Editing Pentland Firth

{{Short description|Strait between the Orkney Islands and Caithness in the north of Scotland}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox body of water
|name          = Pentland Firth
|location      = [[Scotland]], UK
|pushpin_map   = UK Scotland
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Scotland]]
|image         = 1972 Orkney Islands.jpg
|caption       = Looking across the waters of the Pentland Firth to the island of [[Hoy, Orkney|Hoy]] in [[Orkney]]
|coordinates   = {{Coord|58.7|-3.2|type:waterbody_region:GB_dim:100000|display=inline,title}}
}}

The '''Pentland Firth''' ({{langx|gd|An Caol Arcach}}, meaning the Orcadian Strait) is a [[strait]] which separates the [[Orkney Islands]] from [[Caithness]] in the north of [[Scotland]]. Despite the name, it is not a [[firth]].

==Etymology==
The name is presumed to be a corruption of the [[Old Norse]] "Petlandsfjörð",<ref>Anderson, Joseph (Ed.) (1893) ''Orkneyinga Saga''. Translated by Jón A. Hjaltalin & Gilbert Goudie. Edinburgh. James Thin and Mercat Press (1990 reprint). {{ISBN|0-901824-25-9}}</ref> meaning "the fjord of Pictland", and is completely unrelated to the [[Pentland Hills]] near [[Edinburgh]].{{Cn|date=February 2025}}

Prior to the Norse occupation of Orkney the strait was known as the "Sea of Orcs" – a reference to the [[Picts|Pictish]] tribe who inhabited Orkney. Such was their marine prowess that there are also instances of this name referring to the sea lanes of the entire west coast of Scotland down to [[Kintyre]]. One version of the 9th-century ''[[Historia Brittonum]]'' states that "the Britons originally filled the whole island with their peoples from the English Channel to the Sea of Orcs".<ref>Watson (1994) pp. 62–63</ref><ref>"Britons" in this case means the [[British language (Celtic)|Brythonic]]-speaking peoples.</ref>

==Geography==
On the Caithness (southern) side the Firth extends from [[Dunnet Head]]<ref>[[Latitude]]-[[longitude]] coordinates and [[Ordnance Survey]] [[British national grid reference system|grid reference]]s for Dunnet Head: {{coord|58|40|21|N|03|22|31|W}}, {{gbmappingsmall|ND202767}}</ref> in the west to [[Duncansby Head point|Duncansby Head]]<ref>[[Latitude]]-[[longitude]] coordinates and [[Ordnance Survey]] [[British national grid reference system|grid reference]]s for [[Duncansby Head]] point: {{coord|58|38|43|N|03|01|23|W}}, {{gbmappingsmall|ND405733}}</ref> in the east, while on the Orkney (northern) side from Tor Ness on [[Hoy, Orkney|Hoy]] in the west to Old Head on [[South Ronaldsay]] in the east.

In the middle of the Firth are two significant islands, [[Stroma, Scotland|Stroma]]<ref>[[Latitude]]-[[longitude]] coordinates and [[Ordnance Survey]] [[British national grid reference system|grid reference]]s for [[Stroma Lighthouse]]: {{coord|58|41|48|N|03|07|00|W}}</ref> and [[Swona]]. The small [[Pentland Skerries]] group are in the east. The islands of Hoy and South Ronaldsay border the firth to the north and are part of the [[Orkney Islands]].

