Editing Peneus

{{Short description|Thessalian river god}}
{{other uses}}
[[File:Nicolas Poussin Apoll und Daphne.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|Peneus averts his gaze as Apollo, pierced by Cupid's arrow of desire, pursues  Daphne, transforming into the laurel ''(Apollo and Daphne'', 1625, by [[Nicolas Poussin|Poussin]])]]
[[File:River gods consoling Peneus for the Loss of his Daughter, Daphne from 'The Story of Apollo and Daphne' MET DP824402.jpg|thumb|River gods consoling Peneus for the Loss of his Daughter, Daphne]]
In [[Greek mythology]], '''Peneus''' ({{IPAc-en|p|ə|ˈ|n|iː|ə|s}}; [[Greek language|Greek]]: Πηνειός) was a [[Thessaly|Thessalian]] river god, one of the [[River gods (Greek mythology)|three thousand Rivers]], a child of [[Oceanus]] and [[Tethys (mythology)|Tethys]].<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+337&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130:boo=0:chapter=0&highlight=Peneus 343] & [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+337 366–370]; [[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/4D*.html#69.1 4.69.1] & [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/4D*.html#72.1 72.1]</ref>

== Family ==
The nymph [[Creusa (Naiad)|Creusa]] bore him one son, [[Hypseus]], who was King of the [[Lapiths]],<ref>Diodorus Siculus, [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/4D*.html#69.1 4.69.1]; [[Pindar]], ''Pythian Odes'' 9</ref> and three daughters, [[Menippe (Greek mythology)|Menippe]] (mother of [[Phrastor]] by [[Pelasgus]]),<ref>[[Dionysius of Halicarnassus]], ''Antiquitates Romanae'' 1.28</ref> [[Daphne]]<ref>[[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' 1.452; [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''Fabulae'' [https://topostext.org/work/216#203 203]</ref> and [[Stilbe]].<ref name="Diodorus Siculus, Library of History, 4. 69. 1">Diodorus Siculus, [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/4D*.html#69.1 4.69.1]</ref> Some sources state that he was the father of [[Cyrene (mythology)|Cyrene]],<ref>[[Virgil]], ''[[Georgics]]'' 4.320; Hyginus, ''Fabulae'' [https://topostext.org/work/216#161 161]</ref> alternately known as his granddaughter through Hypseus. Daphne, in an [[Arcadia (ancient region)|Arcadia]]n version of the myth, was instead the daughter of the river god [[Ladon (river)#Mythology|Ladon]].<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], 10.7.8; [[Statius]], ''Thebaid'' 4.289; [[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' 42.386</ref>

Peneus also had a son [[Atrax (mythology)|Atrax]] with [[Bura (mythology)|Bura]],<ref>[[Stephanus of Byzantium]], s.v. ''Atrax''</ref> and [[Andreus]] with an unknown consort.<ref>Pausanias, 9.34.6</ref> Tricce (or Tricca), eponym of the city [[Tricca]], was mentioned as his daughter.<ref>Stephanus of Byzantium, s.v. ''Trikkē''</ref> In later accounts, Peneus was credited to be the father of [[Chrysogeneia|Chrysogenia]] who consorted with [[Zeus]] and became the mother of [[Thissaeus]].<ref name=":3">[[Pseudo-Clement]], ''[[Clementine Recognitions|Recognitions]]'' 10.21-23</ref> Meanwhile, his daughter Astabe coupled with [[Hermes]] and became the parents of [[Astacus (mythology)|Astacus]], father of Iocles, father of [[Hipponous]].<ref>[[Scholia]] on [[Euripides]], ''[[Phoenician Women]]'' 133</ref> According to [[Hellanicus of Lesbos|Hellanicus]], Peneus was the father of [[Iphis (mythology)|Iphis]], mother of [[Salmoneus]] by [[Aeolus (son of Hellen)|Aeolus]] the son of [[Hellen]].<ref>[[Hellanicus of Lesbos|Hellanicus]] in scholia on [[Plato]], ''[[Symposium (Plato)|Symposium]]'' 208 (p. 376)</ref>

