Editing Peter Claver

{{Short description|Spanish Jesuit missionary}}
{{Use DMY dates|date=February 2020}}	
{{Infobox saint	
|honorific_prefix = [[Saint]]
|name=Peter Claver
|honorific_suffix = [[Society of Jesus|SJ]]	
|birth_date=26 June 1580	
|death_date={{death date and age|1654|9|8|1580|6|26|df=y}}<ref name=ignatian/>	
|feast_day=9 September	
|venerated_in=[[Catholic Church]], [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in America]]	
|image=StPeterClaver.jpg	
|imagesize=	
|caption=Petrus Claver, Aethiopum Servus (Peter Claver, Slave of the Africans)	
|birth_place=[[Verdú]], [[Kingdom of Aragon]], [[Spanish Empire]]	
|death_place=[[Cartagena, Colombia|Cartagena]], [[New Kingdom of Granada]], [[Spanish Empire]]	
|titles=
|beatified_date=20 July 1850	
|beatified_place=[[Rome]]
|beatified_by=[[Pope Pius IX]]	
|canonized_date=15 January 1888	
|canonized_place=[[Rome]]	
|canonized_by=[[Pope Leo XIII]]	
|attributes=	
|patronage=[[Slaves]], [[Colombia]], race relations, ministry to [[African-Americans]], seafarers
|major_shrine=[[Iglesia de San Pedro Claver, Cartagena]]	
|suppressed_date= 	
|issues= 	
}}

'''Peter Claver''' {{post-nominals|post-noms=[[Society of Jesus|SJ]]}} ({{langx|es|Pedro Claver y Corberó}}; 26 June 1580 – 8 September 1654) was a Spanish [[Jesuits|Jesuit]] priest and missionary born in [[Verdú]], [[Spain]], who, due to his life and work, became the [[patron saint]] of slaves, [[Colombia]], and ministry to [[African Americans]]. 

During the 40 years of his ministry in the [[New Kingdom of Granada]], it is estimated he personally baptized around 300,000 people and heard the [[Confession (religion)|confessions]] of over 5,000 people per year. He is also patron saint for seafarers. He is considered a heroic example of what should be the Christian praxis of love and of the exercise of human rights.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=La virtud heroica del "esclavo de los esclavos" en ''Claver'', de Oswaldo Díaz Díaz |title= Más allá del héroe. Antología crítica de teatro histórico hispanoamericano |year=2008|publisher=Editorial Universidad de Antioquía |isbn=978-958-714-172-6 |page=60 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vtxKlfPsjsgC&q=%22Pedro+Claver%22+%22defensor+de+los+derechos+humanos%22&pg=PA60}}</ref> 

The [[Congress of Colombia]] declared [[General Roman Calendar#September|September 9]] as the National Day of Human Rights in his honor.

==Early life==
Claver was born in 1580 into a devoutly Catholic and prosperous farming family in the [[Spain|Spanish]] village of [[Verdú]],<ref name="suau">{{Cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11763a.htm|title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: St. Peter Claver|website=www.newadvent.org|access-date=2018-08-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027220144/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11763a.htm|archive-date=27 October 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Urgell]], located in the [[Province of Lleida]], [[Spain]] about {{convert|54|mi|km}} from [[Barcelona]]. He was born 70 years after [[King Ferdinand of Spain]] set the colonial slavery culture into motion by authorizing the purchase of 250 African slaves in [[Lisbon]] for his territories in [[New Spain]].

