Editing Peace of Utrecht

{{short description|1713–1715 peace treaties ending the War of the Spanish Succession}}
{{redirect|Treaty of Utrecht}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2013 }}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox treaty
|name = Peace (Treaty) of Utrecht
|image = The Treaty of Utrecht (clean).jpg
|image_alt = First edition of the Anglo-Spanish treaty
|image_width = 200px
|caption =  First edition of the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht between Great Britain and Spain in Spanish (left) and a later edition in Latin and English.
|context = 
* End of the [[War of the Spanish Succession]]
|signatories = 
* {{flagicon|Kingdom of France}} [[Louis XIV]] of France
* [[File:Bandera de España 1701-1760.svg|border|22px|alt=Flag of Spain (1701–60)|link=Spanish Empire]] [[Philip V of Spain]] <hr>
* {{flagicon|Kingdom of Great Britain}} [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Anne of Great Britain]]
* {{flagicon|Holy Roman Empire}} [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Charles VI]]
* {{flagicon|Prussia|1701}} [[Frederick William I of Prussia]]
* [[File:Flag Portugal (1707).svg|border|22px|alt=Flag of Portugal (1707–1816)|link=History of Portugal (1640–1777)]] [[John V of Portugal]]
* {{flagicon|Dutch Republic}} [[States General of the Netherlands#Dutch Republic|States General of the Dutch Republic]]
* {{nowrap|{{flagicon|Duchy of Savoy}} [[Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia]]}}
|location_signed = [[Utrecht]], [[Dutch Republic]]
|date_signed = 1713–1715
|languages = 
* [[Dutch language|Dutch]]
* [[English language|English]]
* [[French language|French]]
* [[German language|German]]
* [[Latin]]
* [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
* [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
|
|wikisource1 = Peace and Friendship Treaty of Utrecht between Spain and Great Britain
|wikisource2 = Peace and Friendship Treaty of Utrecht between France and Great Britain
}}

The '''Peace of Utrecht''' was a series of [[peace treaty|peace treaties]] signed by the belligerents in the [[War of the Spanish Succession]], in the Dutch city of [[Utrecht]] between April 1713 and February 1715. The war involved three contenders for the vacant throne of Spain, and involved much of Europe for over a decade. Essentially, the treaties allowed [[Philip V of Spain|Philip V]] (grandson of King [[Louis XIV]] of France) to keep the Spanish throne in return for permanently renouncing his claim to the French throne, along with other necessary guarantees that would ensure that France and Spain should not merge, thus preserving the balance of power in Europe.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bucholz |first1=Robert |title=Early Modern England 1485–1714 |date=2020 |publisher=Wiley Blackwell |isbn=9781118532225 |page=362 |edition=3rd}}</ref>

The treaties between several European states, including [[History of Spain (1700–1810)|Spain]], [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]], [[Kingdom of France|France]], [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]], [[Duchy of Savoy|Savoy]] and the [[Dutch Republic]], helped end the war. The treaties were concluded between the representatives of Louis XIV of France and of his grandson Philip on one hand, and representatives of [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Queen Anne of Great Britain]], [[Victor Amadeus II|King Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia]], [[John V of Portugal|King John V of Portugal]] and the [[United Provinces of the Netherlands]] on the other. Though the king of France ensured the Spanish crown for his dynasty, the treaties marked the end of French ambitions of [[hegemony]] in Europe expressed in the continuous wars of Louis XIV, and paved the way to the European system based on the [[Balance of power (international relations)|balance of power]].<ref>R.R. Palmer, ''A History of the Modern World'' 2nd ed. 1961, p. 234.</ref>

==Negotiations==
[[File:Europe c. 1700.png|thumb|right|300px|Europe in 1701 at the beginning of the War of the Spanish Succession]]
On 2 January 1710, King [[Louis XIV]] of France agreed to commence {{interlanguage link|peace negotiations in Geertruidenberg|es|Conversaciones de Geertruidenberg}}.<ref>Articles preliminaires accordez & promis per le Roi T.C. pour servir de fondement aux Negociations de Geertruydenberg. Le 2. Janvier 1710</ref>

[[Kingdom of France|France]] and [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] had come to terms in October 1711, when the preliminaries of peace had been signed in [[London]]. The preliminaries were based on a tacit acceptance of the partition of Spain's European possessions. Following this, the [[Congress of Utrecht]] opened on 29 January 1712, with the British representatives being [[John Robinson (1650–1723)|John Robinson]], [[Bishop of Bristol]], and [[Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford (1672–1739)|Thomas Wentworth, Lord Strafford]].<ref>The staunch [[Tories (British political party)|Tory]] Strafford was hauled before a committee of Parliament for his part in the treaty, which the [[Whigs (British political party)|Whigs]] considered not advantageous enough.</ref> Reluctantly the [[United Provinces of the Netherlands|United Provinces]] accepted the preliminaries and sent representatives, but [[Emperor Charles VI]] refused to do so until he was assured that the preliminaries were not binding. This assurance was given, and so in February the Imperial representatives made their appearance. As [[Philip V of Spain|Philip]] was not yet recognized as its king, Spain did not at first send plenipotentiaries, but the [[Duke of Savoy]] sent one, and the [[Kingdom of Portugal]] was represented by [[Luís da Cunha]]. One of the first questions discussed was the nature of the guarantees to be given by France and Spain that their crowns would be kept separate, and little progress was made until 10 July 1712, when Philip signed a renunciation.<ref name=Falkner>{{cite book |author=James Falkner |title=The War of the Spanish Succession 1701–1714 |year=2015 |publisher=Pen and Sword |page=205 |isbn=9781781590317}}</ref>

