Editing Pender, Nebraska

{{short description|Village in and county seat of Thurston County, Nebraska, United States}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
|official_name            = Pender, Nebraska
|settlement_type          = [[Village (United States)|Village]]
|nickname                 = 
|motto                    =

<!-- Images -->
|image_skyline            = Downtown Pender, Nebraska 1.1.JPG
|imagesize                = 
|image_caption            = Downtown Pender: north side of Main Street, July 2010
|image_flag               = 
|image_seal               =

<!-- Maps -->
|image_map                = Thurston_County_Nebraska_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Pender_Highlighted.svg
|mapsize                  = 250px
|map_caption              = Location of Pender, Nebraska
|image_map1               = 
|mapsize1                 = 
|map_caption1             = 
|pushpin_map              = USA Nebraska#USA
|pushpin_label            = Pender
|pushpin_map_caption      = Location within Nebraska##Location within the United States
|pushpin_relief           = yes

<!-- Location -->
|subdivision_type         = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
|subdivision_name         = United States
|subdivision_type1        = [[U.S. state|State]]
|subdivision_name1        = [[Nebraska]]
|subdivision_type2        = [[List of counties in Nebraska|County]]
|subdivision_name2        = [[Thurston County, Nebraska|Thurston]]
|subdivision_type3        = [[List of Nebraska townships|Township]]
|subdivision_name3        = [[Pender Township, Thurston County, Nebraska|Pender]]
|government_footnotes     = 
|government_type          = 
|leader_title             = 
|leader_name              = 
|leader_title1            = 
|leader_name1             = 
|established_title        = 
|established_date         =

<!-- Area -->
|unit_pref                = Imperial
|area_footnotes           = <ref name="TigerWebMapServer">{{cite web|title=ArcGIS REST Services Directory|url=https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=September 18, 2022}}</ref>
|area_magnitude           = 
|area_total_km2           = 1.83
|area_land_km2            = 1.83
|area_water_km2           = 0.00
|area_total_sq_mi         = 0.71
|area_land_sq_mi          = 0.71
|area_water_sq_mi         = 0.00

<!-- Population -->
|population_as_of         = [[2020 United States census|2020]]
|population_total         = 1115
|population_density_sq_mi = 1579.32
|population_footnotes     = 
|population_density_km2   = 609.61
|population_est           = 
|pop_est_as_of            = 
|pop_est_footnotes        =

<!-- General information -->
|timezone                 = [[North American Central Time Zone|Central (CST)]]
|utc_offset               = -6
|timezone_DST             = CDT
|utc_offset_DST           = -5
|elevation_footnotes      = <ref name=gnis/>
|elevation_ft             = 1322
|coordinates              = {{coord|42|06|38|N|96|42|41|W|region:US_type:city|display=inline,title}}
|postal_code_type         = [[ZIP code]]
|postal_code              = 68047
|area_code                = [[Area code 402|402]]
|blank_name               = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
|blank_info               = 31-38750
|blank1_name              = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
|blank1_info              = 2399647<ref name=gnis>{{GNIS|2399647}}</ref>
|website                  = 
|footnotes                = 
}}

'''Pender''' is a village in and the [[county seat]] of [[Thurston County, Nebraska|Thurston County]], [[Nebraska]], United States.<ref name="GR6">{{cite web|url=http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx|access-date=June 7, 2011|title=Find a County|publisher=National Association of Counties}}</ref> On March 22, 2016, the [[United States Supreme Court]] resolved a disagreement as to whether Pender is located on the [[Omaha Reservation|Omaha Indian Reservation]], holding unanimously that "the disputed land is within the reservation’s boundaries."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/15pdf/14-1406_6536.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327121002/http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/15pdf/14-1406_6536.pdf |archive-date=March 27, 2016 |url-status=live|title=Nebraska v. Parker, 14-1406|publisher=supremecourt.gov}}</ref><ref name="Dorsey ">{{cite news|title=Supreme Court Unanimously Holds that Omaha Tribe’s Reservation Not Diminished by 1882 Statute |date= March 25, 2016 |first1=Skip |last1=Durocher |first2=James |last2=Nichols |first3=Mary |last3=Streitz |name-list-style=amp |publisher= Dorsey & Whitney LLP |location=Minneapolis, MN |url= http://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/supreme-court-unanimously-holds-that-88062/ |access-date=March 28, 2016}}</ref> The predominantly European-American population was 1,115 at the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]].<ref name="2020-census-3138750" />

==History==
European-American settlers founded the village in April 1885, naming it in honor of the [[Scottish people|Scottish]] politician and businessman [[John Pender|Sir John Pender]], a pioneer of the [[Transatlantic telegraph cable|Transatlantic Cable]].  He founded what is now [[Cable & Wireless Worldwide]], and was a director of the [[Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Railway]].<ref>Honoring Pender's 125th Anniversary, [http://www.nebraskalegislature.gov/FloorDocs/101/PDF/Intro/LR570.pdf Legislative Resolution 570]</ref>

