Editing Paulinus of Nola

{{Short description|Christian bishop and saint}}
{{Other uses|Saint Paulinus (disambiguation){{!}}Saint Paulinus}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox saint
|honorific_prefix=Saint 
|name=Paulinus of Nola
|birth_date=22 June 354
|death_date=22 June {{death year and age|431|354}}
|feast_day={{ubl|Anglican tradition: {{avoid wrap|22 June}} (memorial)|[[Catholicism]]: 22 June|[[Eastern Orthodoxy]]: [[June 22 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)#Pre-Schism Western saints|23 January]]; and 22 June|[[Oriental Orthodox Churches]]: {{avoid wrap|8 September}}<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Schäfer |first1=Joachim |title=Paulinus von Nola |date=25 May 2022 |url=https://www.heiligenlexikon.de/BiographienP/Paulinus_von_Nola.htm |language=nl |encyclopedia=Ökumenisches Heiligenlexikon}}</ref>}}
|venerated_in={{ubl|[[Anglican Communion]]|[[Catholic Church]]|[[Eastern Orthodox Church]]|[[Oriental Orthodox Churches]]}}
|image= Linzer Dom - Fenster - Paulinus von Nola.jpg
|caption=
|birth_place=[[Bordeaux|Burdigala]], [[Gallia Aquitania]], [[Roman Empire]]
|death_place=[[Nola]] in [[Campania]], the [[Praetorian prefecture of Italy]], [[Western Roman Empire]]
|titles=[[Bishop of Nola|Bishop]] and [[Confessor of the Faith|Confessor]]
|attributes=
|patronage=
|suppressed_date=
|issues=
}}

'''Paulinus of Nola''' ({{IPAc-en|p|ɔː|ˈ|l|aɪ|n|ə|s}}; {{langx|la|Paulinus Nolanus}}; also [[Anglicisation|anglicized]] as '''Pauline of Nola''';<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HeYRAAAAYAAJ&q=%22pauline+of+nola%22&pg=PA147|title=Frank Leslie's Sunday Magazine|date=1888|publisher=Frank Leslie|language=en}}</ref> {{circa|354}} – 22 June 431) born '''Pontius Meropius Anicius Paulinus''',<ref name=Loffler/> was a [[Roman Empire|Roman]] [[Roman poetry|poet]], writer, and [[Roman senate|senator]] who attained the ranks of [[suffect consul]] ({{circa|lk=no|377}}) and [[Roman governor|governor]] of [[Campania]] ({{circa|lk=no|380|381}}) but—following the assassination of the [[List of Roman emperors|emperor]] [[Gratian]] and under the influence of his [[Hispania|Hispanic]] wife [[Therasia of Nola]]—abandoned his career, was [[Baptism|baptized]] as a [[Christianity in the Roman Empire|Christian]], and probably after Therasia's death became [[bishop of Nola]] in Campania. While there, he wrote poems in honor of his predecessor [[Felix of Nola|Saint&nbsp;Felix]] and corresponded with other Christian leaders throughout the [[Roman Empire|empire]]. He is credited with the introduction of [[Altar bell|bells]] to [[Christian liturgy|Christian worship]] and helped resolve the disputed election of [[Pope Boniface&nbsp;I]].

His renunciation of his wealth and station in favor of an [[ascetic]] and philanthropic life was held up as an example by many of his contemporaries—including [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustine]], [[Jerome]], [[Martin of Tours|Martin]], and [[Ambrose]]—and he was subsequently venerated as a [[Christian saint|saint]]. His [[relic]]s became a focus of [[Christian pilgrimage|pilgrimage]], but were removed from Nola sometime between the 11th and 20th centuries. His [[calendar of the saints|feast day]] is observed on 22 June in both the [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] and [[Eastern Orthodox Church]]es. In [[Nola]], the entire week around his feast day is celebrated as the [[Festival of the Lilies]].

