Editing Paul Martin

{{Short description|Prime Minister of Canada from 2003 to 2006}}
{{Other people}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=November 2020}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix    = [[The Right Honourable]]
| honorific-suffix    = {{post-nominals|country=CAN|PC|CC|KC|size=100%}}
| image               = File:Paul Martin in 2006.jpg
| alt                 = 
| caption             = Martin in 2006
| order               = 21st
| office              = Prime Minister of Canada
| term_start          = December 12, 2003
| term_end            = February 6, 2006
| monarch             = [[Elizabeth II]]
| governor_general    = {{plainlist|
* [[Adrienne Clarkson]]
* [[Michaëlle Jean]]
}}
| deputy              = [[Anne McLellan]]
| predecessor         = [[Jean Chrétien]]
| successor           = [[Stephen Harper]]
| office1             = [[List of leaders of the Liberal Party of Canada|Leader of the Liberal Party]]
| term_start1         = November 14, 2003
| term_end1           = March 19, 2006
| predecessor1        = Jean Chrétien
| successor1          = [[Bill Graham (Canadian politician)|Bill Graham]] (interim)
| office2             = [[Minister of Finance (Canada)|Minister of Finance]]
| term_start2         = November 4, 1993
| term_end2           = June 2, 2002
| primeminister2      = [[Jean Chrétien]]
| predecessor2        = [[Gilles Loiselle]]
| successor2          = [[John Manley]]
| office3             = [[Minister responsible for the Federal Office of Regional Development – Quebec]]
| term_start3         = November 4, 1993
| term_end3           = January 24, 1996
| primeminister3      = Jean Chrétien
| predecessor3        = [[Jean Charest]]
| successor3          = [[John Manley]]
| riding4             = [[LaSalle—Émard]]
| parliament4         = Canadian
| term_start4         = November 21, 1988
| term_end4           = October 14, 2008
| predecessor4        = ''Riding established''
| successor4          = [[Lise Zarac]]
| birth_name          = Paul Edgar Philippe Martin
| birth_date          = {{Birth date and age|1938|8|28|mf=yes}}
| birth_place         = [[Windsor, Ontario]], Canada
| death_date          = 
| death_place         = 
| party               = [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]]
| profession          = {{hlist|Politician|lawyer|businessman|author}}
| spouse              = {{marriage|[[Sheila Martin|Sheila Cowan]]|1965}}
| mother              = Eleanor Alice Adams
| father              = [[Paul Martin Sr.]]
| children            = 3
| residence           = [[Knowlton, Quebec]], Canada
| alma_mater          = [[University of Toronto]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]])
| website             = 
| signature           = Paul Martin Signature redraw.svg
}}

'''Paul Edgar Philippe Martin''' {{post-nominals|country=CAN|PC|CC|KC}} (born August 28, 1938), also known as '''Paul Martin Jr.''', is a Canadian lawyer and retired politician who served as the 21st [[prime minister of Canada]] and the leader of the [[Liberal Party of Canada]] from 2003 to 2006.

The son of former [[Senate of Canada|senator]] and [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Canada)|secretary of state for external affairs]] [[Paul Martin Sr.]], Martin was a lawyer from [[Ontario]] before he became president and the chief executive officer of [[Canada Steamship Lines]] in 1973. He held that position until his election as a [[Member of Parliament (Canada)|member of Parliament]] for the [[Montreal]] [[electoral district (Canada)|riding]] of [[LaSalle—Émard]] in [[1988 Canadian federal election|1988]]. Martin ran for leader of the Liberal Party in [[1990 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election|1990]], losing to [[Jean Chrétien]]. Martin would become Chrétien's longtime rival for the leadership of the party, though was appointed his [[Minister of Finance (Canada)|minister of finance]] after the Liberal victory in the [[1993 Canadian federal election|1993 federal election]]. Martin oversaw many changes in the financial structure of the Canadian government, and his policies had a direct effect on eliminating the country's chronic fiscal [[deficit spending|deficit]] by drastically cutting spending and reforming various programs including social services. In 2002, Martin resigned as finance minister when tensions with Chrétien reached their peak. Martin initially prepared to challenge Chrétien's leadership; however, Chrétien announced his intention of retiring, which triggered the [[2003 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election|November 2003 leadership election]]. Martin easily won the leadership and was sworn in as prime minister in December. 

