Editing Permanent Court of Arbitration

{{Short description|Intergovernmental organization}}
{{Infobox high court
| court_name = Permanent Court of Arbitration
| native_name = ''Cour permanente d'arbitrage''
| image = Permanent Court of Arbitration - Cour permanente d'arbitrage.svg
| imagesize = 150px
| caption = Seal of the PCA
| established = 1899
| jurisdiction = [[International court|Worldwide]], 125 Contracting Parties<ref name=MemberStates/>
| location = [[The Hague]], [[Netherlands]]
| coordinates = {{coord|52.0866|N|4.2955|E}}
| type = <!-- partisan election/non-partisan election/legislative 
                         selection/executive selection/cooption/etc -->
| authority = [[Hague Peace Conference]]
| appealsto = <!-- appeals of from this court go where -->
| terms = 6 years (renewable)<ref name=AR2015>{{cite web|url=https://pca-cpa.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/175/2016/02/PCA-annual-report-2015.pdf|work=Permanent Court of Arbitration|title=115th Annual Report|access-date=30 July 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827184927/https://pca-cpa.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/175/2016/02/PCA-annual-report-2015.pdf|archive-date=27 August 2016}}</ref>
| positions = Maximum 4 per member state
| website = [http://www.pca-cpa.org/ pca-cpa.org]
| chiefjudgetitle = Secretary-General
| chiefjudgename = [[Marcin Czepelak]]<ref name=SG>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.pl/web/dyplomacja/polak-nowym-sekretarzem-generalnym-stalego-trybunalu-arbitrazowego-w-hadze|title=Polak nowym Sekretarzem Generalnym Stałego Trybunału Arbitrażowego w Hadze|access-date=2022-02-17|work=PCA|archive-url=|archive-date=}}</ref>
| termstart = 2022<ref name=SG/>
}}{{Update|date=February 2025}}
The '''Permanent Court of Arbitration''' ('''PCA''') is a non-[[United Nations|UN]] [[intergovernmental organization]] headquartered at the [[Peace Palace]], in [[The Hague]], [[Netherlands]]. Unlike a judicial court in the traditional sense, the PCA provides administrative support in international arbitrations involving various combinations of States, State entities, international organizations and private parties.<ref name="pca-cpa.org">{{cite web|url=https://pca-cpa.org/en/services/|title=Services - PCA-CPA|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160622082755/https://pca-cpa.org/en/services/|archive-date=2016-06-22}}</ref> The cases span a range of legal issues involving territorial and [[maritime boundary|maritime boundaries]], [[sovereignty]], [[human rights]], international investment, and international and regional trade. The PCA is constituted through two separate multilateral conventions<ref name=hist>{{cite web|url=https://pca-cpa.org/en/about/introduction/history/|work=PCA|access-date=2 August 2016|title=History|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827163827/https://pca-cpa.org/en/about/introduction/history/|archive-date=27 August 2016}}</ref> with a combined membership of 125 Contracting Parties.<ref name=MemberStates/> The PCA is not a [[United Nations agency]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/1989486/united-nations-stresses-separation-hague-tribunal|title=United Nations stresses separation from Hague tribunal|quote=The United Nations clarified on its Chinese microblog yesterday that the tribunal that ruled against China's historic claims over the disputed South China Sea was not a UN agency.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160716051608/http://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/1989486/united-nations-stresses-separation-hague-tribunal|archive-date=2016-07-16}}</ref>
but has been a [[United Nations observer]] since 1993.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/sections/member-states/intergovernmental-organizations/index.html|title=Intergovernmental Organizations|website=www.un.org|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523053652/http://www.un.org/en/sections/member-states/intergovernmental-organizations/index.html|archive-date=2017-05-23}}</ref>

The PCA was established by the Convention for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes, concluded at The Hague in 1899 during the first [[Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907|Hague Peace Conference]] of 1899.<ref>{{Citation |last=Schofield |first=Garth |title=The Permanent Court of Arbitration: From 1899 to the Present |date=2021 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-companion-to-international-arbitration/permanent-court-of-arbitration/AD1990AAD29A65EB6E549865B3456AEC |work=The Cambridge Companion to International Arbitration |pages=349–388 |editor-last=Lim |editor-first=C. L. |series=Cambridge Companions to Law |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/9781108635752.023 |isbn=978-1-108-48059-8}}</ref> The Conference had been convened at the initiative of emperor [[Nicholas II|Nicholas II of Russia]] "with the object of seeking the most objective means of ensuring to all peoples the benefits of a real and lasting peace, and above all, of limiting the progressive development of existing armaments".