With Great Britain, France and Spain having agreed to a "suspension of arms" (armistice) covering Spain on 19 August in Paris, the pace of negotiation quickened. The first treaty signed at Utrecht was the truce between France and Portugal on 7 November, followed by the truce between France and Savoy on 14 March 1713. That same day, Spain, Great Britain, France and the Empire agreed to the evacuation of [[Catalonia]] and an [[armistice]] in [[Italy]]. The main treaties of peace followed on 11 April 1713. These were five separate treaties between France and Great Britain, the [[Dutch Republic]], [[Savoy]], [[Prussia]] and [[Portugal]]. Spain under Philip V signed separate peace treaties with Savoy and Great Britain at Utrecht on 13 July. Negotiations at Utrecht dragged on into the next year, for the peace treaty between Spain and the Netherlands was only signed on 26 June 1714 and that between Spain and Portugal on 6 February 1715.<ref name=OPIL>
Randall Lesaffer, [http://opil.ouplaw.com/page/utrecht-peace/The-Peace-of-Utrecht-and-the-Balance-of-Power "The Peace of Utrecht and the Balance of Power"], ''Oxford Public International Law''.</ref>

Several other treaties came out of the congress of Utrecht. France signed treaties of commerce and navigation with Great Britain and the Dutch Republic (11 April 1713). Great Britain signed a like treaty with Spain (9 December 1713).<ref name=OPIL/>

== Treaties ==
[[File:War of the Spanish Succession alliances (1703).png|thumb|Participants in the War of the Spanish Succession in 1703.
{{legend|#dd5422|[[Grand Alliance (League of Augsburg)|Grand Alliance]]}}
{{legend|#9d9cd2|France and allies}}
{{legend|#e8e5b2|Neutral states}}]]