==Current issues==
Tribal authorities of the federally recognized [[Omaha Nation]] assert that Pender is within the boundaries of the reservation as defined in its 1865 treaty with the United States.  However, a Nebraska state court held in 1999 that the western boundary was a railroad right-of-way east of Pender, because of Omaha land sales to white farmers over the decades.  The tribe's response is that the state does not have the power to redefine the boundary set by the Omaha treaty with the US government in 1865.<ref name="Boundary1">[http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx&list=h-amindian&month=0402&week=c&msg=cNgETBdVuGl/lmkVujDNeg&user=&pw= Paul Hammel, “Debate Over Tribal Jurisdiction at Standstill Police on the Omaha Reservation; Want the Authority to Arrest non-Indians,”], ''Omaha World Herald'' (Nebraska), February 15, 2004, p. 3b, accessed February 27, 2012</ref>

The boundary and jurisdiction issues have received recent testing related to traffic control and liquor sales.<ref name="Boundary2">[http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx&list=h-amindian&month=0301&week=b&msg=uKNWB0iixEUnri%2bW2EGJcw&user=&pw= Paul Hammel, "Nebraska, Indian Officials to Meet They Will Discuss Their Differences Over the Boundaries of the Omaha Tribe's Reservation and who Polices its Roads"], ''Omaha World-Herald,'' January 7, 2003, 1b</ref> Seeking to gain revenue from "nuisance" businesses, the Omaha in 2006 passed a law establishing the requirement for liquor merchants to pay the tribe license fees and a 10% sales tax to operate within the reservation.  It notified the seven liquor stores in Pender, as well as those in [[Rosalie, Nebraska|Rosalie]], and [[Walthill, Nebraska]], all within reservation boundaries, that as of January 1, 2007, they would have to pay the Omaha Tribe licensing fees and a 10 percent tax on sales in order to continue to operate within the reservation.  Ben Thompson, an Omaha attorney who represents the tribe, said that it had the legal right to establish such laws within the reservation.  The executive director of the Nebraska State Liquor Commission said that he would consult with the state attorney general on the issue.<ref name="Liquor">[http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx&list=H-AMINDIAN&month=0612&week=e&msg=3LoJIeU4HMsQCpZhNejOUQ&user=&pw= Paul Hammel, "Tribe's Liquor Tax May Restart Old Boundary Dispute,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524072934/http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx&list=H-AmIndian&month=0612&week=e&msg=3LoJIeU4HMsQCpZhNejOUQ&user=&pw= |date=May 24, 2013 }}, ''Omaha World-Herald'' (Nebraska), December 28, 2006, p. 03B, at H-Amindian Discussion Log, accessed February 27, 2012</ref>

[[File:Thurston County, Nebraska courthouse from W.JPG|thumb|left|[[Thurston County Courthouse (Nebraska)|Thurston County Courthouse]] in Pender, July 2010]]
In April 2007, liquor merchants in Pender (later joined by the village) filed a federal lawsuit challenging the tribe's authority to demand the liquor taxes, based on their contention that Pender was outside the reservation boundaries. In October 2007 the US District Court ordered the parties first to take their challenge to the Omaha Tribal Courts, as part of the "tribal exhaustion doctrine" established by federal precedent, and denied the plaintiffs' request for dismissal.  Judge Richard Kopf said he may not be bound by the tribal court, but wanted to hear their opinion.<ref name="Ross">[http://indiancountrynews.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1657&Itemid=56 Timberly Ross (Associated Press), "Judge orders liquor lawsuit to Omaha tribal court"], ''News from Indian Country'', October 2007, accessed March 1, 2012</ref> He required the parties to report back to him regularly until a ruling was made by the Omaha Tribal Courts. While the case was pending, the judge ordered a temporary stay on the merchants' paying the liquor sales tax to the Omaha Tribe.<ref name="Ross"/>

In January 2012, the plaintiffs in ''Pender v. Omaha Tribe'' filed a request with the Omaha Tribal Courts for a summary judgment due to the length of time the case had taken.  The defendants requested that no hearing be held before June 2012.  The plaintiffs had submitted a detailed report to them by an expert witness on transactions related to Pender and the western boundary. In 2008 the village had voted for a five-year, 1% sales tax to finance its lawsuit related to the boundary and liquor tax issues, as well as to promote economic development in the town.<ref name="Sturek">[http://penderthurston.com/m/Articles.aspx?ArticleID=540 "Pender has spent $285,000 on reservation boundary dispute"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220171554/http://penderthurston.com/m/Articles.aspx?ArticleID=540 |date=December 20, 2014 }}, ''The Pender Times'' online, January 2012, accessed March 1, 2012</ref>

On March 22, 2016, the Supreme Court unanimously held that Pender was within the boundaries of the Omaha Indian reservation.