The PCA's headquarters, the [[Peace Palace]], was built from 1907 to 1913 to house the Permanent Court of Arbitration.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.icj-cij.org/information/index.php?p1=7 |title=ICJ Practical Information |quote=Built between 1907 and 1913 for the Permanent Court of Arbitration thanks to a donation from Andrew Carnegie, a Scottish-born industrialist who made his fortune in the United States, the Peace Palace is situated in seven hectares of parkland in the heart of the city |publisher=International Court of Justice |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808065522/http://www.icj-cij.org/information/index.php?p1=7 |archive-date=2016-08-08 |access-date=2018-12-23 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vredespaleis.nl/building/carnegie-foundation/?lang=en |title=Peace Palace Carnegie Foundation |quote=He made his donation under the condition that the Peace Palace would not only house the Permanent Court of Arbitration, but also a public legal library |publisher=Peace Palace |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409043911/https://www.vredespaleis.nl/building/carnegie-foundation/?lang=en |archive-date=2018-04-09 |access-date=2018-12-23 }}</ref>

==Organization==
[[File:International Court of Justice HQ 2006.jpg|thumb|Seat of the PCA: The [[Peace Palace]] ("Vredespaleis"), The Hague.]]
[[File:Permanent-Court-of-Arbitration-Members.svg|thumb|Parties of the Permanent Court of Arbitration {{legend|#007f00|according to the convention of 1907}} {{legend|#0000ff|according to the convention of 1899}}{{legend|#C0C0C0|not a party}}]]
[[File:Une des salles de réunion de la Cour permanente d'arbitrage.jpg|thumb|PCA courtroom.]]
[[File:Public Hearing in PCA Case No. 2015-28.jpg|thumb|Public Hearing in PCA Case No. 2015-28, the Enrica Lexie Incident (Italy v. India)]]
[[File:Den Haag - Prinsegracht 71.JPG|thumb|Prinsegracht 71, The Hague, a building dating from about 1728, which was the seat of the PCA between 1901 and 1913, when the construction of the Peace Palace was completed.]]
[[File:North Atlantic Fisheries Arbitration, The Hague, 1910.jpg|thumbnail|North Atlantic Fisheries Arbitration at the Permanent Court of Arbitration, Prinsegracht 71, The Hague, 1910.]]
The PCA is not a conventional court, but an administrative organization with the objective of having permanent and readily available means to serve as the registry for purposes of international arbitration and other related procedures, including commissions of enquiry and conciliation.<ref>Shabtai Rosenne, "The Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1907 and International Arbitration: Reports and Documents", T.M.C. Asser Press (2001), page xxi.</ref>

The ''Administrative Council'' (formally the ''Permanent Administrative Council'') is a body composed of all the diplomatic representatives of the Contracting Parties accredited to the Netherlands.<ref name=AC>{{cite web |url=https://pca-cpa.org/en/about/structure/administrative-council/ |title=Administrative Council |publisher=PCA |access-date=30 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827193746/https://pca-cpa.org/en/about/structure/administrative-council/ |archive-date=27 August 2016 }}</ref> It is presided by the [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Netherlands)|Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands]], who is also a Contracting Party.<ref name=Art49>Article 49</ref> It is responsible for the "direction and control" of the International Bureau, directs the organisation's budget and reports on its activities.<ref name=Art49/>

The ''International Bureau'' is the Secretariat of the PCA and is headed by the Secretary-General. It provides linguistic, research, administrative and financial support to PCA arbitration tribunals.<ref name=IB>{{cite web|url=https://pca-cpa.org/en/about/structure/international-bureau/|title=International Bureau|access-date=2 August 2016|work=PCA|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827191721/https://pca-cpa.org/en/about/structure/international-bureau/|archive-date=27 August 2016}}</ref>