== Mythology ==
[[Eros (god)|Eros]] shot [[Apollo (god)|Apollo]] with one of his arrows, causing him to fall in love with [[Daphne]]. It was Eros's plan that Daphne would scorn Apollo because Eros was angry that Apollo had made fun of his archery skills.<ref>Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'' 1.456-462</ref> Eros also claimed to be irritated by Apollo's singing. Daphne prayed to the river god Peneus to help her. He changed her into a [[Lauraceae|laurel tree]], which later became sacred to Apollo ''(see [[Apollo and Daphne]])''.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[[Diodorus Siculus]], ''The Library of History'' translated by [[Charles Henry Oldfather]]. Twelve volumes. [[Loeb Classical Library]]. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1989. Vol. 3. Books 4.59–8. [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/home.html Online version at Bill Thayer's Web Site]
*Diodorus Siculus, ''Bibliotheca Historica. Vol 1-2''. Immanel Bekker. Ludwig Dindorf. Friedrich Vogel. in aedibus B. G. Teubneri. Leipzig. 1888–1890. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0540 Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library].
*[[Dionysius of Halicarnassus|Dionysus of Halicarnassus]], ''Roman Antiquities.'' English translation by Earnest Cary in the Loeb Classical Library, 7 volumes. Harvard University Press, 1937–1950. [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus/home.html Online version at Bill Thayer's Web Site]
*Dionysius of Halicarnassus, ''Antiquitatum Romanarum quae supersunt'', ''Vol I-IV''. . Karl Jacoby. In Aedibus B.G. Teubneri. Leipzig. 1885. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0572 Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library].
*[[Gaius Julius Hyginus]], ''Fabulae from The Myths of Hyginus'' translated and edited by Mary Grant. University of Kansas Publications in Humanistic Studies. [https://topostext.org/work/206 Online version at the Topos Text Project.]
*[[Hesiod]], ''Theogony'' from ''The Homeric Hymns and Homerica'' with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, MA.,Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.] [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0129 Greek text available from the same website].
*[[Nonnus|Nonnus of Panopolis]], ''Dionysiaca'' translated by William Henry Denham Rouse (1863-1950), from the Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1940.  [https://topostext.org/work/529 Online version at the Topos Text Project.]
*Nonnus of Panopolis, ''Dionysiaca. 3 Vols.'' W.H.D. Rouse. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1940–1942. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0485 Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library].
*[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], ''Description of Greece'' with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. {{ISBN|0-674-99328-4}}. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0160 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library]
*Pausanias, ''Graeciae Descriptio.'' ''3 vols''. Leipzig, Teubner. 1903.  [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0159 Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library].
*[[Pindar]], ''Odes'' translated by Diane Arnson Svarlien. 1990. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0162%3Abook%3DP. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.]
*Pindar, ''The Odes of Pindar'' including the Principal Fragments with an Introduction and an English Translation by Sir John Sandys, Litt.D., FBA. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1937. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0161%3Abook%3DP. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library].
*[[Clementine literature|Pseudo-Clement]], ''Recognitions'' from [[Ante-Nicene Period|Ante-Nicene]] Library Volume 8'','' translated by Smith, Rev. Thomas. T. & T. Clark, Edinburgh. 1867. [http://www.theoi.com/Text/ClementRecognitions.html Online version at theio.com]
*[[Ovid|Publius Ovidius Naso]], ''Metamorphoses'' translated by Brookes More (1859-1942). Boston, Cornhill Publishing Co. 1922. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0028 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.]
*Publius Ovidius Naso, ''Metamorphoses.'' Hugo Magnus. Gotha (Germany). Friedr. Andr. Perthes. 1892. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0029 Latin text available at the Perseus Digital Library].
*[[Statius|Publius Papinius Statius]]'', The Thebaid'' translated by John Henry Mozley. Loeb Classical Library Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1928. [https://topostext.org/work/149 Online version at the Topos Text Project.]
*Publius Papinius Statius, ''The Thebaid. Vol I-II''. John Henry Mozley. London: William Heinemann; New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 1928. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0498 Latin text available at the Perseus Digital Library.]
*[[Virgil|Publius Vergilius Maro]], ''Bucolics'', ''Aeneid, and Georgics of Vergil''. J. B. Greenough. Boston. Ginn & Co. 1900. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0058 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
*[[Stephanus of Byzantium]], ''Stephani Byzantii Ethnicorum quae supersunt,'' edited by August Meineike (1790-1870), published 1849. A few entries from this important ancient handbook of place names have been translated by Brady Kiesling. [https://topostext.org/work/241 Online version at the Topos Text Project.]

{{Greek mythology (deities)|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:River gods in Greek mythology]]
[[Category:Achaea]]