In the [[2004 Canadian federal election|2004 federal election]], the Liberal Party retained power as a [[minority government]], losing its [[majority government|majority]] due to the [[sponsorship scandal]] that began to develop in the late 1990s. Martin's government reached an agreement with Canada's provinces on increased funding for healthcare, negotiated the [[Canada-Newfoundland and Labrador Atlantic Accord|Atlantic Accord]] with the governments of [[Government of Nova Scotia|Nova Scotia]] and [[Government of Newfoundland and Labrador|Newfoundland and Labrador]], signed the [[Kelowna Accord]] to improve the living conditions of [[Indigenous Peoples in Canada|indigenous peoples]], and legalized [[same-sex marriage in Canada|same-sex marriage]]. In 2005, the opposition parties in the [[House of Commons of Canada|House of Commons]] passed a [[motion of no confidence]] contending that Martin's government was corrupt after the [[John Gomery#Gomery Commission|Gomery Commission]] released new details regarding the sponsorship scandal, which triggered the [[2006 Canadian federal election|2006 federal election]]. Martin and the Liberals were defeated by the newly unified [[Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative Party]] led by [[Stephen Harper]], ending over 12 years of Liberal rule.

Shortly after the defeat, Martin stepped down as Liberal leader and declined to seek re-election in [[2008 Canadian federal election|2008]]. [[Historical rankings of prime ministers of Canada|Evaluations]] of Martin's prime ministership have been mixed, whereas his tenure as finance minister is viewed more favourably. Now seen as a global diplomat, Martin continues to contribute on the international arena through a variety of initiatives such as Incentives for Global Health, the not-for-profit behind the [[Health Impact Fund]], where he serves as a member of the advisory board. He also sits as an advisor to [[Canada's Ecofiscal Commission]].

==Early life==
Martin was born at [[Hôtel-Dieu Grace Healthcare|Hôtel-Dieu of St. Joseph Hospital]] in [[Windsor, Ontario]],<ref name=About.com>{{cite web |first=Susan |last=Munroe |url=http://canadaonline.about.com/cs/primeminister/p/pmmartin.htm |title=Prime Minister Paul Martin |access-date=November 29, 2006 |work=About: Canada Online |archive-date=December 14, 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031214135323/http://canadaonline.about.com/cs/primeminister/p/pmmartin.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> and grew up in Windsor and Ottawa. His father, [[Paul Martin Sr.]], a [[Franco-Ontarian]] of [[Irish Canadian|Irish]] and [[French Canadian|French]] descent, served 33 years as a member of the [[House of Commons of Canada]], and was a Cabinet minister in the Liberal governments of Prime Ministers [[William Lyon Mackenzie King|W.&nbsp;L. Mackenzie King]], [[Louis St. Laurent]], [[Lester B. Pearson]], and [[Pierre Trudeau|Pierre E. Trudeau]]. His mother, Eleanor "Nell" Alice (née Adams), was of [[Scottish Canadian|Scottish]] and  [[Irish Canadian|Irish]] descent.<ref name="cbc broadcast">{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/paul-martin-like-father-like-son |title=Like father, like son? |date=December 14, 1988 |access-date=June 5, 2015 |publisher=CBC Archives}}</ref> He had one sister, Mary-Anne Bellamy, who was diagnosed with [[Crohn's disease]] at a young age.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.canada.com/windsorstar/news/story.html?id=cf10cb1e-290f-411c-90b5-38aa8945063b |title=Former PM's sister always helped those in need |work=The Windsor Star |date=July 22, 2011 |access-date=October 19, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721201239/http://www2.canada.com/windsorstar/news/story.html?id=cf10cb1e-290f-411c-90b5-38aa8945063b |archive-date=July 21, 2015 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> She died on July 20, 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/windsorstar/obituary.aspx?pid=152677502 |title=Mary-Anne Bellamy |publisher=legacy.com |date=July 22, 2011 |access-date=October 19, 2014 }}</ref> Martin contracted polio in 1946 at the age of eight (like his father, who contracted the disease in 1907).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/commentary/we-are-on-the-cusp-of-ending-polio/article558805|title=We are on the cusp of ending polio|work=Globe & Mail|access-date=July 28, 2016}}</ref> To give him the opportunity to improve his French, his parents enrolled him in a private French-language [[middle school]], École Garneau, in Ottawa.