The third organ of the PCA are the ''Members of the Court''. Each Contracting Party may appoint up to four persons "of known competency in questions of international law, of the highest moral reputation and disposed to accept the duties of arbitrators" for a renewable 6-year term. In addition to forming a panel of potential arbitrators, the Members of the Court from each Contracting Party constitute a “national group,”<ref name="MotC">{{cite web|url=https://pca-cpa.org/en/about/structure/members-of-the-court/|title=Members of the Court|access-date=2 August 2016|work=PCA|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827181430/https://pca-cpa.org/en/about/structure/members-of-the-court/|archive-date=27 August 2016}}</ref> which is entitled to nominate candidates for the election to the [[International Court of Justice]].<ref name=MotC/> The Members of the Court (along with the judges of the [[International Court of Justice]]) are among a handful of groups entitled to nominate candidates for the [[Nobel Peace Prize]].<ref name="MotC"/>

Parties to a dispute may, but are not obliged to, select arbitrators from the list of the Members of the Court.

The PCA sometimes gets confused with the [[International Court of Justice]], which also has its seat in the Peace Palace.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.icj-cij.org/homepage/index.php?lang=en |title=International Court of Justice |quote=The International Court of Justice (ICJ) wishes to draw the attention of the media and the public to the fact that the Award in the South China Sea Arbitration (The Republic of the Philippines v. The People’s Republic of China) was issued by an Arbitral Tribunal acting with the secretarial assistance of the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA). The relevant information can be found on the PCA’s website (www.pca-cpa.org). The ICJ, which is a totally distinct institution, has had no involvement in the above mentioned case and, for that reason, there is no information about it on the ICJ’s website. |publisher=ICJ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714151430/http://www.icj-cij.org/homepage/index.php?lang=en |archive-date=2016-07-14 |access-date=2016-07-14 }}</ref> The PCA is not part of the UN system,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.asianews.network/content/arbitral-court-not-un-agency-22594|title=Arbitral court not a UN agency|access-date=20 July 2016|quote=... they confuse the PCA with the UN’s International Court of Justice (ICJ).|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160716053028/http://www.asianews.network/content/arbitral-court-not-un-agency-22594|archive-date=16 July 2016}}</ref> holding observer status in the UN General Assembly since 1993.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/48/a48r003.htm |title=A/RES/48/3 29th plenary meeting 13 October 1993 |publisher=United Nations General Assembly |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060124040848/http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/48/a48r003.htm |archive-date=24 January 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/ga/about/observers.shtml |title=General Assembly of the United Nations - Observers |publisher=UN |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616125103/http://www.un.org/en/ga/about/observers.shtml |archive-date=2017-06-16 }}</ref>
[[File:Public Hearing in PCA Case 2012-04.jpg|thumb|Public Hearing in the Administrative Council Chamber of the PCA in Case No. 2012-04 (Arbitration between the Republic of Croatia and the Republic of Slovenia)]]

== Procedure ==
In the Articles 30–57 of the Hague Convention of 1899 the rules of arbitration procedure are outlined. These rules are an adapted version of pre-existing treaties among the states. They were amended in 1907, the creation of a summary procedure for simple cases being the most conspicuous change, and were relevant in the 1920s development of rules for the Court of International Justice.

The first act of parties before the PCA is the submission of the so-called "compromisis", stating the issue and the competence of the arbitrator(s). Proceedings are then conducted in two phases: written pleadings and oral discussion. The Court retires once the debate is over to deliberate and conclude the case by a simple majority of votes.

The decision is published as an award, along with any dissenting opinions. Early Court decisions were countersigned by the arbitrators themselves, but in 1907, that responsibility was passed to the president and secretary (of the PCA). The award is read in a public session in the presence of the agents and lawyers of the parties to the case. The decision is binding on the parties, and there is no mechanism for appeal.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Peace Palace: residence for justice, domicile of learning|last=Eyffinger|first=Arthur|publisher=Carnegie|year=1988|isbn=9066113316|pages=136}}</ref>

==Budget and fees==
Between 2007 and 2008, the budget was €1.8 million.<ref name=gemeente>{{cite web|url=http://www.denhaag.nl/web/file?uuid=64275ce6-b9be-4e80-a2c1-a3224f0b8456&owner=bfadc11e-971e-465e-b613-5da689f27cd0&contentid=5982|work=City of The Hague|title=The Permanent Court of Arbitration|access-date=31 July 2016|date=November 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914184418/http://www.denhaag.nl/web/file?uuid=64275ce6-b9be-4e80-a2c1-a3224f0b8456&owner=bfadc11e-971e-465e-b613-5da689f27cd0&contentid=5982|archive-date=14 September 2016}}</ref>