==Life==
[[File:Saint Paulinus of Nola. Line engraving. Wellcome V0032823.jpg|thumb|left|Line engraving of Saint Paulinus of Nola]]

Pontius Meropius Paulinus was born {{circa|lk=no|352}} at [[Bordeaux]], in southwestern France. He was from a notable [[Roman senate|senatorial]] family with estates in the [[Aquitaine]] province of France, northern Iberia, and southern Italy. Paulinus was a kinsman of [[Melania the Elder]]. He was educated in Bordeaux by his teacher, the poet [[Ausonius]].  

At some time during his boyhood he made a visit to the shrine of St Felix at Nola near Naples.<ref name=Loffler>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11585b.htm Löffler, Klemens "St. Paulinus, Bishop of Nola". ''The Catholic Encyclopedia''] Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911.</ref>

His normal career as a young member of the senatorial class did not last long. In 375, the Emperor [[Gratian]] succeeded his father [[Valentinian I|Valentinian]]. Gratian made Paulinus [[suffect consul]] at Rome {{circa|lk=no|377}}, and appointed him governor of the southern Italian province of [[Campania]] {{circa|lk=no|380}}. Paulinus noted the Campanians' devotion to Saint [[Felix of Nola]] and built a road for pilgrims, as well as a hospice for the poor near the local shrine.<ref name=cna>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140624014941/http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/saint.php?n=703 "St. Paulinus of Nola"]. Catholic News Agency</ref>

In 383 Gratian was assassinated at [[Lyon]], France, and Paulinus went to Milan to attend the school of Ambrose.<ref name=Benedict>{{cite web | author=Pope Benedict XVI | date=19 December 2007 | url=http://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/audiences/2007/documents/hf_ben-xvi_aud_20071212.html | title=St. Paulinus of Nola | work=L'Osservatore Romano | page=15}}</ref> Around 384 he returned to Bordeaux. There he married [[Therasia of Nola|Therasia]], a Christian noblewoman from Barcelona.<ref name=foley>{{cite web| url = http://www.americancatholic.org/Features/Saints/saint.aspx?id=1420| title = Foley, Leonard. ''Saint of the Day, Lives, Lessons, and Feast'', Franciscan Media}}</ref> Paulinus was threatened with the charge of having murdered his brother.<ref name=Loffler/> It is possible that an attempt was made to accuse him in order to confiscate his property.<ref>J. Quasten (ed.). [https://books.google.com/books?id=QePRsSSaDVgC&dq=Paulinus+of+Nola+%2B+murder&pg=PA220 ''Letters of St. Paulinus of Nola''], no. 14, p. 220, Paulist Press, 1966 {{ISBN|9780809100880}}</ref> He was baptized by Bishop Delphinus of Bordeaux. He and his wife traveled to Iberia about 390. When they lost their only child eight days after birth they decided to withdraw from the world, and live a secluded religious life.<ref name=Loffler/> Paulinus was close to both [[Pelagius]] and to the [[Pelagian]] writer [[Julian of Eclanum]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=Peter |title=The Patrons of Pelagius: the Roman Aristocracy Between East and West |journal=The Journal of Theological Studies |date=1970 |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=56–72 |doi=10.1093/jts/XXI.1.56 |jstor=23957336 |issn=0022-5185}}</ref>

[[File:StatuadiSanPaolinodaNola.JPG|thumb|Statue of St. Paulinus in [[Nola]]]]

In 393 or 394, after some resistance from Paulinus, he was ordained a [[presbyter]] on Christmas Day by [[Lampius]], [[Bishop of Barcelona]].<ref name="Bardenhewer">[[Otto Bardenhewer|Bardenhewer, Otto]]. Translated by Thomas J. Shahan (2006). ''Patrology: The Lives and Works of the Fathers of the Church''. Kessinger Publishing. p.447.</ref> (This was similar to what had happened with [[Augustine of Hippo]], who had been ordained against his protestations in the year 391 at the behest of a crowd cooperating with Bishop Valerius in the north African city of [[Hippo Regius]].) However, there is some debate as to whether the ordination was canonical, since Paulinus received ordination "at a leap" (''[[per saltum]]''), without receiving minor orders first.<ref name=Loffler/>

Paulinus refused to remain in [[Barcelona]], and in late spring of 395 he and his wife moved from Iberia to [[Nola]] in Campania where he remained until his death. Paulinus credited his conversion to Saint Felix, who was buried in Nola, and each year would write a poem in honor of him.