==Geography==
According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the village has a total area of {{convert|0.71|sqmi|sqkm|2}}, all land.<ref name="Gazetteer files">{{cite web|title=US Gazetteer files 2010|url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=June 24, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125061959/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt|archive-date=January 25, 2012}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{US Census population|align=left
|1890= 429
|1900= 943
|1910= 804
|1920= 992
|1930= 1006
|1940= 1135
|1950= 1167
|1960= 1165
|1970= 1229
|1980= 1318
|1990= 1208
|2000= 1148
|2010= 1002
|2020= 1115
|align-fn=center
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|author=United States Census Bureau|author-link=United States Census Bureau|access-date=October 16, 2013}}</ref>
}}

===2020 census===
As of the [[2020 United States census|census of 2020]],<ref name="2020-census-3138750">{{cite web|title=2020 Decennial Census: Pender village, Nebraska |url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US3138750&y=2020&d=DEC%20Redistricting%20Data%20%28PL%2094-171%29 |website=data.census.gov |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=July 19, 2022}}</ref> the population was 1,115. The [[population density]] was {{convert|1,579.3|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|1}}. There were 499 housing units at an average density of {{convert|706.8|/sqmi|/km2|1}}. The racial makeup of the village was 92.9% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 2.4% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.3% [[Black (U.S. Census)|Black]] or [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.3% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 2.0% from [[Race and ethnicity in the United States census|other races]], and 2.2% from two or more races. Ethnically, the population was 3.8% [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race.

===2010 census===
As of the [[census]]<ref name ="wwwcensusgov">{{cite web|title=U.S. Census website|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=June 24, 2012}}</ref> of 2010, there were 1,002 people, 444 households, and 291 families residing in the village. The [[population density]] was {{convert|1411.3|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|1}}. There were 497 housing units at an average density of {{convert|700.0|/sqmi|/km2|1}}. The racial makeup of the village was 95.5% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 1.8% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.2% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.7% from [[Race (U.S. Census)|other races]], and 1.8% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 1.7% of the population.

There were 444 households, of which 23.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.0% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 5.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 34.5% were non-families. 31.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.18 and the average family size was 2.75.

The median age in the village was 49.5 years. 19.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 18.3% were from 25 to 44; 28.8% were from 45 to 64; and 27.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 47.9% male and 52.1% female.

===2000 census===
As of the [[census]] of 2000, there were 1,148 people, 489 households, and 310 families residing in the village. The population density was {{convert|1,801.9|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. There were 542 housing units at an average density of {{convert|850.7|/sqmi|/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. The racial makeup of the village was 98.34% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.09% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.78% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.26% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 0.52% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 0.78% of the population.

There were 489 households, out of which 26.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.8% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 6.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.6% were non-families. 35.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.84.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 21.5% under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 21.3% from 25 to 44, 20.5% from 45 to 64, and 29.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.1 males.

As of 2000 the median income for a household in the village was $30,990, and the median income for a family was $38,333. Males had a median income of $26,008 versus $19,792 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the village was $17,672. About 3.9% of families and 6.8% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 9.5% of those under age 18 and 7.8% of those age 65 or over.

==Education==
The local school district is [[Pender Public Schools]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st31_ne/schooldistrict_maps/c31173_thurston/DC20SD_C31173.pdf|title=2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Thurston County, NE|publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]|access-date=2024-09-10}} - [https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st31_ne/schooldistrict_maps/c31173_thurston/DC20SD_C31173_SD2MS.txt Text]</ref>

The Pender High School Pendragons won the [[Nebraska School Activities Association]] Class D1 girls basketball state championship in 2013 and 2024, and the Class C2 championship in 2023.

==Notable people==
* [[Marion Broadstone]] – professional [[American football]] player
* [[Monty Budwig]] – jazz double-bassist known for his work with [[Vince Guaraldi]].
* [[Dale R. Buis]] – US soldier killed during [[Vietnam War]]; listed as first name on the [[Vietnam Veterans Memorial]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]
* [[Laurie Frink]] - world-class American jazz trumpeter who worked primarily in big band idioms.
* [[Loren Miller (judge)|Loren Miller]] – [[African-American]] civil rights lawyer and judge born in the town; moved as a boy with his family to Kansas.
* [[Emilio Ochoa]] - Cuban dentist and political activist; signatory of Cuba's 1940 Constitution; taught Spanish at Pender High School from 1968-70 following exile.
* [[Maurice Pate]] – Founding figure of the [[United Nations Children's Fund]]; moved to [[Colorado]] as a boy.
* [[Steven M. Reppert]] - American neuroscientist known for his contributions to the fields of chronobiology and neuroethology.
* [[Ad Wenke]] - professional football player.

==See also==
{{portal|Nebraska}}
* [[List of municipalities in Nebraska]]

==References==
{{reflist|22em}}

==Further reading==
{{commons category|Pender, Nebraska}}
* [http://indiancountrynews.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=189&Itemid=109 TIMBERLY ROSS (Associated Press), "Fuzzy boundaries of Omaha Tribe cause confusion"], ''News from Indian Country,'' April 19, 2007

{{Thurston County, Nebraska}}
{{Nebraska county seats}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Villages in Thurston County, Nebraska]]
[[Category:Villages in Nebraska]]
[[Category:County seats in Nebraska]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1885]]