Later, as a student at the [[University of Barcelona]],<ref name=suau/> Claver was noted for his intelligence and piety. After two years of study there, Claver wrote these words in the notebook he kept throughout his life: "I must dedicate myself to the service of God until death, on the understanding that I am like a slave."<ref name="peterclaver1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.crisismagazine.com/2014/st-peter-claver-slave-slaves-forever|title=St. Peter Claver: Slave of the Slaves Forever|last=Sladxy|first=Joseph F.X.|date=September 8, 2014|website=Crisis Magazine|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423103937/http://www.crisismagazine.com/2014/st-peter-claver-slave-slaves-forever|archive-date=23 April 2016|access-date=February 10, 2020}}</ref>

==Formation and Work in the New World==
After he had completed his studies, Claver entered the [[Society of Jesus]] in [[Tarragona]] at the age of 20. When he had completed the [[novitiate]], he was sent to study philosophy at [[Palma, Mallorca]]. While there, he came to know the [[porter (monastery)|porter]] of the college, St. [[Alphonsus Rodriguez]], a [[laybrother]] known for his holiness and gift of [[prophecy]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cruxnow.com/pope-in-colombia/2017/09/st-peter-claver-whose-tomb-pope-will-visit-week/|title=Who was St. Peter Claver, whose tomb the Pope will visit this week?|last=Catholic News Agency|date=September 7, 2017|website=Crux|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205204225/https://cruxnow.com/pope-in-colombia/2017/09/st-peter-claver-whose-tomb-pope-will-visit-week/|archive-date=5 February 2020|access-date=2020-02-10}}</ref> Rodriguez felt that he had been told by God that Claver was to spend his life in service in the colonies of [[New Spain]], and he frequently urged the young student to accept that calling.<ref name=suau/>

[[File:Peter Claver.jpg|thumb|Portrait of St. Peter Claver in the museum [[Palace of Inquisition]], [[Cartagena, Colombia]]]]
Claver volunteered for the Spanish colonies and was sent to the [[New Kingdom of Granada]], where he arrived in the port city of [[Cartagena, Colombia|Cartagena]] in 1610.<ref name="foley">{{Cite web|url=https://www.franciscanmedia.org/saint-peter-claver/|title=Saint Peter Claver|date=September 9, 2016|website=Franciscan Media|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122041550/https://www.franciscanmedia.org/saint-peter-claver/|archive-date=22 January 2019}}</ref> Required to spend six years studying theology before being ordained a priest, he lived in Jesuit houses at [[Tunja]] and [[Bogotá]]. During those preparatory years, he was deeply disturbed by the harsh treatment and living conditions of the black slaves who were brought from Africa.

By this time, the [[History of slavery|slave trade]] had been established in the Americas for about a century. Local Native Americans were considered physically ill-suited to work in the gold and silver mines. Mine owners met their labor requirements by importing blacks from Angola and Congo, whom they purchased in West Africa for four crowns a head or bartered for goods and sold in America for an average two hundred crowns apiece. Others were captured at random, especially able-bodied males and females deemed suitable for labor.<ref name="kopc">{{Cite web|url=http://www.kofpc.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=57&Itemid=54|title=St. Peter Claver|website=Knights of Peter Claver and Ladies Auxiliary|language=en|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721235352/http://www.kofpc.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=57&Itemid=54|archive-date=21 July 2011|access-date=2018-08-22}}</ref>

Cartagena was a slave-trading hub and 10,000 slaves poured into the port yearly, crossing the Atlantic from West Africa under conditions so foul that an estimated one-third died in transit. Although the slave trade was condemned by [[Pope Paul III]] and [[Pope Urban VIII|Urban VIII]] had issued a papal decree prohibiting slavery,<ref name=kopc/> (later called "supreme villainy" by [[Pope Pius IX]]), it was a lucrative business and continued to flourish.<ref name=foley/>

Claver's predecessor in his eventual lifelong mission, [[Alonso de Sandoval]], was his mentor and inspiration.<ref name=foley/> Sandoval devoted himself to serving the slaves for 40 years before Claver arrived to continue his work. Sandoval attempted to learn about their customs and languages; he was so successful that, when he returned to [[Seville]], he wrote a book in 1627 about the nature, customs, rites and beliefs of the Africans. Sandoval found Claver an apt pupil. When he was solemnly professed in 1622, Claver signed his final [[religious profession|profession]] document in [[Latin language|Latin]] as: ''Petrus Claver, aethiopum semper servus'' (Peter Claver, servant of the Ethiopians [i.e. Africans] forever).