The great building works undertaken by Paulinus in 402–403 were the crowning glory and ornament of the renovated Nola. He restored and improved the ancient basilica erected in the martyr's honour. He and [[Therasia of Nola|Therasia]] also rebuilt a church commemorating Saint Felix, of great size and richly decorated, a monument of Christian art, with magnificent porticoes and fountains, for which a copious supply of water was brought from nearby [[Avella]]. Great crowds of pilgrims flocked to the martyr's tomb.<ref>The Life of St. Melania, Cardinal Rampolla, https://archive.org/stream/MN5140ucmf_10/MN5140ucmf_10_djvu.txt</ref>

In January 406 following the peace after the defeat of [[Radagaisus]], Paulinus invited a circle of guests including 
[[Melania the Younger]] and her husband and mother (Albina) and many other christians such as the Bishop of Beneventum, and where Melania wished to stay with all her household, though she left before 408.<ref>Natalicia, S. Paulinus of Nola</ref>

During these years Paulinus engaged in considerable epistolary dialogue with [[Jerome]] among others about monastic topics. "Paulinus decided to invest his money for the poor and the church rather than rejecting it completely, which stands in contrast to other more severe contemporary views such as Jerome's".<ref>Kirstein, Robert (2001). [https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2001/2001.10.16 Review of Trout's "Paulinus of Nola: life, letters, and poems. The transformation of the classical heritage"], ''Bryn Mawr Classical Review''</ref>

Therasia died some time between 408 and 410, and shortly afterwards Paulinus received episcopal ordination.<ref name=cna/> Around 410, Paulinus was chosen Bishop of Nola, where he served for twenty years. Like a growing number of aristocrats in the late 4th and early 5th centuries who were entering the clergy rather than taking up the more usual administrative careers in the imperial service, Paulinus spent a great deal of his money on his chosen church, city and [[Christian liturgy|ritual]].<ref name=dingdong>{{cite encyclopedia |contribution=[[s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Bell|Bell]] |title=Encyclopædia Britannica |edition=9th |volume=III |editor-last=Baynes |editor-first=Thomas Spencer |display-editors=0 |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |location=New York |date=1878 |ref={{harvid|''EB'', "Bell"}} |pages=536–37 }}</ref>

Paulinus died at Nola on 22 June 431.<ref name=cna/> The following year the presbyter Uranus wrote his "On the Death of Paulinus" (''{{lang|la|De Obitu Paulini}}''), an account of the death and character of Paulinus.


==Influence==
[[File:Bas-relief Saint Paulinus Torregrotta.JPG|right|thumb|Bas-relief of Saint Paulinus in [[Torregrotta]]]]
As [[bishop of Nola]], Paulinus is traditionally credited with the introduction of the use of [[Altar bell|bell]]s in church services. One form of medieval handbell was known as the ''{{lang|la|nola}}'' and medieval steeple bells were known as ''{{lang|la|campana}}s'' from this supposed origin.<ref name=dingdong/> However, Dr. Adolf Buse, professor at the Seminary of Cologne, showed that the use of bells in churches, an invention credited to Paulinus by tradition, is not due to him, nor even to the town of Nola.<ref>{{DCBL|inline=1 |last=Phillott |first=H. W. |wstitle=Paulinus, bishop of Nola}}</ref>

Already during his governorship Paulinus had developed a fondness for the 3rd-century martyr, [[Felix of Nola]].<ref name="Bardenhewer"/> Felix was a minor saint of local importance and patronage whose tomb had been built within the local necropolis at [[Cimitile]], just outside the town of [[Nola]]. As governor, Paulinus had widened the road to Cimitile and built a residence for travelers; it was at this site that Paulinus and [[Therasia of Nola|Therasia]] took up residence.  Nearby were a number of small chapels and at least one old basilica.  Paulinus rebuilt the complex, constructing a brand new basilica to Felix and gathering to him a small monastic community.  Paulinus wrote an annual hymn (''natalicium'') in honor of Saint Felix for the feast day when processions of pilgrims were at their peak. In these hymns we can understand the personal relationship Paulinus felt between himself and Felix, his advocate in heaven.  His poetry shares with much of the work of the early 5th century an ornateness of style that classicists of the 18th and 19th centuries found cloying and dismissed as decadent, though Paulinus' poems were highly regarded at the time and used as educational models.