The most northerly point of the headland of Dunnet Head, Easter Head, is also that of mainland [[Great Britain|Britain]]. The famous [[John o' Groats]],<ref>[[Latitude]]-[[longitude]] coordinates and [[Ordnance Survey]] [[British national grid reference system|grid reference]]s for John o'Groats: {{gbmappingsmall|ND379735}}</ref> [[Mey, Highland|Mey]] (site of the [[Castle of Mey]]), and many smaller villages are also to be found on the Caithness side as is the town of [[Thurso]] and [[Scrabster Harbour]] in [[Thurso Bay]], on the western fringe of the Firth.{{Cn|date=February 2025}}

==Crossing the Firth==
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2025}} 
In the West the ferry from [[Scrabster]] to [[Stromness]] operated by [[NorthLink Ferries|NorthLink]] is the oldest continuous ferry service across the firth by the ferry [[MV Hamnavoe|MV ''Hamnavoe'']], started in 1856 as a continuation of the railhead at [[Thurso]]. The [[Far North Line]] opened 28 July 1874

Historically the [[Gills Bay]] area has been the main setting off point from the mainland to the islands of Stroma and Swona and [[Orkney]] itself. At present [[Pentland Ferries]] operate on this route from Gills Bay to [[St Margaret's Hope]] on South Ronaldsay.

At the eastern end John o' Groats Ferries sail to Burwick, also on South Ronaldsay. This is a small passenger ferry which ran in the summer months only until recently. It did not run in the 2024 season.

Consideration was also given to construction of a tunnel linking the islands to the mainland. The {{convert|10|mi|km|adj=on}} tunnel was initially projected to have cost £100 million based on preliminary studies carried out in 2005 but as of 2012 no further progress has been made.

The first recorded swim across the Pentland Firth was by Coleen Blair in 2011. It has since been swum by others including Andrea Gellan (2011; fastest swim) Mark Cameron (2018) and Alison Lievesley (2020)

==Tidal races==
The Firth is well known for the strength of its tidal currents, which are among the fastest in the world, a speed of {{convert|30|km/h|knots}} being reported close west of Pentland Skerries. The force of the tides gives rise to overfalls and [[tidal race]]s which can occur at different stages of the tide. Combined with gale-force winds, they often give rise to extremely violent sea conditions, which have caused accidents such as the 2015 sinking of the cargo ship [[MV Cemfjord]] that resulted in the death of eight crew members.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.iims.org.uk/poor-decision-making-led-cemfjords-capsizing-reveals-maib-investigation-report/|title=Poor decision making led to the Cemfjord's capsizing|date=2016-04-21|website=The International Institute of Marine Surveying (IIMS)|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-27}}</ref>

Some of the principal tidal races are:<ref>van Rijn, Leo C. 2011. Principles of fluid flow and surface waves in rivers, estuaries, seas and oceans. Aqua Publications. {{ISBN|978-90-79755-02-8}}</ref>

[[Image:PentlandFirthMap.png|thumb|300px|Map of the Pentland Firth and associated lands]]
*‘The Merry Men of Mey’. Forms off St John's point in the west-going stream and extends as the tide increases NNW across the firth to Tor Ness. The worst part is over a sand wave field about {{convert|5.5|km|mi}} west of Stroma. The waves formed by this race form a natural breakwater with relatively calm water to the east of it, particularly noticeable when a westerly swell is running. Tides in this area can exceed {{convert|19|km/h|kn|abbr=on}}.
*‘The Swelkie’. The race at the north end of Stroma, off Swelkie Point is known as "The Swelkie". It extends from the point in an easterly or westerly direction depending on the tide and can be particularly violent. The [[whirlpool]], according to a Nordic tradition recorded in the [[Eddas]], is caused by two [[gýgjar]] named [[Grottasongr|Fenja and Menja]] turning the millstone Grótti, which grinds out the ocean's salt.<ref name="Simek">{{cite book |last1=Simek |first1=Rudolf |title=Dictionary of northern mythology |date=1993 |publisher=D.S. Brewer |location=Cambridge [England] |isbn=9780859915137 |page=120}}</ref> The witches 'Grotti Finnie' and 'Grotti Minnie' feature in later [[Orcadians|Orcadian]] and [[Shetland|Shetlandic]] folklore.<ref name="Marwick">{{cite book |last1=Marwick |first1=Ernest W. |title=The folklore of Orkney and Shetland |date=1975 |publisher=B.T. Batsford |location=London |isbn=0713429992 |page=32}}</ref> The name of the race is derived from {{langx|non|Svelgr}}, meaning "the Swallower".
*The ‘Duncansby Race’ forms off Ness of Duncansby at the start of the SE-going tidal stream (flood). Initially extending ENE but wheeling gradually anti-clockwise until it extends about {{convert|1.5|km|mi}} NW some {{frac|2|1|2}}&nbsp;h later at which point it is known as ‘The Boars of Duncansby’. During the time of the SE stream there is additional turbulence off Duncansby Head, particularly to the East. The race temporarily ceases at the turn of the tide before forming in an ENE direction in the NW-going tidal stream (ebb) before ceasing again at the next turn of the tide. The race is particularly violent and dangerous when the tidal stream is opposed by gales in the opposite direction. During the east-going stream a race forms off Ness of Huna. This race can be particularly violent in an easterly or southeasterly gale.
*The ‘Liddel Eddy’ forms between South Ronaldsay and Muckle Skerry in the East-going stream (flood). A race also forms for part of the time off Old Head at the SE part of South Ronaldsay.