==Ministry to the enslaved==
[[File:131 Cathedral San Pedro Claver Dome Cartagena.JPG|thumb|[[Iglesia de San Pedro Claver, Cartagena|Church of St. Peter Claver]] in [[Cartagena, Colombia]], where Claver lived and ministered]]Whereas Sandoval had visited the slaves where they worked, Claver preferred to head for the wharf as soon as a slave ship entered the port. Boarding the ship, he entered the filthy and diseased holds to treat and minister to their badly treated, terrified human cargo, who had survived a voyage of several months under miserable conditions. It was difficult to move around on the ships, because those trafficking in slaves filled them to capacity. The slaves were often told they were being taken to a land where they would be eaten. Claver wore a cloak, which he would lend to anyone in need. A legend arose that whoever wore the cloak received lifetime health and was cured of all disease. After the slaves were herded from the ship and penned in nearby yards to be scrutinized by crowds of buyers, Claver joined them with medicine, food, bread, and lemons. With the help of interpreters and pictures which he carried with him, he gave basic instructions.<ref name="ewtn">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ewtn.com/saintsHoly/saints/P/stpeterclaver.asp|title=EWTN's Saints and other Holy People Home|website=EWTN's Saints and Other Holy People|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226151125/http://www.ewtn.com/saintsHoly/saints/P/stpeterclaver.asp|archive-date=26 February 2018|access-date=2018-08-22}}</ref>

Once baptized, Claver saw the slaves as fellow Christians, and encouraged others to treat them as such. During the season when slavers were not accustomed to arrive, he traveled the country, visiting plantation after plantation, to give spiritual consolation to the slaves.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=June 1854|title=The Saints and Beatified Servants of God Who Have Flourished in America|url=https://www.ewtn.com/library/MARY/AMSAINTS.HTM|url-status=dead|journal=The Metropolitan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822145450/https://www.ewtn.com/library/MARY/AMSAINTS.HTM|archive-date=22 August 2018|via=Eternal World Television Network}}</ref> During his 40 years of ministry it is estimated that he personally catechized and baptized 300,000 slaves.  He would then follow up on them to ensure that as Christians they received their Christian and [[civil rights]]. His mission extended beyond caring for the slaves, however. He preached in the city square, to sailors and traders and conducted country missions, returning every spring to visit those he had baptized, ensuring that they were treated humanely. During these missions, whenever possible he avoided the hospitality of planters and overseers; instead, he would lodge in the same quarters as the slaves.<ref name="peterclaver1"/>

Claver's work on behalf of the enslaved did not prevent him from ministering to the souls of well-to-do members of society, traders and visitors to Cartagena (including Muslims and English Protestants) and condemned criminals, many of whom he spiritually prepared for death; he was also a frequent visitor at the city's hospitals. Through years of unremitting toil and the force of his own unique personality, the slaves' condition slowly improved. In time he became a moral force, the [[Apostle]] of Cartagena.<ref name="peterclaver1"/>

==Illness, and death==
[[File:038 Bones of San Pedro Claver in Cathedral.JPG|thumb|The bones of Claver under an altar at the Church of St. Peter Claver in Cartagena]]

In the last years of his life Peter was too ill to leave his room. He lingered for four years, largely forgotten and neglected, physically abused and starved by an ex-slave who had been hired by the Superior of the house to care for him. He never complained about his treatment, accepting it as a just punishment for his sins.<ref name="ignatian">{{Cite news|url=http://www.ignatianspirituality.com/ignatian-voices/16th-and-17th-century-ignatian-voices/st-peter-claver-sj/|title=St. Peter Claver, SJ (1581-1654)|work=Ignatian Spirituality|access-date=2018-08-22|url-status=live|publisher=LoyolaPress|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813212009/http://www.ignatianspirituality.com/ignatian-voices/16th-and-17th-century-ignatian-voices/st-peter-claver-sj/|archive-date=13 August 2012}}</ref> He died on 8 September 1654.