Many of Paulinus's letters to his contemporaries, including Ausonius and [[Sulpicius Severus]] in southern [[Gaul]], [[Victricius of Rouen]] in northern Gaul, and Augustine in Africa, are preserved. Four letters from Paulinus to Augustine survive, and eight from Augustine to Paulinus. In one, Augustine invites Paulinus to visit Africa. As a publishing technique at that time, Augustine often sent copies of his works to Paulinus, to be copied and circulated in Italy.<ref>[http://www.augnet.org/en/life-of-augustine/his-era/augustines-contemporaries/1418-paulinus-of-nola/ "Paulinus of Nola"], Augnet</ref>
Paulinus may have been indirectly responsible for Augustine's ''Confessions'':  Paulinus wrote to [[Alypius of Thagaste|Alypius]], Bishop of [[Tagaste|Thagaste]] and a close friend of [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustine]], asking about his conversion and taking up of the [[ascetic]] life.  Alypius's autobiographical response does not survive; Augustine's ostensible answer to that query is the ''Confessions''. Paulinus also wrote five letters to Delphinus and six to [[Amandus of Bordeaux]].

"Paulinus' surviving letters and poems, many devoted to the feast day of Felix, reveal his attitudes and values, illuminate his social and spiritual relationships, preserve vivid traces of the literary and aesthetic evolution of Latin literature under the influence of Christian ideas, and document the emergence of the late antique cult of the saints."<ref>Trout, Dennis E. [https://oxfordre.com/classics/classics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-4796?rskey=QLHsmt&result=2 "Paulinus of Nola, c. 352/3–c. 431 CE"]. ''Oxford Classical Dictionary''</ref>

We know about his buildings in honor of Saint Felix from literary and archaeological evidence, especially from his long letter to Sulpicius Severus describing the arrangement of the building and its decoration.  He includes a detailed description of the [[apse]] [[mosaic]] over the main altar and gives the text for a long inscription he had written to be put on the wall under the image.  By explaining how he intended the visitors to understand the image over the altar, Paulinus provided rare insight into the intentions of a patron of art in the later Empire. He explained his project in a Poem dedicated to another great catechist, St [[Nicetas of Remesiana]], as he accompanied him on a visit to his basilicas: "I now want you to contemplate the paintings that unfold in a long series on the walls of the painted porticos.&nbsp;... It seemed to us useful to portray sacred themes in painting throughout the house of Felix, in the hope that when the peasants see the painted figure, these images will awaken interest in their astonished minds."<ref>Carm. XXVII, vv. 511, 580–583)</ref>

In later life Paulinus, by then a highly respected church authority, participated in multiple church synods investigating various ecclesiastical controversies of the time, including [[Pelagianism]].

==Legend==
[[Gregory the Great]] recounts a popular story that alleges that when the Vandals raided Campania, a poor widow came to Paulinus for help when her only son had been carried off by the son-in-law of the Vandal king. Having exhausted his resources in ransoming other captives, Paulinus said, "Such as I have I give thee", and went to Africa to exchange places with the widow's son. There Paulinus was accepted in place of the widow's son, and employed as gardener. After a time the king found out that his son-in-law's slave was the great Bishop of Nola. He at once set him free, granting him also the freedom of all the captive townsmen of Nola.<ref>Butler, Alban (1894). [http://www.sacred-texts.com/chr/lots/lots199.htm "St. Paulinus of Nola"]. Benziger Bros. (ed.). ''Lives of the Saints''.</ref> According to [[Pope Benedict XVI]], "the historical truth of this episode is disputed, but the figure of a Bishop with a great heart who knew how to make himself close to his people in the sorrowful trials of the barbarian invasions lives on."<ref name=Benedict/>

==Relics==
[[File:Giglio 2011 Franklin Sq.JPG|thumb|upright|Giglio in Franklin Square, New York City, 2011]]

In about 800 Prince [[Grimoald III of Benevento]] removed Paulinus's bones as [[relics]].