[[File:Embaixadores e Plenipotenciários de Portugal e Castela assinando a Paz no interior do Malho aos 6 de Fevereiro de 1715.jpg|thumb|Signature of the Treaty of Utrecht between Portugal and Spain, in the Maliebaan, on 6 February 1715. The [[Dom Tower of Utrecht|Dom Tower]] is visible in the background. From left to right: The [[Francisco Téllez-Girón, 6th Duke of Osuna|Duke of Osuna]], in red coat, [[Luís da Cunha]], in black coat, The Secretaries, in blue and yellow coats and the Count of Tarouca, crouched, in brown coat. ]]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="6" align="center" | Peace and friendship treaties of Utrecht and elsewhere
|-
! Date ([[Old Style and New Style dates|New Style / (Old Style)]])
! Treaty name
! style="background-color:MistyRose;" | [[Treaty of The Hague (1701)|Anti-French side]]
! style="background-color:AliceBlue;" | French side
! Texts
|- 
| 14 March 1713
| Convention for the Evacuation of Catalonia<br />and the Armistice in Italy (Utrecht)<ref>[https://opil.ouplaw.com/view/10.1093/law:oht/law-oht-27-CTS-409.regGroup.1/law-oht-27-CTS-409 Oxford Public International Law]</ref>
| style="background-color:MistyRose;" | [[Holy Roman Empire]]<br />[[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]]
| style="background-color:AliceBlue;" | [[Kingdom of France|France]]<br />[[Bourbon Spain]]
|  [[:s:es:Convención para la evacuación de la Cataluña|Spanish]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=3hGsrpVwelkC&pg=PA107 French/German]
|-
| 11 April 1713 (31 March 1713)
| Peace and Friendship Treaty of Utrecht
| style="background-color:MistyRose;" | [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]]
| style="background-color:AliceBlue;" | [[Kingdom of France|France]]
| [[:s:Peace and Friendship Treaty of Utrecht between France and Great Britain|English]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=3hGsrpVwelkC&pg=PA8 French/German]
|-
| 11 April 1713
| Peace Treaty of Utrecht
| style="background-color:MistyRose;" | [[Dutch Republic]]
| style="background-color:AliceBlue;" | [[Kingdom of France|France]]
| [[:File:NL-HaNA 1.01.02 12597.107 voorblad.jpg|Dutch]], [[:File:NL-HaNA 1.01.02 12597.108 voorblad.jpg|French]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=3hGsrpVwelkC&pg=PA187 French/German]
|-
| 11 April 1713
| Peace Treaty of Utrecht
| style="background-color:MistyRose;" | [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]]
| style="background-color:AliceBlue;" | [[Kingdom of France|France]]
| [https://books.google.com/books?id=3hGsrpVwelkC&pg=PA123 French/German],[https://jusmundi.com/en/document/decision/fr-question-des-frontieres-du-bresil-et-de-la-guyane-francaise-decision-du-1er-decembre-1900-saturday-1st-december-1900 French (Art. 8)]
|-
| 11 April 1713
| Peace Treaty of Utrecht
| style="background-color:MistyRose;" | [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]]
| style="background-color:AliceBlue;" | [[Kingdom of France|France]]
| [https://books.google.com/books?id=3hGsrpVwelkC&pg=PA143 French/German]
|-
| 11 April 1713
| Peace Treaty of Utrecht
| style="background-color:MistyRose;" | [[Savoyard state|Savoy]]
| style="background-color:AliceBlue;" | [[Kingdom of France|France]]
| [https://books.google.com/books?id=3hGsrpVwelkC&pg=PA161 French/German]
|-
| 13 July 1713 (2 July 1713)
| Peace and Friendship Treaty of Utrecht
| style="background-color:MistyRose;" | [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]]
| style="background-color:AliceBlue;" | [[Bourbon Spain]]
| [[:s:Peace and Friendship Treaty of Utrecht between Spain and Great Britain|English]], [[:s:es:Tratado de Paz y Amistad de Utrecht entre España y Gran Bretaña|Spanish]], [[:File:The Treaty of Utrecht (clean).jpg|Spanish/Latin/English]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=3hGsrpVwelkC&pg=PA667 French/German]
|-
| 13 July 1713 
| Peace, Alliance and Friendship Treaty of Utrecht 
| style="background-color:MistyRose;" | [[Savoyard state|Savoy]]
| style="background-color:AliceBlue;" | [[Bourbon Spain]]
| [[:s:es:Tratado de Paz, Alianza y Amistad de Utrecht entre el rey de España y el duque de Saboya|Spanish]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=3hGsrpVwelkC&pg=PA797 Spanish/German]
|-
| 6 March 1714
| [[Treaty of Rastatt|Peace Treaty of Rastatt]]
| style="background-color:MistyRose;" | [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg Austria]]
| style="background-color:AliceBlue;" | [[Kingdom of France|France]]
| [https://books.google.com/books?id=3hGsrpVwelkC&pg=PA283 French/German]
|-
| 26 June 1714
| Adjusted Peace and Friendship Treaty of Utrecht
| style="background-color:MistyRose;" | [[Dutch Republic]]
| style="background-color:AliceBlue;" | [[Bourbon Spain]]
| [[:s:es:Tratados, convenios y declaraciones de paz y de Comercio/Tratado de Paz y Amistad de Utrecht entre España y las Provincias Unidas de los Países Bajos|Spanish]]
|-
| 7 September 1714
| [[Treaty of Baden (1714)|Peace Treaty of Baden]]
| style="background-color:MistyRose;" | [[Holy Roman Empire]]
| style="background-color:AliceBlue;" | [[Kingdom of France|France]]
| [https://books.google.com/books?id=3hGsrpVwelkC&pg=PA371 Latin/German]
|-
| 6 February 1715
| Adjusted Peace and Friendship Treaty of Utrecht
| style="background-color:MistyRose;" | [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]]
| style="background-color:AliceBlue;" | [[Bourbon Spain]]
| [[:File:Tratado de Utreque de 1715 entre Portugal e Espanha.pdf|Portuguese]], [https://www.dipublico.org/118019/tratado-de-paz-y-amistad-ajustado-entre-espana-y-el-portugal-en-utrecht-a-6-de-febrero-de-1715/ Spanish]
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="6" align="center" | Navigation, commerce and other treaties of Utrecht and elsewhere
|-
! Date ([[Old Style and New Style dates|New Style / (Old Style)]])
! Treaty name
! Side
! Side
! Texts
|-
| 30 January 1713 (19 January 1713)
| [[Barrier Treaty#Second Treaty (1713)|Second Barrier Treaty (Utrecht)]]
| [[Dutch Republic]]
| [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]]
| [https://www.nationaalarchief.nl/onderzoeken/archief/1.01.02/invnr/12626.13/file/NL-HaNA_1.01.02_12626.13_10 Latin]
|-
| 2 April 1713<ref>{{Cite book |title=Verslagen omtrent 's rijks oude Archieven |location=The Hague |date=1893 |access-date=1 April 2022 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WOo7AQAAIAAJ&pg=RA2-PA445 |language=nl|author1= Netherlands}}</ref>
| [[Prussian Guelders|Guelders]] Treaty of Utrecht 
| [[Holy Roman Empire]]
| [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]]
| [https://www.delpher.nl/nl/tijdschriften/view?coll=dts&identifier=dts:1658001:mpeg21:0093 German (p. 91–96)]
|-
| 11 April 1713
| Navigation and Commerce Treaty of Utrecht 
| [[Dutch Republic]]
| [[Kingdom of France|France]]
| [https://books.google.com/books?id=3hGsrpVwelkC&pg=PA227 French/German]
|-
| 11 April 1713 (31 March 1713)
| Navigation and Commerce Treaty of Utrecht 
| [[Kingdom of France|France]]
| [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]]
| [https://books.google.com/books?id=3hGsrpVwelkC&pg=PA59 French/German]
|-
| 13 July 1713
| Preliminary Commerce Treaty of Madrid
| [[Bourbon Spain]] 
| [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]]
| [https://books.google.com/books?id=avyteDcpMC0C&pg=PA115 Spanish]
|-
| 9 December 1713 (28 November 1713)
| Adjusted Commerce and Friendship Treaty of Utrecht
| [[Bourbon Spain]]
| [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]]
| [https://books.google.com/books?id=avyteDcpMC0C&pg=PA127 Spanish], [https://books.google.com/books?id=3hGsrpVwelkC&pg=PA733 Latin/German]
|-
| 15 November 1715
| [[Barrier Treaty#Third Treaty (1715)|Third Barrier Treaty (Antwerp)]]
| [[Dutch Republic]]<br />[[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]]
| [[Holy Roman Empire]]
| [https://books.google.com/books?id=3hGsrpVwelkC&pg=PA461 French/German]
|-
| 14 December 1715
| Explanatory Peace and Commerce Treaty of Madrid
| [[Bourbon Spain]]
| [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]]
| [https://books.google.com/books?id=avyteDcpMC0C&pg=PA170 Spanish]
|}

