Editing Pentito

{{Short description|Term used colloquially in Italy to designate former criminals who cooperate with the government}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Italic title}}
[[Image:Tommaso Buscetta.jpg|thumb|[[Tommaso Buscetta]] (with sunglasses), the first important ''pentito'' of the [[Sicilian Mafia]], escorted into a [[court of law]].]]

'''''Pentito''''' ({{IPA|it|penˈtiːto}}; lit. "repentant"; plural: ''pentiti'') is used colloquially to designate collaborators of justice in Italian [[criminal procedure]] terminology who were formerly part of criminal organizations and decided to collaborate with a [[public prosecutor]]. The judicial category of ''pentiti'' was originally created in 1970s to combat violence and [[terrorism]] during the period of left-wing and right-wing terrorism known as the [[Years of Lead (Italy)|Years of Lead]]. During the 1986–87 [[Maxi Trial]] and after the testimony of [[Tommaso Buscetta]], the term was increasingly applied to former members of [[organized crime in Italy]] who had abandoned their organization and started helping investigators.

== Role and benefits ==
In exchange for the information they deliver, ''pentiti'' receive shorter sentences for their crimes, in some cases even freedom. In the Italian judicial system, ''pentiti'' can obtain personal protection, a new name, and some money to start a new life in another place, possibly abroad.

This practice is common in other countries as well. In the United States, criminals [[Turn state's evidence|testifying against their former associates]] can enter the [[United States Federal Witness Protection Program|Witness Protection Program]], and be given new identities with supporting paperwork.<ref>[http://www.usmarshals.gov/witsec/ U.S. Marshals site], a [[WP:PD|PD]] source</ref> The Italian Mafia bosses Buscetta and [[Francesco Marino Mannoia]] were allowed to live in the U.S. under new identities in the Witness Protection Program when Italy did not yet have such a program.<ref name=nyt201193>[https://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/20/world/mob-boss-and-stoolie-share-a-day-in-rome-court.html Mob Boss and Stoolie Share a Day in Rome Court], ''The New York Times'', November 20, 1993</ref><ref name=Stille1>Stille, ''Excellent Cadavers'', p. 302-10</ref>

==Cases==
Among the most famous Mafia ''pentiti'' is [[Tommaso Buscetta]], the first important ''pentito''. He was helpful to judge [[Giovanni Falcone]] in describing the [[Sicilian Mafia Commission]] or ''Cupola'', the [[leadership]] of the Sicilian Mafia in the 1980s, and identifying the main operational channels that the Mafia used for its business.

In Italy, important successes were achieved with the cooperation of ''pentiti'' in the fight against [[terrorism]] (especially against the [[Red Brigades]]), by [[Carabinieri]] general [[Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa]] (who was later killed by the Mafia).

In the period until the 1990s, there were few, albeit significant, ''pentiti'' such as Tommaso Buscetta, Salvatore Contorno, Antonino Calderone, etc. However, this changed during the early 1990s. From 1992, over a thousand ''mafiosi'' have agreed to collaborate with Italian justice.<ref name="Bull">Martin J. Bull, James L. Newell, ''Italian Politics'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=l12nA4iQzYcC&pg=PA110&dq=Carmine+Alfieri&ei=aDGoSKymCIGgsgPFmdXiAQ&sig=ACfU3U34tVlFbOcKF5X5dYyuABj9RYx30Q#PPA111,M1, Google Print, p. 111].</ref>
  
In some cases, ''pentiti'' have invented stories to obtain reductions in jail time. A famous case regarded the popular TV [[anchorman]] [[Enzo Tortora]], who was falsely accused of [[cocaine]] trafficking and [[Camorra]] membership by a ''pentito'' named [[Giovanni Melluso]]. Tortora was detained for years before being cleared; he developed cancer and died soon after the case was finally solved, some say because of the emotional [[stress (medicine)|stress]] of his imprisonment.<ref name=flo301008>[http://www.theflorentine.net/articles/article-view.asp?issuetocId=3705 Enzo Tortora: When justice miscarries] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405003529/http://theflorentine.net/articles/article-view.asp?issuetocId=3705 |date=April 5, 2015 }}, The Florentine, October 30, 2008</ref>

===Important ''pentiti'' of the Sicilian Mafia===
{{category see also|Pentiti}}
*[[Leonardo Vitale]] (1941–1984) was the first to become a ''pentito'' in 1973, although originally his confessions were not taken seriously.
*[[Tommaso Buscetta]] (1928–2000) was the first high-profile ''pentito'' against the Sicilian Mafia. He started to collaborate with the anti-Mafia prosecutor [[Giovanni Falcone]] in 1984. His testimony was of crucial importance in the landmark [[Maxi Trial]] of 1986–87.
*[[Salvatore Contorno]] (born 1946) started to collaborate in October 1984, following the example of Buscetta.
* [[Leonardo Messina]] (born 1955), member of the [[San Cataldo, Sicily|San Cataldo]] clan, who became an informant in 1992. He was the greater accuser of [[Giulio Andreotti]].
* [[Antonino Giuffrè]] (born 1945), boss of [[Caccamo]] and member of [[Corleonesi]], turned informant in 2002, after his arrest.
*[[Antonino Calderone]] (1935–2013) started to collaborate in April 1987.
*[[Francesco Marino Mannoia]] (born 1951) started to collaborate in October 1989 because his brother had been murdered. He was the first ''pentito'' who used to belong to the winning faction of the [[Second Mafia War]] (1981–83).
*[[Giovanni Brusca]] (born 1957), the murderer of anti-Mafia prosecutor Falcone, began to collaborate in 1996.
* [[Santino Di Matteo]] (born 1954), became an informant in 1993 after his arrest; offered information relating to the [[Capaci bombing]], for this reason his son Giuseppe was kidnapped, murdered and dissolved in acid.
*[[Salvatore Cancemi]] (1942–2011), another of Falcone's assassins, turned himself to the [[Carabinieri]] in July 1993 and immediately began collaborating.
*[[Giuseppe Marchese]] (1963), Filippo Marchese's nephew and who became an informant in 1992.
*[[Gaspare Mutolo]] (born 1940), started to collaborate in prison in May 1992 and was the first mafioso who spoke about the connections between the [[Cosa Nostra]] and Italian politicians.