The budget of the PCA comes from the contributions of its Contracting Parties and income through arbitration cases. The distribution of the amounts to be paid by the individual Contracting Parties is based on the system in use by the [[Universal Postal Union]].<ref name=AC/>

Parties to arbitration have to pay the expenses of the arbitral tribunal set up to hear the case, including the salary of the arbitrators, registry and administrative functions, but not including overheads of the organization.<ref>Art. 85 Convention for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes (Hague I), October 18, 1907.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://pca-cpa.org/en/fees-and-costs/ |title=Schedule of Fees and Costs |publisher=PCA |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512004932/https://pca-cpa.org/en/fees-and-costs/ |archive-date=2018-05-12 |access-date=2016-07-27 }}</ref> The costs of arbitration vary from case to case and discussions may be held between the PCA and the parties over fee arrangements.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://pca-cpa.org/en/faq/|title=FAQ, PCA-CPA|quote=The costs of arbitration vary from case to case. To promote maximum flexibility in each case, the PCA has no fixed fee schedule. The PCA assists the parties and tribunal in finding a fee arrangement that is most appropriate for the case.|access-date=2016-07-14|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827152918/https://pca-cpa.org/en/faq/|archive-date=2016-08-27}}</ref>

The fixed costs for action as an appointing authority are €3000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pca-cpa.org/fees-and-costs/|title=Fees and costs &#124; PCA-CPA|website=pca-cpa.org}}</ref>

==Contracting Parties==
{{main|List of parties to the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907}}
Parties to the Convention on the Pacific Settlement of disputes of 1899 (71 Parties) and 1907 (101 Parties) are automatically parties to the PCA. As 52 are parties to both conventions, the PCA has 125 Contracting Parties: 123 members of the United Nations, as well as [[Kosovo]] and [[Palestine]].<ref name=MemberStates>{{cite web|url=https://pca-cpa.org/en/about/introduction/contracting-parties/|title=Contracting Parties|publisher=PCA|access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref>

==History==
The PCA is the oldest institution for international dispute resolution. It was established in 1899 by the first [[Hague Peace Conference]] under Articles 20 to 29 of the 1899 [[Hague Convention for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes]].  At the second Hague Peace Conference, the earlier Convention was revised by the 1907 [[Convention for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes]].  The Conference was convened at the initiative of emperor [[Nicholas II|Nicholas II of Russia]] "with the object of seeking the most objective means of ensuring to all peoples the benefits of a real and lasting peace, and above all, of limiting the progressive development of existing armaments".<ref name="Mistelis2010">{{cite book|author=Loukas A. Mistelis|title=Arbitration Rules-International Institutions-3rd Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FkPSAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT300|date=1 May 2010|publisher=Juris Publishing, Inc.|isbn=978-1-933833-56-9|page=300}}</ref>

=== List of PCA Secretaries-General ===
The current Secretary-General of the PCA is [[Marcin Czepelak|Dr. Hab. Marcin Czepelak]], who was elected on 14 February 2022 by the PCA Administrative Council for a term of 5 years (from 1 June 2022 until 31 May 2027).

The below table lists all the Secretaries-General who have served the PCA since its founding.
{| class="wikitable"
|Baron R. Melvil van Lynden
|1900-1901
|-
|Mr. L.H. Ruyssenaers
|1901-1905
|-
|Baron L.P.M.H. Michiels van Verduynen
|1905-1929
|-
|Dr. M.A. Crommelin
|1929-1947
|-
|Jonkheer [[:nl:Aarnout Marinus Snouck Hurgronje|Aarnout Marinus Snouck Hurgronje]]
|1948-1951
|-
|Dr. A. Loudon
|1951-1953
|-
|Prof. [[:nl:Jean Pierre Adrien François|Jean Pierre Adrien François]]
|1954-1968
|-
|Baron E.O. van Boetzelaar
|1968-1980
|-
|Mr. J. Varekamp
|1981-1990
|-
|Mr. P.J.H. Jonkman
|1990-1999
|-
|Mr. Tjaco T. van den Hout
|1999-2008
|-
|Mr. Christiaan M.J. Kröner
|2008-2011
|-
|Mr. Hugo H. Siblesz
|2012-2022
|-
|Dr. Hab. [[Marcin Czepelak]]
|2022-
|}

==Functions==
PCA tribunals have jurisdiction for disputes based on the PCA founding documents (the Conventions on Pacific Settlement of International Disputes), or based on bilateral and multilateral treaties. Its Secretary General furthermore acts as an appointing authority for arbitration.