==Principal provisions==
[[File:Europe 1714.png|thumb|right|Western Europe in 1714, after the Treaties of Utrecht and [[Treaty of Rastatt]]]]
The Peace confirmed the Bourbon candidate as [[Philip V of Spain]] to remain as king. In return, Philip renounced the French throne, both for himself and his descendants, with reciprocal renunciations by French Bourbons to the Spanish throne, including Louis XIV's nephew [[Philippe II, Duke of Orléans|Philippe of Orléans]]. These became increasingly important after a series of deaths between 1712 and 1714 left the five year old [[Louis XV]] as his great-grandfather's heir.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Somerset |first1=Anne |title=Queen Anne: The Politics of Passion |date=2012 |publisher=Harper Press |isbn=9780007203765|page=470}}</ref>

Great Britain was the main beneficiary; Utrecht marked the point at which it became the primary European commercial power.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pincus |first1=Steven |title=Rethinking Mercantilism: Political Economy, The British Empire and the Atlantic World in the 17th and 18th Centuries |journal=Warwick University |pages=7–8|url=https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/ren/projects/archive/newberry/collaborativeprogramme/ren-earlymod-communities/britishandamericanhistories/25march/session3reading/rethinkingmercantilism.pdf |access-date=10 May 2018}}</ref> In Article X, Spain ceded the strategic ports of [[Gibraltar]] and [[Menorca]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Peace and Friendship Treaty of Utrecht between Spain and Great Britain |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Peace_and_Friendship_Treaty_of_Utrecht_between_Spain_and_Great_Britain |pages=Articles X and XI |date=July 1713 |author1=Anne, Queen of Great Britain |author2=King Philip V of Spain }}</ref>

In a major coup for the British delegation, the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British government]] emerged from the treaty with the ''[[Asiento de Negros]]'', which referred to the monopoly contract granted by the [[Government of Spain|Spanish government]] to other European nations to supply slaves to [[Spanish colonization of the Americas|Spain's colonies in the Americas]]. The ''Asiento de Negros'' had come about due to the fact that the [[Spanish Empire]] rarely engaged in the [[Atlantic slave trade|transatlantic slave trade]] itself, preferring to outsource this to foreign merchants. [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon]] France had previously held the ''Asiento de Negros'', allowing French slave traders to supply 5,000 slaves to the Spanish Empire each year; France had gained control over this contract after Philip V had become King of Spain. After the British government gained access to the ''Asiento de Negros'', the economic prominence held by Dutch [[Sephardic Jews|Sephardic Jewish]] slaveowners began to fade, while the [[South Sea Company]] was established in hopes of gaining exclusive access to the contract. The British government sought to reduce its debt by increasing the volume of trade it had with Spain, which required gaining access to the ''Asiento de Negros''; as historian [[G.M. Trevelyan]] noted: "The finances of the country were based in May 1711 on the assumption that the Asiento, or monopoly of the slave trade with Spanish America, would be wrested from France as an integral part of the terms of peace". Following the passage of the treaty, the British government gained a thirty-year access to the ''Asiento de Negros''.<ref>Drescher: JANCAST (p. 451): "Jewish mercantile influence in the politics of the Atlantic slave trade probably reached its peak in the opening years of the eighteenth century ... the political and the economic prospects of Dutch Sephardic [Jewish] capitalists rapidly faded, however, when the British emerged with the asiento [permission to sell slaves in Spanish possessions] at the Peace of Utrecht in 1713".</ref><ref>''England Under Queen Anne'' Vol III, by G. M. Trevelyan, p. 123</ref><ref>''Africa, Its Geography, People, and Products'', by W. E. B. Du Bois {{page?|date=April 2024}}</ref><ref>''Slavery and Augustan Literature'' {{page?|date=April 2024}}</ref><ref>''Capitalism and Slavery'', p. 40</ref><ref>''A History of Colonial America'' by Oliver Perry Chitwood, p. 345</ref>