When the news of his death spread throughout Cartagena many came to his room to pay their last respects. Such was his reputation for holiness that the room was stripped bare of anything that might serve as a [[relic]].<ref name=ignatian/>

The city magistrates, who had previously considered him a nuisance for his persistent advocacy on behalf of the slaves, ordered a public funeral and he was buried with pomp and ceremony. The scope of Claver's ministry, which was prodigious even before considering the astronomical number of people he baptized, was realized only after his death.

==Legacy==
Claver was [[canonization|canonized]] in 1888 by [[Pope Leo XIII]], along with the Jesuit [[porter (monastery)|porter]], [[Alphonsus Rodriguez]]. In 1896, Pope Leo also declared Claver the patron of missionary work among all African peoples.<ref name="suau" /> His body is preserved and venerated in the church of the Jesuit residence, now renamed in his honor as [[Iglesia de San Pedro Claver, Cartagena|''Iglesia de San Pedro Claver'']].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Convento & Iglesia de San Pedro Claver |url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/colombia/caribbean-coast/cartagena/sights/museum/convento-san-pedro |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210191643/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/colombia/caribbean-coast/cartagena/sights/museum/convento-san-pedro |archive-date=10 December 2012 |access-date=2018-08-22 |website=Lonely Planet |language=en}}</ref>{{Quote box|quote='''"No life, except the life of Christ, has moved me so deeply as that of Peter Claver".'''<ref>{{cite book|author= Conti, Servilio |title=El santo del día |year=2006 |edition=4°|publisher=Bonum |page=388 |isbn=978-950-507-593-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2GQo14JoIMIC&q=%22Pedro+Claver+es+el+santo+que+m%C3%A1s+me+ha+impresionado+despu%C3%A9s+de+la+vida+de+Cristo%22+%22Le%C3%B3n+XIII%22&pg=PA388}}</ref>|source= Pope [[Leo XIII]], on the occasion of the canonization of Peter Claver|width=25%}}
Many organizations, missions, parishes, religious congregations, schools and hospitals bear the name of St. Peter Claver and also claim to continue the Mission of Claver as the following:

*The [[Knights of Peter Claver]], Inc., is the largest African-American Catholic fraternal organization in the United States. In 2006, a unit was established in San Andres, Colombia. The Order was founded in Mobile, Alabama, and is presently headquartered in New Orleans.<ref name=kopc/>
*Claver's mission continues today in the work of the Apostleship of the Sea (AoS)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.apostleshipofthesea.org.uk/|title=Apostleship of the Sea Welcomes You &#124; AoS|website=www.apostleshipofthesea.org.uk|access-date=2 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114024724/https://www.apostleshipofthesea.org.uk/|archive-date=14 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> and his inspiration remains among port chaplains and those who visit ships in the name of the church, through the AoS.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.alivepublishing.co.uk/bible-alive-articles/st-peter-claver-patron-saint-of-seafarers|title=St Peter Claver - Patron Saint of Seafarers|date=2011-07-11|work=Alive Publishing|access-date=2018-08-22|url-status=live|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910195337/http://www.alivepublishing.co.uk/bible-alive-articles/st-peter-claver-patron-saint-of-seafarers|archive-date=10 September 2014}}</ref>
*The [[Missionary Sisters of St. Peter Claver]] are a religious congregation of women dedicated to serving the spiritual and social needs of the poor around the world, particularly in Africa. They were founded in Austria by the Blessed [[Mary Theresa Ledóchowska]] in 1894.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.clavermissionarysisters.org/?page_id=165|title=Foundress Blessed Mary Theresa Ledóchowska|website=Missionary Sisters of St Peter Claver of North America|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612151402/http://www.clavermissionarysisters.org/?page_id=165|archive-date=12 June 2018|access-date=2018-08-22}}</ref>
*Among the many parishes dedicated to St. Peter Claver are those in Lexington, Kentucky,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cdlex.org/index.cfm?load=page&page=359|title=St. Peter Claver Parish|website=Catholic Diocese of Lexington|language=en|access-date=2018-08-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903103645/http://www.cdlex.org/index.cfm?load=page&page=359|archive-date=3 September 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> West Hartford, Connecticut,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://stpeterclaver.parishlink.com/public/Home/|title=Parish Home - St Peter Claver|website=Catholic Church of St. Peter Claver|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719030604/http://stpeterclaver.parishlink.com/public/Home/|archive-date=19 July 2013|access-date=19 July 2013}}</ref> Macon, Georgia,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stpeterclaverchurch.org/|title=St. Peter Claver|website=St Peter Claver Catholic Church|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625060944/http://stpeterclaverchurch.org/|archive-date=25 June 2013|access-date=2018-08-22}}</ref> New Orleans, Louisiana,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stpeterclaverneworleans.org/|title=Home {{!}} St Peter Claver|website=www.stpeterclaverneworleans.org|language=en|access-date=2018-08-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130610000913/http://www.stpeterclaverneworleans.org/|archive-date=10 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Simi Valley, California,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.saintpeterclaver.org/|title=St. Peter Claver Catholic Church|website=www.saintpeterclaver.org|language=en|access-date=2018-08-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222162100/http://www.saintpeterclaver.org/|archive-date=22 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> St. Paul, Minnesota,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.spcchurch.org/|title=Church of St Peter Claver, a Catholic Church in St. Paul|website=St Peter Claver Church|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903133029/http://www.spcchurch.org/|archive-date=3 September 2018|access-date=2020-02-10}}</ref>  Sheboygan, Wisconsin,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://catholicsouthside.com/|title=St. Peter Claver, Hmong Catholic Ministries|website=Sheboygan South Side Catholic Parishes|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705225355/http://catholicsouthside.com/|archive-date=5 July 2019|access-date=2020-02-10}}</ref> Montclair, New Jersey,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://saintpeterclaverchurch.com/|title=Saint Peter Claver|website=Saint Peter Claver Church|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181208045414/http://saintpeterclaverchurch.com/|archive-date=8 December 2018|access-date=2020-02-10}}</ref> Baltimore, Maryland,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.archbalt.org/parishes/all-parishes/st-peter-claver/|title=St. Peter Claver|website=Archdiocese of Baltimore|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725111246/https://www.archbalt.org/parishes/all-parishes/st-peter-claver/|archive-date=25 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Huntington, West Virginia,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.spcwv.com/|title=Home|website=St. Peter Claver Catholic Church|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710112028/http://www.spcwv.com/|archive-date=10 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> and Nairobi, Kenya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.catholicdirectory.com/saint-peter-claver/church/st-peter-claver-parish|title=St. Peter Claver Parish|website=The Catholic Directory|language=en|access-date=2020-02-10}}</ref>
*Among the many schools dedicated to St. Peter Claver are those in Decatur, Georgia,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.spc-school.org/#!|title=St. Peter Claver Regional Catholic School - Decatur, GA|website=St. Peter Claver Regional Catholic School|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605122808/http://www.spc-school.org/#!|archive-date=5 June 2013|access-date=2018-08-22}}</ref> and Pimville, South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cso.za.org/Member-Schools/Soweto/St-Peter-Claver-Primary-School|title=St Peter Claver Primary School|website=Catholic Schools in Soweto|publisher=Catholic Schools Office|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801005013/http://www.cso.za.org/Member-Schools/Soweto/St-Peter-Claver-Primary-School|archive-date=1 August 2019|access-date=2020-02-10}}</ref> The oldest African American school in the Diocese of St. Petersburg, and the oldest African American school still functioning in the State of Florida, is the St. Peter Claver Catholic School.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stpeterclavercatholicschool.org/about-us/history/|title=History|date=2013-06-19|website=St. Peter Claver Catholic School|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619141506/http://www.stpeterclavercatholicschool.org/about-us/history/|archive-date=2013-06-19|access-date=2018-08-22}}</ref>