From the 11th century they rested at the [[San Bartolomeo all'Isola|church of Saint Adalbert, now Saint Bartholomew]], on the [[Tiber Island|island in the Tiber]] in Rome. In 1908 [[Pope Pius X]] permitted them to be [[translation (relics)|translated]] to the new cathedral at Nola, where they were reinterred on 15 May 1909.<ref>Trout, Dennis E. (1999).  ''Paulinus of Nola: Life, Letters, and Poems''. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 267.</ref>

The bones are now found in the small [[Sicily|Sicilian]] city of [[Sutera]], where they dedicate a feast day, and conduct a procession for the saint at Easter each year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pagadiandiocese.org/2017/06/19/readings-reflections-tuesday-of-the-eleventh-week-in-ordinary-time-st-paulinus-of-nola-june-202017/ |title=Readings & Reflections: Tuesday of the Eleventh Week in Ordinary Time & St. Paulinus of Nola, June 20,2017|website=www.pagadiandiocese.org|access-date=17 June 2019}}</ref>

==Modern devotion to Saint Paulinus==
The people of modern-day Nola and the surrounding regions remain devoted to Saint Paulinus.  His feast day is celebrated annually in Nola during ''La Festa dei Gigli'' (the Feast of the Lilies), in which Gigli and several large statues in honor of the saint, placed on towers, are carried upon the shoulders of the faithful around the city. In the United States the descendants of Italian immigrants from [[Nola]] and [[Brusciano]] continue the tradition in [[Williamsburg, Brooklyn#Feast of St. Paulinus and Our Lady of Mount Carmel|Brooklyn]]. This proud tradition is also kept alive in East Harlem, held on Giglio Way by the Giglio Society of East Harlem and on Long Island in West Hempstead with the Sons of San Paulino di Nola.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Posen |first1=I. Sheldon |author-link1=Shelley Posen |last2=Sciorra |first2=Joseph |last3=Kahn |first3=David M. |title=The Giglio: Brooklyn's Dancing Tower |year=1989 |publisher=Brooklyn Historical Society |location=Brooklyn, N.Y. |oclc=22905350 }}</ref>

Paulinus is also venerated in the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]], where his feast day commemorated on [[January 23 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)#Pre-Schism Western saints|23 January]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://oca.org/saints/lives/2001/01/23/100283-st-paulinus-the-merciful-the-bishop-of-nola|title=St. Paulinus the Merciful the Bishop of Nola|website=oca.org|language=en|access-date=18 November 2017}}</ref>