The importance placed by British negotiators on commercial interests was demonstrated by their demand for France to "level the fortifications of [[Dunkirk]], block up the port and demolish the sluices that scour the harbour, [which] shall never be reconstructed".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moore |first1=John Robert |title=Defoe, Steele, and the Demolition of Dunkirk |journal=Huntington Library Quarterly |date=1950 |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=279–302 |doi=10.2307/3816138|jstor=3816138 }}</ref> This was because Dunkirk was the primary base for French [[privateer]]s, as it was possible to reach the North Sea in a single tide and escape British patrols in the English Channel.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bromley |first1=J. S. |title=Corsairs and Navies 1600–1760 |date=1987 |publisher=Continnuum-3PL |isbn=9780907628774 |page=233}}</ref>

[[File:Nouvelle-France map-en.svg|thumb|left|North America {{circa|1750}}, some French forts listed were not built until thirty years after 1713]]
Under Article XIII and, despite the British demands to preserve [[Catalan constitutions|Catalan constitutions and rights]] in return for Catalonia's support for the Allies during the war, Spain only agreed to grant an amnesty to [[Hapsburg supporters]], thus implying the imposition of the laws and institutions of Castile to the [[Principality of Catalonia]], as it already happened in 1707 to the other occupied kingdoms of the Crown of Aragon.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Albareda Salvadó |first1=Joaquim |title=La Guerra de Sucesión en España (1700–1714) |date=2010 |publisher=Ed. Crítica |isbn=978-84-9892-060-4 |page=344}}</ref> Spanish territories in Italy and [[Flanders]] were divided, with [[Duchy of Savoy|Savoy]] receiving [[Sicily]] and parts of the [[Duchy of Milan]]. The former [[Spanish Netherlands]], the [[Kingdom of Naples]], [[Sardinia]], and the bulk of the Duchy of Milan went to [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Charles VI]]. 

In South America, Spain returned [[Colónia do Sacramento]] in modern Uruguay to Portugal and recognised Portuguese sovereignty over the lands between the Amazon and [[Oyapock]] rivers, now in [[Brazil]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Campos |first=Luciano Rodrigues |date=21 April 2007 |title=O Arbitramento No Amapá |url=http://www.webartigos.com/articles/4873/1/o-arbitramento-no-amapa/pagina1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080622143446/http://www.webartigos.com/articles/4873/1/o-arbitramento-no-amapa/pagina1.html |archive-date=22 June 2008}}</ref> The British agreed to prevent their citizens from visiting Spanish colonies in America without prior approval from colonial officials.

In North America, France recognised British [[suzerainty]] over the [[Iroquois]], and ceded [[Nova Scotia]] and its claims to [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] and territories in [[Rupert's Land]].<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/acollectiontrea00britgoog|title=A Collection of Treaties Between Great Britain and Other Powers|first=Great Britain|last=George Chalmers |date=24 January 1790|publisher=Printed for J. Stockdale|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> The French portion of [[Saint Kitts]] in the [[West Indies]] was also ceded in its entirety to Britain.<ref name="auto"/> France retained its other pre-war North American possessions, including [[Cape Breton Island]], where it built the [[Fortress of Louisbourg]], then the most expensive military installation in North America.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Royle |first1=Trevor |title=Culloden; Scotland's Last Battle and the Forging of the British Empire|date=2016 |publisher=Little, Brown |isbn=9781408704011|page=148}}</ref>

The successful French [[Rhine campaign (1713)|Rhineland campaign of 1713]] finally induced Charles to sign the 1714 treaties of [[Treaty of Rastatt|Rastatt]] and [[Treaty of Baden (1714)|Baden]], although terms were not agreed with Spain until the [[Treaty of The Hague (1720)|1720 Treaty of The Hague]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/treaties-of-Utrecht |title=Treaties of Utrecht – European history |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|date=4 April 2024 }}</ref>

==Responses to the treaties==
[[File:Hmap.jpg|thumb|upright=1.7|right|North America in 1760, immediately before the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|Treaty of Paris]]. Note that New England was at this time depicted as bordering the [[St. Lawrence River]], that the [[Province of New York]] occupied the geographic area of [[Upper Canada]] or [[Ontario]], that [[Pennsylvania]] occupied much of the region to the south of [[Lake Erie]] and that [[Nova Scotia]] had not yet been divided by [[New Brunswick]].]]
The treaty's territorial provisions did not go as far as the [[Whigs (British political party)|Whigs]] in Britain would have liked, considering that the French had made overtures for peace in 1706 and again in 1709. The Whigs considered themselves the heirs of the staunch anti-French policies of [[William III of England]] and the [[John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough]]. The Whigs were now a minority in the house, but still pushing their anti-peace agenda. The whigs opposed peace every step of the way. The Whigs even called the treaty a sellout for letting the duke of Anjou stay on the Spanish throne.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bucholz |first1=Robert |title=Early Modern England 1485–1714 |date=2020 |publisher=Wiley Blackwell |location=Hoboken, NJ |isbn=9781118532225 |page=363 |edition=3rd}}</ref>