In addition to ‘The Swelkie’, races form at both the north and south ends of Stroma and Swona. Between the races there is a calm eddy which extends down tide as the tide strengthens. The races are highly visible with overfalls and whirlpools. Large swell waves can also be present, especially in bad weather conditions. When entering or leaving the eddies, crossing the races, even large powerful vessels can be pushed off course, such is the demarcation between the relatively calm eddy and the fast-moving tide in the races. There are other races in the firth particularly off Brough Head.{{Cn|date=February 2025}}

==Tidal power==
Currents of up to {{convert|5|m/s|mph}} make the Pentland Firth potentially one of the best sites in the world for [[tidal power]].<ref name=Connor20130710>{{cite news | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/wave-goodbye-to-hope-of-tidal-energy-exports-scots-politicians-told-8698504.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220525/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/wave-goodbye-to-hope-of-tidal-energy-exports-scots-politicians-told-8698504.html |archive-date=25 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live | title=Wave goodbye to hope of tidal energy exports, Scots politicians told | first=Steve | last=Connor | date=10 July 2013 | newspaper=The Independent}}</ref> This has taken on a political dimension. The [[Scottish National Party|SNP]] Energy Review of July 2006 claimed that the Firth could produce "10 to 20 GW of synchronous electricity"<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.snp.org | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061203055559/http://www.snp.org/ | archive-date=2006-12-03 | format=pdf | title=Scottish Energy Review: Scotland's opportunity – Scotland's challenge | first1=Stephen | last1=Salter | author-link1=Stephen Salter | first2=Kerr | last2=MacGregor | first3=Clifford | last3=Jones | date=July 2006 | publisher=Scottish National Party }} [http://www.see.ed.ac.uk/~shs/SNP%20Energy%20review/SNP%20Energy%20review.pdf Alt URL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014125909/http://www.see.ed.ac.uk/~shs/SNP%20Energy%20review/SNP%20Energy%20review.pdf |date=14 October 2013 }}</ref> and [[First Minister of Scotland|First Minister]] [[Alex Salmond]] claimed that the Pentland Firth could be "the Saudi Arabia of tidal power"<ref name=SRF32 /> with an output of "20 gigawatts and more than that".<ref name=SRF32>{{cite journal|url=http://www.scottishrenewables.com/MultimediaGallery/aeeb2c12-2406-47e1-977e-67518467f39b.pdf|first=Alex | last=Salmond | author-link=Alex Salmond |title=Small Country Thinks Big | journal=Scottish Renewables Review | number=32 |date=November 2006|publisher=Scottish Renewables|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326084759/http://www.scottishrenewables.com/MultimediaGallery/aeeb2c12-2406-47e1-977e-67518467f39b.pdf | archive-date=2009-03-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.scotsman.com/news/salmond-hails-pentland-firth-europe-s-powerhouse-1-1134345 | title=Salmond hails Pentland Firth Europe's powerhouse | date= 29 September 2008 | newspaper=The Scotsman}}</ref> In July 2013 Thomas Adcock of Oxford University stated that the Firth "is almost certainly the best site for tidal stream power in the world"<ref>Carrington, Damian (10 July 2013) [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/jul/10/tidal-power-penland-firth-scotland-electricity "Tidal power from Pentland firth 'could provide half of Scotland's electricity' "]. London: ''The Guardian''.</ref> although a peer-reviewed study he led suggested that the maximum potential of the Firth was 1.9 [[Gigawatt|GW]] of tidal power, with one GW being a more realistic figure.<ref name=Connor20130710 />