Martin then briefly attended the [[University of Ottawa]] before transferring and graduating from [[University of St. Michael's College|St. Michael's College]] at the [[University of Toronto]] with a B.A. in history and philosophy in 1961.<ref name="archives.concordia.ca">{{cite web|url=http://archives.concordia.ca/martin|title=Honorary Degree Citation – Paul Martin – Concordia University Archives|access-date=July 28, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://themedium.ca/news/u-of-t-alumnus-paul-martin-receives-order-of-canada|title=U of T alumnus Paul Martin receives Order of Canada|work=The Medium|first=Lori-Lee|last=Emshey|date=January 16, 2012|access-date=July 28, 2016|archive-date=May 27, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527021724/http://themedium.ca/news/u-of-t-alumnus-paul-martin-receives-order-of-canada/|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was a member of the U of T Young Liberals<ref name="themontrealer2009">{{cite web|url=http://www.themontrealeronline.com/2009/08/paul-martin-life-after-politics/ |title=Paul Martin – life after politics |work=The Montrealer |date=August 21, 2009 |first=Peter |last=Kerr |access-date=October 21, 2014 }}</ref> during his time at the University of Toronto. He then attended the [[University of Toronto Faculty of Law]], where he received an LL.B. in 1964. He was called to the Ontario bar in 1966.<ref name=About.com/>

On September 11, 1965, Martin married [[Sheila Martin|Sheila Ann Cowan]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Hell or High Water: My Life in and out of Politics |first=Paul |last=Martin |page=33 |isbn=978-0771056932 |publisher=Emblem Editions |date=2009 }}</ref> with whom he has three sons: Paul, Jamie and David.

==Business career==
===Board of directors===
In 1969, [[Power Corporation of Canada|Power Corporation]] took a controlling share in [[Canada Steamship Lines]]. On December 2, 1970, Paul Martin, the 32-year-old executive assistant<ref name="themontrealer2009"/> to Power Corporation Chief Executive Officer (CEO) [[Maurice Strong]], was appointed to the CSL board of directors. In 1971, CSL minority shareholders sold outstanding shares to Power Corporation, making CSL a Power Corporation subsidiary.

===Presidency===
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=June 2024}}
CSL suffered losses in 1972 when forced to cover unexpected cost overruns in the construction of three 80,000-ton ocean-going [[tanker (ship)|tankers]] at Davie Shipbuilding. On November 22, 1973, Martin was appointed president and CEO of the CSL Group. In 1974, CSL earnings were further hurt by an eight-week strike on the Great Lakes.

In 1976, Power Corporation reversed itself and took over the [[investment portfolio]] that had been sold to CSL five years earlier. CSL reverted to an operating division of Power Corporation.

==Early political career (1988–1993)==

In 1988, Martin was elected as the [[Member of Parliament (Canada)|Member of Parliament]] (MP) for the southwestern [[Montreal]] riding of [[LaSalle-Émard]]. He was re-elected without much difficulty at every election until he retired from politics.

In 1984, the Liberal Party was defeated under the leadership of [[John Turner]], falling to just 40 seats. A group of young Liberals approached Martin as a possible candidate to replace Turner, and while he did not take part in an attempt to overthrow Turner, he did prepare to succeed him in the leadership should the position open.

Martin was a candidate at the [[1990 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election]], losing to Jean Chrétien in a bitter race that resulted in [[2004 Liberal Party of Canada infighting|lasting animosity]] between the two men and their supporters. A key moment in that race took place at an all-candidates debate in Montreal, where the discussion quickly turned to the [[Meech Lake Accord]]. Martin, favouring Meech, attempted to force Chrétien to abandon his nuanced position on the deal and declare for or against it. When Chrétien refused to endorse the deal, young Liberal delegates crowding the hall began to chant ''"vendu"'' ("sellout" in French) and "Judas" at Chrétien. Chrétien was upset at the response from the floor and another similar outburst by Martin supporters at the convention when Chrétien accepted the party leadership. [[Jean Lapierre]] and his supporters, who supported Martin, wore black armbands at the convention to protest Chrétien's victory. The Meech Lake accord was officially defeated just one day before the Liberal leadership was to be decided. In the House of Commons, Lapierre then crossed the floor to the newly formed ''[[Bloc Québécois]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/a-very-bitter-defeat-for-paul-martin |title=A very bitter defeat for Paul Martin |publisher=Archives.cbc.ca |date=June 23, 1990 |access-date=June 5, 2015}}</ref>

After the leadership convention, Martin co-authored the election platform ''Creating Opportunity'', colloquially known as the [[Red Book (Liberal Party of Canada)|Red Book]]. The Liberal Party won a landslide majority government in the [[1993 Canadian federal election|1993 election]].