However, in the [[List of Parliaments of Great Britain|Parliament of 1710]] the [[Tories (British political party)|Tories]] had gained control of the [[House of Commons of Great Britain|House of Commons]], and they wished for an end to Great Britain's participation in a European war. [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Queen Anne]] and her advisors had also come to agree.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bucholz |first1=Robert |title=Early Modern England 1485–1714 |date=2020 |publisher=Wiley Blackwell |isbn=9781118532225 |page=362}}</ref>

The party in the administration of [[Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Mortimer|Robert Harley]] (created Earl of Oxford and Mortimer on 23 May 1711) and the [[Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke|Viscount Bolingbroke]] proved more flexible at the bargaining table and were characterized by the Whigs as "pro-French"; Oxford and Bolingbroke persuaded the Queen to create twelve new "Tory peers"<ref>The twelve peers consisted of two who were [[writ of acceleration|summoned in their father's baronies]], Lords Compton (Northampton) and Bruce (Ailesbury), and ten recruits, namely Lords Hay (Kinnoull), Mountjoy, Burton (Paget), Mansell, Middleton, Trevor, Lansdowne, Masham, Foley, and Bathurst. [http://www.history.ac.uk/eseminars/sem17.html#3 David Backhouse, "Tory Tergiversation In The House of Lords, 1714–1760"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060628080733/http://www.history.ac.uk/eseminars/sem17.html |date=28 June 2006 }}.</ref> to ensure ratification of the treaty in the [[House of Lords]]. The opponents of the treaty tried to rally support under the slogan of ''[[No Peace Without Spain]]''.

Although the fate of the [[Spanish Netherlands]] in particular was of interest to the United Provinces, Dutch influence on the outcome of the negotiations was fairly insignificant, even though the talks were held on their territory. The French negotiator [[Melchior de Polignac]] taunted the Dutch with the scathing remark ''de vous, chez vous, sans vous'',<ref>Szabo, I. (1857). ''The State Policy of Modern Europe from the Beginning of the Sixteenth Century to the Present Time. Vol. I'', Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans and Roberts, p. 166</ref> meaning that negotiations would be held "about you, around you, without you". The fact that Bolingbroke had secretly ordered the British commander, [[James Butler, 2nd Duke of Ormonde|the Duke of Ormonde]], to withdraw from the Allied forces before the [[Battle of Denain]] (informing the French but not the Allies), and the fact that they secretly arrived at separate peace with France was a ''fait accompli'', made the objections of the Allies pointless.<ref>Churchill, W. (2002). ''Marlborough: His Life and Times'', University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0226106365, pp. 954–955</ref> In any case, the Dutch achieved their [[condominium (international law)|condominium]] in the [[Austrian Netherlands]] with the Austro-Dutch [[Barrier Treaty]] of 1715.<ref>[[Jonathan Israel|Israel, J. I.]] (1995), ''The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness and Fall, 1477–1806'', Oxford University Press, ISBN 0198730721 hardback, ISBN 0198207344 paperback, p. 978</ref>

==Aftermath==
{{main|Balance of power (international relations)}}
[[Image:Allegory on the Peace of Utrecht.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|right|''Allegory of the Peace of Utrecht'' by [[Antoine Rivalz]]]]
The Treaty stipulated that "because of the great danger which threatened the liberty and safety of all Europe, from the too close conjunction of the kingdoms of Spain and France, ... one and the same person should never become King of both kingdoms".<ref>Article II, Peace and Friendship Treaty of Utrecht.</ref> Some historians argue this makes it a significant milestone in the evolution of the modern nation state and concept of a [[Balance of power in international relations|balance of power]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Lesaffer|first1=Randall|title=The peace of Utrecht and the balance of power|url=https://blog.oup.com/2014/11/utrecht-peace-treaty-balance-power-europe/|website=OUP Blog|date=10 November 2014 |access-date=5 May 2018}}</ref>

First mentioned in 1701 by [[Charles Davenant]] in his ''Essays on the Balance of Power'', it was widely publicised in Britain by author and Tory satirist [[Daniel Defoe]] in his 1709 article ''A Review of the Affairs of France''. The idea was reflected in the wording of the treaties and resurfaced after the defeat of [[Napoleon]] in the 1815 [[Concert of Europe]] that dominated Europe in the 19th century.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}

For the individual signatories, Britain established naval superiority over its competitors, commercial access to Spain and America, and control of Menorca and Gibraltar; it retains the latter territory to this day. France accepted the Protestant succession on the British throne, ensuring a smooth transition when Anne died in August 1714, and ended its support for the Stuarts under the [[Anglo-French Alliance (1716–1731)|1716 Anglo-French Treaty]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Szechi|first1=Daniel|title=The Jacobites: Britain and Europe, 1688–1788|date=1994|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-3774-0|pages=93–95|edition=First}}</ref> While the war left all participants with unprecedented levels of government debt, only Great Britain successfully financed it.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Carlos |first1=Ann |last2=Neal |first2=Larry |last3=Wandschneider |first3=Kirsten |title=The Origins of National Debt: The Financing and Re-financing of the War of the Spanish Succession |journal=International Economic History Association |date=2006 |page=2 |url=http://www.helsinki.fi/iehc2006/papers1/Carlos.pdf |access-date=6 September 2018}}</ref>