In October 2008 tidal power developer Atlantis Resources Corporation (ARC) announced it was considering a site near the [[Castle of Mey]] for a computer data centre that would be powered by a tidal scheme in the Firth.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/highlands_and_islands/7675510.stm "Major tidal power plan revealed"] BBC News. Retrieved 26 October 2008.</ref> In October 2010 [[MeyGen]], a consortium of ARC, [[Morgan Stanley]] and [[International Power]], received operational lease from the [[Crown Estate]] to a 400&nbsp;[[Megawatt|MW]] project for 25 years.<ref name="nceT">[http://www.nce.co.uk/news/energy/major-scottish-tidal-project-unveiled/8607525.article Major Scottish tidal project unveiled] ''New Civil Engineer'', 28 October 2010. Retrieved: 4 November 2010.<!--many related articles--></ref> Consent was granted in September 2013 for MeyGen to build a 9&nbsp;MW demonstration project of six AR1000 turbines commissioning in 2015<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.meygen.com/2013/09/meygen-secures-consent-for-86mw-tidal-energy-project/ | title=MeyGen secures consent for 86MW tidal energy project | date=16 September 2013 | publisher=MeyGen Ltd | access-date=12 October 2013 | archive-date=14 October 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014214711/http://www.meygen.com/2013/09/meygen-secures-consent-for-86mw-tidal-energy-project/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> with 86&nbsp;MW planned for phase 1 by 2020. The second phase would install up to 400 turbines generating 398&nbsp;MW.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-24100811 | date= 16 September 2013 | title=Pentland Firth tidal turbine project given consent | work=BBC News}}</ref>

MeyGen completed the longest-ever run of continuous tidal electricity generation in 2019 with 25 GWh produced, enough to power nearly 4,000 homes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://electrek.co/2020/02/04/egeb-tidal-energy-hit-a-major-milestone-in-scotland-in-2019/|title=EGEB: Tidal energy hit a major milestone in Scotland in 2019|last=Lewis|first=Michelle|date=2020-02-04|website=Electrek|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-04}}</ref>

==Marine wildlife==
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2025}}
[[Image:Stromalighthouse.jpg|right|thumb|alt=Stroma Lighthouse, tower on the left, support buildings to the right, viewed from a distance across grassland, up muddy tracks |Stroma Lighthouse]]
[[pinniped|Seals]] can be seen at all times of the year in all parts of the firth. They usually bask on the rocks on the ebb (falling) tide since it saves them having to move as the water rises. Large groups of seals can be seen at the north of [[Stroma, Scotland|Stroma]], from the lighthouse round to the north-west part of the island and at the south end in the area of the beacon and to the east between the old jetty and the lighthouse. On [[Swona]] they can be seen around the midpoint of the west coast.
The [[harbor seal|common seal]] come in various colours with spots and have their pups in May, June and July. They are of a similar colour to the adults and can swim from birth, The [[grey seal]], which is more common in this area having one of the largest British populations, also comes in a number of colours and live in colonies giving birth to white pups from October through to January. These pups do not swim at first until they shed their white coat. When giving birth seals can often be seen inland.