===Other important ''pentiti''===
*[[Pasquale Barra]] (1942–2015), the first ''pentito'' and high-ranking member of [[Raffaele Cutolo]]'s [[Nuova Camorra Organizzata]].
*[[Pasquale Galasso]] (born 1955), former high-ranking member of the [[Nuova Famiglia]] faction of the Camorra.
*[[Carmine Alfieri]] (born 1943), former ''Boss of Bosses'' of the [[Nuova Famiglia]].
*[[Carmine Schiavone]] (1943–2015), former high-ranking member of the [[Casalesi clan]].
*[[Maurizio Abbatino]], former boss of the [[Banda della Magliana]].
*[[Felice Maniero]] (born 1954), former boss of the [[Mala del Brenta]].

== Cultural acceptance ==
In some southern Italian communities, the Mafia has a significant presence, and in these areas becoming a ''pentito'' is tantamount to a death sentence. Indeed, the Mafia family of [[Totò Riina]] based in the town of [[Corleone]] habitually extended the death sentence of the ''pentiti'' over to their relatives. For example, several of [[Tommaso Buscetta]]'s close family members were killed in a long series of murders.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bagli|first=Charles V.|date=2019-06-12|title=They Hid From the Mob for Decades. Now They Will Surface in a Film. (Published 2019)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/12/arts/television/tommaso-buscetta-our-godfather.html|access-date=2020-11-02|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

== Commentary on the term ==
It is often pointed out that the correct term should be ''collaboratori di giustizia'', or "collaborators with justice". The word ''pentito'' implies a moral judgment that is considered inappropriate for the courts of justice to make.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/backlash-threatens-to-silence-informers-1259236.html Backlash threatens to silence informers], The Independent, May 2, 1997</ref>

== Criticism ==
In Italy, ''pentiti'' have come under criticism because of the favours they receive and because they would invent stories to receive benefits; they would invent stories to persecute people they do not like; their employment is seen as a reward for criminals, instead of a punishment; and they would be unreliable since they come from a criminal organization. Criticism comes most often from politicians,{{Who|date=April 2010}} especially when they or an associate of theirs is under investigation for connections to [[Sicilian Mafia|the Mafia]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2019}} It is therefore interpreted by some as an attempt to discredit one's own accusers, instead of a genuine preoccupation of the common citizen's [[civil right]]s. [[Luciano Violante]], a politician and former president of the Italian [[Antimafia Commission]], countered that "We do not find information about the Mafia among [[nun]]s."<ref>Luciano Violante, ''Non è la piovra: Dodici tesi sulle mafie italiane'' ("It is not the octopus: twelve theses on Italian Mafias"), [[Arnoldo Mondadori Editore|Einaudi]], 1994, {{ISBN|88-06-13401-9}}.</ref>

Laws have been passed that bar ''pentiti'' from obtaining substantial benefits unless their revelations are later deemed new material, and lead to concrete results. The State can collect revelations only for six months after the initial intention to collaborate, after which they cannot be used in court.<ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Alessio |first=Valeria |date=2017-07-24 |title=Il "pentito": dissidio interiore tra onore, rispetto verso il clan e senso di giustizia |url=https://www.iusinitinere.it/pentito-dissidio-interiore-onore-rispetto-verso-clan-senso-giustizia-4319 |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=Ius in itinere |language=it-IT |quote=il pentito ha un tempo massimo di sei mesi per dire tutto quello che sa, il tempo inizia a decorrere dal momento in cui il pentito dichiara la sua disponibilità a collaborare; [a "pentito" has 6 months to say everything he knows, from the declaration of intent to collabolate;]}}</ref> This has had the effect of reducing the appeal of becoming a ''pentito'' since a single mafia associate does not know whether his knowledge will be useful to the prosecutors at the time of defection. Defection from the mafia in Italy have subsequently sharply reduced from the height reached in the early nineties, and results in the fight against mafia have reduced{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}} accordingly.

== See also ==

* [[:Category:Pentiti]]
* [[Informant]]
* [[Turn state's evidence]]

==References==
{{Wiktionary}}
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*[[Alexander Stille|Stille, Alexander]] (1995). ''Excellent Cadavers. The Mafia and the Death of the First Italian Republic'', New York: Vintage {{ISBN|0-09-959491-9}}

{{Mafia}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Pentiti| ]]
[[Category:History of the Sicilian Mafia]]
[[Category:Organized crime members by role]]
[[Category:Defectors by type]]
[[Category:Italian words and phrases]]