===Appointing authority===
When problems arise in designating arbitrators for an arbitration under [[UNCITRAL]] arbitration rules (e.g. because one of the parties refuses to designate an arbitrator, or when the designated arbitrators are unable to agree on designation of a third arbitrator), the PCA Secretary-General may be requested to serve as an appointing authority. This option is also open for other arbitration agreements, in which the Secretary General is designated.<ref name=appointing>{{cite web|title=PCA Secretary-General as Appointing Authority|access-date=30 July 2016|work=Permanent Court of Arbitration|url=https://pca-cpa.org/en/services/appointing-authority/pca-secretary-general-as-appointing-authority/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827181525/https://pca-cpa.org/en/services/appointing-authority/pca-secretary-general-as-appointing-authority/|archive-date=27 August 2016}}</ref> Between 2011, and 2015, 257 of such requests were submitted.<ref name=AR2015/>

===Interstate arbitration based on the Hague Convention===
Arbitration between two states takes place when two member states of the PCA decide to submit a dispute for arbitration to a PCA Tribunal. The Tribunal consists of five arbitrators:  two (one of whom may be a national of the party concerned) are selected by each party to the arbitration;  these four arbitrators then choose the fifth and presiding arbitrator.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/pacific.asp|title=1907 The Hague Convention for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes|access-date=31 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110816180903/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/pacific.asp|archive-date=16 August 2011}}</ref>

===Interstate arbitration based on UNCLOS===
The [[United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea]] (UNCLOS) provides for a dispute resolution mechanism regarding maritime boundaries in which member states can choose either the 
#[[International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea]]
#[[International Court of Justice]], 
#arbitral tribunal (constituted in accordance with Annex VII, UNCLOS){{Citation needed|date=July 2023}}
#a special arbitral tribunal (constituted in accordance with Annex VIII). 
If two member states have elected different dispute resolution measures, the third option is to be used.<ref name=UNCLOS>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/unclos_e.pdf|title=United Nations Convention on the law of the sea|quote=article 287|access-date=31 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109235201/http://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/unclos_e.pdf|archive-date=9 November 2015}}</ref> As of August 2016, the PCA has administered twelve of the thirteen cases initiated by states under Annex VII to the [[UNCLOS]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pca-cpa.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/175/2016/07/PH-CN-20160712-Press-Release-No-11-English.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-07-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712201412/https://pca-cpa.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/175/2016/07/PH-CN-20160712-Press-Release-No-11-English.pdf |archive-date=2016-07-12 }}</ref><ref name=UNCLOSPCA>{{cite web|access-date=31 July 2016|work=PCA|title=United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea|url=https://pca-cpa.org/en/services/arbitration-services/unclos/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827171112/https://pca-cpa.org/en/services/arbitration-services/unclos/|archive-date=27 August 2016}}</ref>

===Investor{{endash}}state investment disputes===
Many [[free trade agreement]]s provide for a mechanism to resolve disputes between investors and states through arbitration through so-called investor-state dispute settlement ([[ISDS]]) clauses. The PCA may play a role in such proceedings as appointing authority for arbitrators, by use of its arbitration rules or by providing support to the arbitration case.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pca-cpa.org/en/documents/instruments-referring-to-the-pca/|work=PCA|title=INSTRUMENTS REFERRING TO THE PCA|access-date=31 July 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827154320/https://pca-cpa.org/en/documents/instruments-referring-to-the-pca/|archive-date=27 August 2016}}</ref>

==Cases==
Examples of cases are shown below:

'''Interstate'''
* United States of America v. Mexico ([[Pious Fund of the Californias]]) (1902)
* United States of America v. United Kingdom (The North Atlantic Coast Fisheries Case) (1910)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pca-cpa.org/en/cases/74/|title=Cases &#124; PCA-CPA}}</ref>
* France v. Great Britain ([[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar#Case before the Permanent Court of Arbitration|Savarkar Case]]) (1911)
* United States of America v. The Netherlands ([[Island of Palmas Case]]) (1928)
* Eritrea v. Yemen ([[Hanish Islands conflict]]) (1999)
* Belgium v. The Netherlands ([[Iron Rhine]] case)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pca-cpa.org/showpage.asp?pag_id=1155|title=PCA-CPA|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019173343/http://www.pca-cpa.org/showpage.asp?pag_id=1155|archive-date=2013-10-19}}</ref> (2005)
* [[Croatia–Slovenia border disputes|Croatia v. Slovenia]] (2017)