[[Porpoise]]s can be seen all year round in all parts of the firth although they tend to favour shallower water. They grow to about 1.5&nbsp;m and are black with a broad based triangular fin which can be seen as they surface. They have a small, rotund body with a short, blunt head, no beak, and a small, triangular dorsal fin. They are usually seen singly or in small numbers although in the autumn many groups may be seen in [[Gills Bay]]. When in groups, they tend to swim in a more random fashion than dolphins who swim together.

[[Dolphin]]s are not very common but seen from time to time. Many different types visit the firth and may be seen anywhere at any time. Larger than porpoises, 2–3&nbsp;m depending on the type, black, with the rear edge of the fin curved back at the top unlike the straight edge of the porpoise. Head has a distinct beak. Often swim alongside the bow of vessels and frolic in the bow waves. Probably more than one usually swimming together in a more synchronised manner, sometimes leaping out of the water.

[[Killer whales]] are mostly seen around May to July although may be sighted at any time of the year. Usually swim in a pod of a maximum of from six to twelve individuals led by a matriarchal female. Males can grow up to 9&nbsp;m long and can be about 25% larger than females and juveniles in the pod. They tend to be fairly distinctive due to their size, fin and markings. The male has a very tall, triangular and erect dorsal fin which is sometimes tilted forwards. Juveniles and adult females both have a smaller, sickle-shaped dorsal fin. When surfacing the grey saddle shows up over the black back, behind the dorsal fin. It has a conical-shaped black head, with a distinctive white oval patch above and behind the eye, an indistinct beak, white throat and large paddle-shaped flippers.

[[Minke whales]] are quite often seen in June and occasionally through to October but also at other times of the year. Tend to feed in the up-welling water of the tidal races but can be seen elsewhere. Usually seen singly but may be in pairs. Grows to 7–8.5&nbsp;m, black with diagonal white band on flipper and a slender, pointed triangular head. Relatively small dorsal fin curved back at top at rear part of body. Will probably see the long back with small fin to rear breaking the surface although they are known to bow and stern ride the waves of vessels.

[[Basking shark]]. Rare but being seen more often around May to August. A fish rather than a marine mammal, it spends most of its time cruising on the surface filter feeding. The dorsal fin can be seen moving steadily through the water with the tip of the tail moving from side to side behind it. Usually seen feeding inshore at high tide around here in the [[Gills Bay]], [[Stroma, Scotland|Stroma]], area though may be seen in deeper water. Generally around 8&nbsp;m long, greyish brown to bluish black with pale belly. Seen in northern waters in the summer, southern in winter. Often in groups of three or four.

[[Turtle]]s. Very rarely seen, however, they are occasionally found caught in fishing nets in this area. The [[leatherback turtle|leatherback]] is the most frequently recorded species in UK waters and probably the only one in this area. Grows to about 2.9&nbsp;m with an elongated black shell spotted with white, which tapers to a blunt spike. Migrates to UK waters from the tropics in the summer to feed on jellyfish. There are four other species less frequently encountered in UK waters where they usually occur as stray juveniles carried by currents from warmer seas.

==See also==
* [[Gulf of Corryvreckan]]
* [[Renewable energy in Scotland]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* Watson, W. J. (1994) ''The Celtic Place-Names of Scotland''. Edinburgh; Birlinn. {{ISBN|1-84158-323-5}}. First published in Edinburgh; The Royal Celtic Society, 1926.

==Further reading==
* [http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/469/2157/20130072.full.pdf+html The available power from tidal stream turbines in the Pentland Firth] 2013 Paper in [[Proc. R. Soc. A]] by Adcock ''et al''

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}
*[http://www.caithness.org/pentlandfirth/tides.htm Pentland Firth - Tides] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060828082601/http://www.caithness.org/pentlandfirth/tides.htm |date=28 August 2006 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060810135756/http://www.orkneyharbours.com/ Tidal Diagrams]

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[[Category:Straits of Scotland]]
[[Category:Caithness]]
[[Category:Landforms of Orkney]]
[[Category:Renewable energy in Scotland]]
[[Category:Orkneyinga saga places]]