the Bold married the future Countess [[Margaret III of Flanders]] on 19 June 1369,{{sfn|Vaughan|2009b|p=16}} a marriage that would eventually reunite not only the Duchy of Burgundy with the Free County of Burgundy and the County of Artois, but also unite it to the rich County of Flanders. Philip and Margaret had the following children:

*[[John the Fearless]] (1371–1419, murdered at [[Montereau-Fault-Yonne|Montereau]]), his eldest son and successor as Duke of Burgundy{{sfn|Vaughan|2009b|p=82}}
*Charles (1372–1373)
*[[Margaret of Burgundy (1374-1441)|Marguerite]] (October 1374 – 8 March 1441, [[Le Quesnoy]]), [[Countess of Mortain]] married [[William VI, Count of Holland]] and Duke of Bavaria-Straubing{{sfn|Vaughan|2009b|p=82}}
*Louis (1377–1378)
*[[Catherine of Burgundy|Catherine]] (April 1378, [[Montbard]] – 24 January 1425, [[Gray, Haute-Saône]]), married [[Leopold IV of Austria (Habsburg)|Leopold IV]], [[Duke of Austria]]{{sfn|Vaughan|2010|p=31}}
*Bonne (1379–1399, [[Arras]]) betrothed to [[John I, Duke of Bourbon]]{{sfn|Vaughan|2009b|p=82}}
*[[Antoine, Duke of Brabant|Antoine]], Duke of Brabant (August 1384 – 25 October 1415, at [[battle of Agincourt|Agincourt]]){{sfn|Vaughan|2009b|p=82}}
*[[Mary of Burgundy, Duchess of Savoy|Mary]] (September 1386, [[Dijon]] – 2 October 1422, [[Thonon-les-Bains]]), married [[Amadeus VIII of Savoy|Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy]]{{sfn|Vaughan|2009b|p=82}}
*[[Philip II, Count of Nevers]] and [[Counts and dukes of Rethel|Rethel]] (1389–1415, at [[battle of Agincourt|Agincourt]])

In arranging the marriages of his children, Philip followed an intelligent diplomatic and strategic design that would be followed by his successors in Burgundy as far as [[Emperor Maximilian I]]. For example, the double marriage in 1385 at [[Cambrai]] of his son, [[John the Fearless]], and his daughter, [[Margaret of Burgundy, Duchess of Bavaria|Margaret]], to [[Margaret of Bavaria]] and [[William II, Duke of Bavaria-Straubing|William of Bavaria]], son and daughter of [[Albert I, Duke of Bavaria|Albert]], Count of Hainault and Holland, prepared the later union of Hainault and Holland with Burgundy and Flanders, as carried out by Philip's grandson, [[Philip the Good]]. The marriages also inserted the new Valois Burgundy dynasty into the [[Wittelsbach]] network of alliances: the other daughters of Count Albert married [[William I, Duke of Guelders|William I]], [[Duke of Guelders]] and [[Wenceslaus, King of the Romans|Wenceslaus]], King of Bohemia; their cousin, [[Isabeau of Bavaria]] married [[Charles VI of France]], and became [[Queen of France]].

In addition to his alliance with the Netherlandish Bavarians, Philip also made links with the Dukes of [[Rulers of Austria|Austria]] and of [[House of Savoy|Savoy]] by marrying his daughter Catherine to [[Leopold IV of Austria (Habsburg)|Leopold IV of Austria]] and his daughter Mary to [[Amadeus VIII of Savoy]].

==Residences==
[[Image:Vue aérienne de Germolles.jpg|thumb|The [[Château de Germolles]] in [[Burgundy]].]]
Few of Philip the Bold's residences are still extant. Apart from several elements of the ducal palace in Dijon (Tour de Bar), the [[Château de Germolles]] is largely preserved. This residence was offered to his wife, [[Margaret III, Countess of Flanders]] in 1381. The princess transformed the old fortress into a luxurious home with the help of artists from the Burgundian School [[Claus Sluter]] and [[Jean de Beaumetz]].