The [[Congress of the Republic of Colombia]] declared September 9 as the [[Human Rights]] national Day in his honor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.defensoria.gov.co/attachment/153/LEY%2095%20DE%201985.pdf|title=LEY 95 DE 1985 (NOVIEMBRE 8)|last=El Congreso de Colombia|date=18 November 1985|website=Defensoria del Pueblo|language=es|trans-title=Law 95 of 1985 (November 8)|access-date=10 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/popes-sense-of-humor-intact-after-minor-popemobile-accident-in-colombia_n_59b68898e4b0b5e531078693|title=Pope's Sense Of Humor Intact After Minor Popemobile Accident In Colombia|last1=Pullella|first1=Philip|last2=Torres|first2=Noe|date=2017-09-11|website=HuffPost Canada|language=en|access-date=2020-02-10}}</ref>

==Controversy==
His canonization has caused angst among some due to his own slaveholding and treatment of slaves (including corporal punishment), and it is alleged that these matters may have initially stalled his canonization. Dr. Katie Grimes has gone so far as to call Claver a "[[White supremacy|White Supremacist]]" and has accused the Catholic Church of "White supremacism" for championing him.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dulle|first=Colleen|date=2017-09-08|title=Who is St. Peter Claver?|url=https://www.americamagazine.org/faith/2017/09/08/st-peter-claver-jesuit|access-date=2021-05-05|website=America Magazine|language=en}}</ref>

That said, the sources cited by Grimes' in her criticism stated that Claver allowed uncommon freedom for the slaves he purchased (using them in his ministry rather than for hard labor), and resorted to physical punishment solely to prevent what he saw as immoral behavior.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=von Germeten|first=Nicole|date=2005|title=A Century of Promoting Saint Peter Claver and Catholicism to African Americans: Claverian Historiography from 1868-1965|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44194944|journal=American Catholic Studies|volume=116|issue=3|pages=23–38|jstor=44194944 |issn=2161-8542}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Slattery|first1=J. R. (John Richard)|url=http://archive.org/details/TheLifeOfStPeterClaverSJ|title=The life of St. Peter Claver, S.J. : the apostle of the Negroes|last2=Fleuriau|first2=Bertrand Gabriel|date=1893|publisher=Philadelphia :, H.L. Kilner}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Louis Bertrand (saint)|Louis Bertrand]]
*[[Mary Theresa Ledóchowska]]
* [[Portal:Catholicism/Patron Archive/September 9|Saint Peter Claver, patron saint archive]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.kofpc.org/ Knights of Peter Claver]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222339/http://www.caribenet.com/index.php?name=News&file=article&sid=24 San Pedro Claver, Caribenet]
* [http://www.apostleshipofthesea.org.uk/ Apostleship to the Sea (AoS)]
* [https://sanpedroclaver.co/ Official website]


{{Portal bar|Biography|Spain|Colombia|Saints}}
{{Jesuits|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Claver, Peter}}
[[Category:1580 births]]
[[Category:1654 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Urgell]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic priests from Catalonia]]
[[Category:Catalan Roman Catholic saints]]
[[Category:Canonizations by Pope Leo XIII]]
[[Category:Christian abolitionists]]
[[Category:Colombian Roman Catholic saints]]
[[Category:Jesuit missionaries in Colombia]]
[[Category:People celebrated in the Lutheran liturgical calendar]]
[[Category:People from New Spain]]
[[Category:Spanish slave trade]]
[[Category:Deaths from Parkinson's disease in Spain]]
[[Category:University of Barcelona alumni]]
[[Category:Jesuit saints]]
[[Category:Spanish Roman Catholic missionaries]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic missionaries in Colombia]]
[[Category:African-American Roman Catholicism]]
[[Category:Pontificia Universidad Javeriana alumni]]