'''Interstate: Annex VII UNCLOS'''
*[[Barbados v. Trinidad and Tobago]] (2006)
* Bangladesh v. India (Bay of Bengal Maritime Boundary)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pca-cpa.org/en/cases/18/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213194534/http://www.pca-cpa.org/showpage.asp?pag_id=1376|url-status=live|archive-date=2010-12-13|title=PCA-CPA}}</ref> (2014)
* Denmark in respect of the [[Faroe Islands]] v. European Union (Atlanto-Scandian Herring Arbitration) (2014)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pca-cpa.org/en/cases/25/|title=Cases &#124; PCA-CPA}}</ref>
*[[Mauritius v. United Kingdom]] ([[Chagos Marine Protected Area]]) (2015)
*[[Philippines v. China]] (2016)
* Netherlands v. Russia ([[MV Arctic Sunrise]]) (2017)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pca-cpa.org/en/cases/21/|title=Cases &#124; PCA-CPA}}</ref>
* Italy v. India ([[Enrica Lexie case]]) (2020)

'''Investor-state'''
*[[Yukos shareholders v. Russia|Hulley Enterprises Limited (Cyprus), Yukos Universal Limited (Isle of Man) and Veteran Petroleum Limited (Cyprus) v. the Russian Federation]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pca-cpa.org/showpage.asp?pag_id=1599|title=PCA-CPA|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730082657/http://www.pca-cpa.org/showpage.asp?pag_id=1599|archive-date=2014-07-30}}</ref> (2015)
*[[Cairn Energy and Government of India dispute|Cairn Energy PLC & Cairn UK Holdings Limited v. The Republic of India]]<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Cases {{!}} PCA-CPA — Cairn Energy PLC & Cairn UK Holdings Limited v. The Republic of India|url=https://pca-cpa.org/en/cases/221/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203023519/https://pca-cpa.org/en/cases/221/|archive-date=3 February 2020|access-date=2021-07-22|website=pca-cpa.org|publisher=Permanent Court of Arbitration}}</ref>

'''Other'''
* United States v. Iran ([[Iran-United States Claims Tribunal]]) in the early 1980s the PCA helped set up the claims tribunal<ref>Judge George H. Aldrich, "The Iran-U.S. Claims Tribunal" in P. Hamilton et al., ed., ''The Permanent Court of Arbitration: International Arbitration and Dispute Resolution'', Kluwer Law International (1999), p. 208.</ref>
* Eritrea v. Ethiopia ([[Eritrean-Ethiopian War#Arbitration through the Permanent Court of Arbitration|Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission]]) (2009) Claims Commission was organized through the PCA
* Sudan v. [[Sudan People's Liberation Movement]] ([[Abyei#Arbitration through the Permanent Court of Arbitration|Abyei Arbitration]]) (2009)

==See also==
* [[Ligue internationale de la paix]]
* [[International arbitration]]
* [[International Court of Justice]]
* [[International Court of Arbitration]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book| last= Hudson| first= Manley O.|author-link= Manley O. Hudson| title= The Permanent Court of International Justice 1920-1942| type= A Treatise|date=June 1943| publisher= [[The Macmillan Company]]| location= New York| pages= 3–36 Sections 1–32| chapter= Chapter 1. The Permanent Court of Arbitration}} – The relevant chapter includes information about a number of cases referred to the Permanent Court of Arbitration.

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.pca-cpa.org/ PCA website]
** [http://www.pca-cpa.org/showpage.asp?pag_id=1187/ Conventions regarding establishment of PCA]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20090307100642/http://www.pca-cpa.org/showpage.asp?pag_id=1029 List of linked PCA cases]
* [http://www.haguejusticeportal.net/ Hague Justice Portal]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Permanent Court of Arbitration| ]]
[[Category:Foreign direct investment]]
[[Category:International arbitration courts and tribunals]]
[[Category:Organisations based in The Hague]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1899]]
[[Category:Intergovernmental organizations established by treaty]]
[[Category:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907]]
[[Category:Peace organizations]]