==See also==
* [[Duke of Burgundy#Family tree]]
* [[Guy II de Pontailler]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |title=Wine |first=André |last=Dominé |year=2000 |publisher=Könemann}}
*{{cite book |first=Marguerite |last=Keane |title=Material Culture and Queenship in 14th-century France: The Testament of Blanche of Navarre (1331–1398) |publisher=Brill |year=2016 }}
*{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Philip the Bold  |volume=21 |page=386 |first=René |last=Poupardin}}
*{{cite book |title=The Wine Trade in Medieval Europe 1000-1500 |first=Susan |last=Rose |publisher=Bloomsbury |year=2013 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Kay Douglas |last2=Smith |first2=Robert Douglas |last3=DeVries |first3=Kelly |year=2005 |title=The Artillery of the Dukes of Burgundy, 1363-1477 |publisher=Boydell Press |isbn=978-1-84383-162-4 }}
*{{cite book |first=Richard |last=Vaughan |title=John the Fearless |publisher=The Boydell Press |year=2009a }}
*{{cite book |first=Richard |last=Vaughan |title=Philip the Bold: The Formation of the Burgundian state |publisher=The Boydell Press |year=2009b }}
*{{cite book |first=Richard |last=Vaughan |title=Philip the Good: The Apogee of Burgundy |publisher=The Boydell Press |year=2010 }}
*{{cite book |title=To Win and Lose a Medieval Battle: Nájera (April 3, 1367), A Pyrrhic Victory for the Black Prince |first1=Andrew |last1=Villalon |first2=Donald |last2=Kagay |publisher=Brill |year=2017 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110112030707/http://www.themourners.org/project.html The Mourners]: Tomb Sculptures from the Court of Burgundy

{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[House of Valois-Burgundy]]|15 January|1342|27 April|1404|[[House of Valois]]}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-break}}
{{S-new}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Duke of Touraine]]|years=1360–1363}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Charles V of France|Charles]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-vac|reason=[[Crown lands of France|Royal domain]]|last=[[Philip I of Burgundy|Philip I]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Duke of Burgundy]]|years=1363–1404}}
{{S-aft|rows=3|after=[[John the Fearless]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Bernard VII, Count of Armagnac|Bernard]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Charolais (county)|Count of Charolais]]|years=1390–1404}}
{{s-break}}
{{S-bef|rows=3|before=[[Louis II of Flanders|Louis of Male]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Count of Nevers]]|regent1=[[Margaret III, Countess of Flanders|Margaret]]|years=1384}}
{{s-break}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Count Palatine of Burgundy]]<br>[[Count of Artois]] and [[Counts of Flanders|Flanders]]|regent1=[[Margaret III, Countess of Flanders|Margaret II & III]]|years=1384–1404}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Margaret III, Countess of Flanders|Margaret II & III]]|as=sole ruler}}
{{s-break}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Count of Rethel]]|regent1=[[Margaret III, Countess of Flanders|Margaret]]|years=1384–1402}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Anthony, Duke of Brabant|Anthony]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{Valois Burgundy}}

{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Philip The Bold}}
[[Category:1342 births]]
[[Category:1404 deaths]]
[[Category:14th-century counts of Flanders]]
[[Category:15th-century counts of Flanders]]
[[Category:14th-century peers of France]]
[[Category:15th-century peers of France]]
[[Category:14th-century regents]]
[[Category:Nobility of the Burgundian Netherlands]]
[[Category:People from the Burgundian State]]
[[Category:House of Valois-Burgundy]]
[[Category:Jure uxoris counts]]
[[Category:Dukes of Touraine|Valois, Philip II of]]
[[Category:Dukes of Burgundy|Philip II]]
[[Category:French prisoners of war in the Hundred Years' War]]
[[Category:Male Shakespearean characters]]
[[Category:People from Pontoise]]
[[Category:Sons of kings]]