==Finance Minister (1993–2002)==
After the Liberals formed the government, Martin was chosen as minister of finance by Prime Minister Chrétien. At the time, Canada had one of the highest budgetary deficits of the [[G7]] countries. Standard & Poor's had lowered its rating on Canada's foreign-denominated government debt from AAA to AA-plus in 1992, and in 1994, Moody's lowered its rating on Canada's foreign currency debt from Aaa to Aa1, partly due to Canada's growing public debt.<ref name=factbox1>{{cite news|last=Martell|first=Allison|title=Factbox: How Canada tamed its budget deficit|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-crisis-canada-tame/factbox-how-canada-tamed-its-budget-deficit-idUSTRE77766I20110808|work=Reuters|publisher=Thomson Reuters|access-date=February 17, 2021|author2=Guttsman, Janet|date=August 8, 2011}}</ref> In his debut as finance minister, Martin made huge budget cuts that almost ground economic growth to a halt, scaling down government to 1951 levels. In 1994–96, when these cuts were made, economic growth decreased by 3.5 percentage points, according to a study by CIBC-Wood Gundy. The resulting loss in tax revenue almost eliminated the savings made by the cuts and turned the economy away from the public sector toward the private sector. The cuts endangered the provinces' abilities to pay for social programs, health care, and public infrastructure. In response, the [[Bank of Canada]] lowered interest rates to avoid contributing to a growing recession, causing a huge spurt of economic growth and resulting increase in government revenue.<ref name=rabble1>{{cite news|url=http://rabble.ca/news/paul-martin-he-has-record |title=Paul Martin: He has a record|publisher=rabble.ca |access-date=August 6, 2011}}</ref> In 1998, Martin introduced a balanced budget, an event that had occurred only twice in 36 years before 1997.<ref name=CBC1>{{cite news|last=CBC News Online|title=Ottawa's cup runneth over Federal budget surpluses&nbsp;– FAQs|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news2/background/budget/|work=CBC News|publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|access-date=April 26, 2014}}</ref> In 2002, Moody's and Standard and Poor's restored Canada's domestic and foreign currency debt ratings to AAA.<ref name=factbox1 />

During his tenure as finance minister, Martin was responsible for lowering Canada's [[debt-to-GDP ratio]] from a peak of 70 percent to about 50 percent in the mid-1990s. In December 2001, he was named a member of the [[World Economic Forum]]'s "dream cabinet."<ref name="deficit buster">{{cite video|people=Keith Boag (reporter)|date=November 29, 1993|title=Paul Martin, deficit buster|url=http://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/paul-martin-deficit-buster |format=.wmv |medium=news report |access-date=June 5, 2015|publisher=CBC Archives}}</ref> The global business and financial body listed Martin along with United States Secretary of State [[Colin Powell]] and United Nations Secretary-General [[Kofi Annan]] as top world leaders.

Also during his tenure as finance minister, Martin coordinated a series of meetings between the finance ministers of all provinces to discuss the pending crisis in the [[Canada Pension Plan]] (CPP). Consequently, Martin oversaw the creation of a general public consultation process in February 1996 that eventually led to major structural reform of the CPP. The results of this public consultation process were collected and analyzed by the Finance department. Eventually, it led to a proposal for overhauling the CPP, which was presented to Parliament and was approved soon after, averting a pension crisis.<ref name="deficit buster" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncwcnbes.net/htmdocument/principales/cppaugust98_e.htm |title=An Open Letter About The Canada Pension Plan |access-date=November 29, 2006 |last=Murphy |first=John |publisher=National Council of Welfare |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060810155141/http://www.ncwcnbes.net/htmdocument/principales/cppaugust98_e.htm |archive-date=August 10, 2006 }}</ref>