[[File:Andreas Moeller - Erzherzogin Maria Theresia - Kunsthistorisches Museum.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|left|Ensuring the succession of [[Maria Theresa]] reduced Austria's gains from the war, and ultimately led to the [[War of the Austrian Succession]] in 1740]]
Spain retained the majority of its Empire and recovered remarkably quickly; the recapture of Naples and Sicily in 1718 was only prevented by British naval power and a second attempt was successful in 1734. The 1707, 1715 and 1716 [[Nueva Planta decrees|''Nueva Planta'' decrees]] abolished regional political structures in the kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Aragon|Aragon]], [[Kingdom of Valencia|Valencia]], [[Kingdom of Majorca|Majorca]] and the [[Principality of Catalonia]], although Catalonia and Aragon retained some of these rights until 1767.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vives Vi |first1=Jaime| title=An Economic History of Spain |date=1969 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691051659 |page=591}}</ref>

Despite failure in Spain, Austria secured its position in Italy and Hungary, allowing it to continue expansion into areas of South-East Europe previously held by the [[Ottoman Empire]]. Even after paying expenses associated with the [[Barrier Treaty|Dutch Barrier]], increased tax revenues from the [[Austrian Netherlands]] funded a significant upgrade of the Austrian military.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Falkner |first1=James |title=The War of the Spanish Succession |date=2015 |publisher=Pen and Sword Military |location=4173–4181 |asin=B0189PTWZG |edition=Kindle}}</ref> However, these gains were diminished by various factors, chiefly the disruption of the [[Pragmatic Sanction of 1713]] caused by Charles disinheriting his nieces in favour of his daughter [[Maria Theresa]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kann |first1=Robert A |title=A History of the Habsburg Empire 1526–1918 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofhabsbur00kann |url-access=registration |date=1974 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-04206-3 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofhabsbur00kann/page/88 88–89] |edition=1980}}</ref>

Attempts to ensure its succession involved Austria in wars of little strategic value; much of the fighting in the 1733–1735 [[War of the Polish Succession]] taking place in its maritime provinces in Italy. Austria had traditionally relied on naval support from the Dutch, whose own capability had been severely degraded; Britain prevented the loss of Sicily and Naples in 1718 but refused to do so again in 1734.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Anderson|first1=M. S.|title=The War of Austrian Succession 1740–1748|date=1995|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-582-05950-4|pages=10–11}}</ref> The dispute continued to loosen Habsburg control over the Empire; Bavaria, Hanover, Prussia and Saxony increasingly acted as independent powers and in 1742, [[Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles of Bavaria]] became the first non-Habsburg Emperor in over 300 years.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lindsay |first1=J. O. |title=The New Cambridge Modern History |volume= 7: The Old Regime, 1713–1763 |date=1957 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521045452 |page=420}}</ref>

The Dutch Republic ended the war effectively bankrupt, while the damage suffered by the Dutch merchant navy permanently affected their commercial and political strength and it was superseded by Britain as the pre-eminent European mercantile power.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Dadson |editor-first=Trevor |last=Elliott |first=John |title=The Road to Utrecht in Britain, Spain and the Treaty of Utrecht 1713–2013 |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-909662-22-3 |page=8}}</ref> The acquisition of the [[Barrier Treaty|Barrier Fortresses]] however became an important asset of Dutch foreign policy and enlarged their sphere of influence. Although judged favourably by contemporaries,{{sfn|Van Nimwegen|2002|p=31}} it was later argued that the barrier proved to be largely illusory when put to the test during the [[War of Austrian Succession]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kubben |first1=Raymond |title=Regeneration and Hegemony: Franco-Batavian Relations in the Revolutionary Era 1795–1803 |date=2011 |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff |isbn=978-90-04-18558-6 |page=148}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ward |first1=Adolphus William |title=The Cambridge History of British Foreign Policy, Volume 2 |date=1922 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781108040136 |page=57 |edition=2011}}</ref> The Dutch had in any case successfully defended their positions in the Southern Netherlands and their troops were central in the alliance which halted French territorial expansion in Europe until a new cycle began in [[French Revolutionary Wars|1792]].{{sfn|Van Nimwegen|2020|p=354}}

While the final settlement at Utrecht was far more favourable to France than the Allied offer of 1709 had been, it gained little that had not already been achieved through diplomacy by February 1701.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bocholz |first1=Robert |title=Early Modern England 1485-1714 |date=2020 |publisher=Wiley Blackwell |isbn=978-1-118-53222-5 |page=364 |edition=3rd}}</ref> Though France remained a great power, concern at its relative decline in military and economic terms compared to Britain was an underlying cause of the [[War of the Austrian Succession]] in 1740.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lynn |first1=John |title=The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1714 |series=Modern Wars in Perspective |date=1999 |publisher=Longman |isbn=978-0-582-05629-9 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/warsoflouisxiv1600lynn/page/361 361–362] |url=https://archive.org/details/warsoflouisxiv1600lynn/page/361 }}</ref>