== Citations ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== General and cited references ==
* Ausonius, & Paulinus of Nola, ''Ausone et Paulin de Nole : Correspondance'', tr. D. Amherdt (2004) [Latin text; French translation]. Introduction, Latin text, French translation & notes. Bern: Peter Lang Publ., 2004 (Sapheneia, Beiträge zur Klassischen Philologie; 9) VII, 247 p. {{ISBN|3-03910-247-8}}
* [[Catherine Conybeare]], ''Paulinus Noster Self and Symbols in the Letters of Paulinus of Nola'' (2000)
* {{Cite book |editor-last=Gardner |editor-first=Edmund G. |title=The Dialogues of Saint Gregory the Great |url=http://www.evolpub.com/CRE/CREseries.html#CRE9|publisher=Evolution Publishing|location=Merchantville, NJ|year=1911|isbn=978-1-889758-94-7}} Chapter III of the ''Dialogues'' contains a long anecdote about Paulinus.
* C. Iannicelli, "Rassegna di studi paoliniani" (1980–1997), in ''Impegno e Dialogo'' 11 (1994–1996) [publish. 1997], pp.&nbsp;279–321 [http://wpage.unina.it/iannicel/pubblicazioni/rassegna%20paoliniana/ Rassegna Iannicelli]
* J. T. Lienhard, "Paulinus of Nola and Early Western Monasticism, with a Study of the Chronology of His Work and an Annotated Bibliography", 1879–1976 (Theophaneia 28) (Köln-Bonn 1977), pp.&nbsp;192–204.
* C. Magazzù, 'Dieci anni di studi su Paolino di Nola' (1977–1987), in ''Bollettino di studi latini'' 18 (1988), pp.&nbsp;84–103.
* J. Morelli, ''De S. Paulini Nolani Doctrina Christologica'' (Theology doctorate dissertation, Pontificia Facultas Theologica Neapolitana apud Majus Seminarium, ex Typographica Officina Forense, Neapoli, 1945)
* Paulinus of Nola, ''Letters of St Paulinus of Nola translated ... by P. G. Walsh'', 2 vols., 1966–7 (Ancient Christian Writers, 35–36). {{ISBN|9780809100880|9780809100897}}.
* Paulinus of Nola, ''The Poems of Paulinus of Nola translated ... by {{ill|Patrick G. Walsh|lt=P. G. Walsh|de|Patrick G. Walsh}})'', 1975 ([[Ancient Christian Writers]], 40). {{ISBN|9780809101979}}.
* Paulinus of Nola, ''Paolino di Nola Le Lettere. Testo latino con introduzione, traduzione italiana ...'', ed. G. Santaniello (2 vols., 1992)
* Paulinus of Nola, ''Paolino di Nola I Carmi ...'', ed. A. Ruggiero (1996)
* Paulinus of Nola, ''Sancti Pontii Meropii Paulini Nolani Opera'', ed. G. de Hartel (2nd. ed. cur. M. Kamptner, 2 vols., 1999) [v. 1. ''Epistulae''; v. 2. ''Carmina''. Latin texts]
* Paulinus Nolanus, ''Carmina'', ed. F. Dolveck (2015). ''Corpus Christianorum. Series Latina'' 21. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers. {{ISBN|978-2-503-55807-3}}.
* {{cite book |last=Trout |first=Dennis E |year=1999 |title= Paulinus of Nola—Life, Letters, and Poems |publisher=Berkeley: University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-21709-6 }}

==External links==
* [http://www.olmcfeast.com/about/about-the-feast Brooklyn Giglio "In honor of Our Lady of Mt Carmel and San Paulino di Nola"]
* [http://www.sanpaolino.org Sons of San Paolino]
* [https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/audiences/2007/documents/hf_ben-xvi_aud_20071212_en.html Catechesis] of [[Pope Benedict XVI]] about Paulinus
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050403151520/http://www.giglio-usa.org/Nola.htm Giglio USA]
* [http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/27800 ''San Paolino de Nola''] {{in lang|it}}
* [https://www.mqdq.it/public/indici/autori/tipo/alpha/lettera/p/idAuthors/191 Works in Latin] at Musisque Deoque
* [https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/paulinus.poemata.html Works in Latin] at The Latin Library
* [https://scaife.perseus.org/library/urn:cts:latinLit:stoa0223/ Works in Latin] in the Scaife Viewer
* [http://roderic.uv.es/uv_ms_0842 Digitized codex] (1471–1484) that contains: ''Epistula de obitu Paulini'' by Uranius, ''Vita sancti Paulini'' by [[Pope Gregory I]],  ''Epistolae'' by Paulinus of Nola and fragments about the life of Paulinus of Nola, at [http://roderic.uv.es/handle/10550/43 Somni].

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[[Category:354 births]]
[[Category:431 deaths]]
[[Category:4th-century Gallo-Roman people]]
[[Category:4th-century writers in Latin]]
[[Category:5th-century Christian saints]]
[[Category:5th-century Gallo-Roman people]]
[[Category:5th-century Italian bishops]]
[[Category:5th-century writers in Latin]]
[[Category:5th-century Roman poets]]
[[Category:Anicii]]
[[Category:Christian clerical marriage]]
[[Category:Church Fathers]]
[[Category:Clergy from Bordeaux]]
[[Category:Correspondents of Jerome]]
[[Category:Gallo-Roman saints]]
[[Category:Letter writers in Latin]]
[[Category:Suffect consuls of Imperial Rome]]
[[Category:Writers from Bordeaux]]