==Evaluations==
The British historian [[G. M. Trevelyan]] has argued that: 
{{blockquote|That Treaty, which ushered in the stable and characteristic period of Eighteenth-Century civilization, marked the end of danger to Europe from the old French monarchy, and it marked a change of no less significance to the world at large, – the maritime, commercial and financial supremacy of Great Britain.<ref>G.M. Trevelyan, ''A shortened history of England'' (1942) p. 363</ref>}}

The British academic [[Brendan Simms]] argues that: 
{{blockquote|Britain had shaped Europe in her interests at the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713. It soon became clear, however, that she had designed a system to deal with past threats, principally from France, rather than those of the future. The new challenges came first from Spain, which was unreconciled to the loss of its Mediterranean lands.<ref>{{cite book | author1= Brendan Simms |title=Britain's Europe: A Thousand Years of Conflict and Cooperation |publisher= Penguin Books Limited |year=2016 |isbn=9780141983899 }}</ref>}}

==See also==
{{Commons category|Treaty of Utrecht}}
{{wikisource|Treaty of Utrecht}}
* [[Disputed status of Gibraltar]]
* [[French Shore]]
* [[Herman Moll]]
* ''[[Utrecht Te Deum and Jubilate]],'' composition by Handel
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* Bruin, Renger and Cornelis Haven, eds. ''Performances of Peace: Utrecht 1713'' (2015). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctt1w76w4b online]
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3hGsrpVwelkC |title=Ruhe des jetzt lebenden Europa Dargestellet in Sammlung der neuesten Europaeischen Friedens-Schlüße, Wie dieselbe unter Regierung ... Käyser Carl des VI. Von den Utrechtischen an biß auf dieses 1726te Jahr zum Vorschein gekommen; Dem Original-Text nach emendat und zuverläßig nebst guter und verbesserter Ubersetzung der mehresten Stücke auch kurtzen Inhalt und Summarien Wie nicht weniger mit Remißionen, Anmerckungen und Registern ... Als ein politisches Manual-Buch ausgefertiget. Erste und Andere Abtheilung: Die Ruhe gegen Frankreich und Spanien enthaltend |last=Christ |first=Johann Friedrich |date=1726 |access-date=15 March 2022 |pages=1044 |location=Coburg |publisher=Paul Günther Pfotenhauer |language=de}}
* [[Winston Churchill|Churchill, Winston]] (2002). ''Marlborough: His Life and Times, Bk. 2, vols. iii & iv''. University of Chicago Press. {{ISBN|0-226-10635-7}} [https://archive.org/details/marlboroughhisli00chur online abridged edition]
* Gregory, Desmond: ''Minorca, the Illusory Prize: A History of the British Occupations of Minorca Between 1708 and 1802'' (Associated University Press, 1990)
* [[Lesaffer, Randall]]. [https://blog.oup.com/2014/11/utrecht-peace-treaty-balance-power-europe/ "The peace of Utrecht and the balance of power"], ''Oxford Historical Treaties'' 10 Nov 1914 online
* Lynn, John A (1999). ''The Wars of Louis&nbsp;XIV, 1667–1714''. Longman. {{ISBN|0-582-05629-2}}
* Mowat, Robert B. ''History of European diplomacy, 1451–1789'' (1928) pp.&nbsp;141–154; [https://archive.org/details/historyofeuropea00mowa online] pp.&nbsp;165–182.
* [[Sichel, Walter]]. ''Bolingbroke And His Times'', 2 vols. (1901–02) [https://archive.org/details/bolingbrokeandh00sichgoog ''Vol. 1 The Reign of Queen Anne'']
*[[Philip Stanhope, 5th Earl Stanhope|Stanhope, Philip]]: ''History of England, Comprising the Reign of Queen Anne until the Peace of Utrecht'' (London: 1870)
* [[G. M. Trevelyan|Trevelyan, G. M]] (1930–34). ''England Under Queen Anne''. 3 volumes. Longmans, Green and co.
* {{cite book |last=Van Nimwegen |first=Olaf |title=De Veertigjarige Oorlog 1672–1712: de strijd van de Nederlanders tegen de Zonnekoning |trans-title=The 40 Years' War 1672–1712: the Dutch struggle against the Sun King|publisher=Prometheus |year=2020 |isbn=978-90-446-3871-4|language=Dutch }}
* {{cite book |last=Van Nimwegen |first=Olaf |title=De Republiek der Verenigde Nederlanden als grote mogendheid: Buitenlandse politiek en oorlogvoering in de eerste helft van de achttiende eeuw en in het bijzonder tijdens de Oostenrijkse Successieoorlog (1740–1748)|publisher=De Bataafsche Leeuw |year=2002 |isbn=978-90-6707-540-4|language=Dutch }}

==External links==
* [http://www.heraldica.org/topics/france/utrecht.htm  "The Treaties of Utrecht (1713)"] Brief discussion and extracts of the various treaties on François Velde's ''Heraldica'' website, with particular focus on the renunciations and their later reconfirmations.

{{Gibraltar topics}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Utrecht, Treaty of}}
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