While Martin's record as finance minister was lauded in business and financial circles, there were undeniable costs. Some of these took the form of reduced government services, affecting the operations and achievement of the mandate of federal and provincial departments. This was probably most noticeable in [[Medicare (Canada)|health care]], as major reductions in federal funding to the provinces meant significant cuts in service delivery. Martin's tactics, including those of using contributor's funds from RCMP, Military and Civil Service pension plans and [[Employment Insurance]], created further controversy. CAW economist Jim Stanford said that a combination of a spending freeze at 1994 levels and lower interest rates would have eliminated the deficit in two years through economic growth alone, without the reduction in services.<ref name=rabble1/>

===Relations with Chrétien===

Chrétien and Martin frequently clashed while in office. It was reported that Chrétien privately often condemned Martin in bitter terms and had never forgiven Martin for running against him in the Liberal leadership convention of 1990. During that bitter contest, Martin had forced Chrétien to declare his opposition to the Meech Lake Accord and, as a result, Chrétien was generally unpopular in his home province for the next decade.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://policyoptions.irpp.org/fr/magazines/paul-martin/juggernaut-paul-martins-campaign-for-chretiens-crown-paul-martin-the-power-of-ambition-book-reviews/|title=Juggernaut: Paul Martin's Campaign for Chrétien's Crown / Paul Martin: The Power of Ambition (comptes rendus)|website=Policy Options|access-date=2019-12-17}}</ref>

Even before the Liberals' second electoral victory in the [[1997 Canadian federal election|1997 election]], there was much speculation in the media and in Ottawa that Martin was after Chrétien's job and wanted to force him to retire. As the Liberals emerged with a smaller majority government after the 1997 election, it seemed unlikely that any opposition party could pose a serious challenge, but Martin began to gain support from those who began to disagree with Chrétien. Chrétien, however, resolved to stay on after the Liberals were reelected in 2000, having regained much of the ground lost in 1997. By this time, Martin had gained control of much of the party machinery.

==Becoming prime minister==

The conflict between the two men reached a peak in 2002. Martin left Cabinet, being replaced by [[John P. Manley|John Manley]] as finance minister. There is some question about whether Martin resigned or Chrétien had him dismissed. Being out of Cabinet was likely a boost to Martin's campaign as he was no longer obligated to disclose his donors. Soon after, Martin declared his intention to run as leader of the Liberal Party at the next party convention. Over the summer of 2002, Martin toured the country campaigning to succeed Chrétien while his Liberal organizers prepared to challenge Chrétien's leadership during a review vote in January 2003. During the fall, Chrétien announced that he would step down in the spring of 2004 after less than half of caucus agreed to sign a commitment supporting him. The Liberal party called a [[2003 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election|leadership convention]] for the fall of 2003, to be held in Toronto.

Several other potential leadership contenders, such as [[Brian Tobin]] and [[Allan Rock]], declined to enter the contest. John Manley's attacks on Martin's refusal to disclose his campaign contributors did little to dent the latter's commanding lead and Manley eventually conceded the race. This left no strong candidate for Chrétien supporters to rally around, and some of them grudgingly voted for Martin.

On September 21, 2003, Martin easily defeated his sole remaining opponent, former Deputy Prime Minister [[Sheila Copps]], securing 93 percent of the party delegates. On November 14, 2003, he was declared the winner at the Liberal leadership convention, capturing 3,242 of 3,455 votes. He had won the leadership almost unopposed, due to his hold on the party machinery, and because Chrétien supporters did not rally around either of the leadership opponents.

[[Simon Fraser University]] professor Doug McArthur has noted that Martin's leadership campaign used aggressive tactics for the 2003 leadership convention, in attempting to end the contest before it could start by giving the impression that his bid was too strong. McArthur blamed Martin's tactics for the ongoing sag in Liberal fortunes, as it discouraged activists who were not on side.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/topps-ndp-campaign-tactics-border-on-bullying-professor-warns/article2179865/ |work=Globe and Mail |location=Toronto | first=Rod | last=Mickleburgh | title=Topp's NDP campaign tactics border on bullying, professor warns | date=September 25, 2011}}</ref>

==Prime Minister (2003–2006)==
{{Main|Premiership of Paul Martin}}

===Majority government and sponsorship controversy===

On December 12, 2003, Martin was appointed by then-Governor General [[Adrienne Clarkson]] as the 21st Prime Minister of Canada. When sworn in as prime minister, Martin held the flag that flew on Parliament Hill when the elder Martin died. Both father and son had served as Cabinet ministers and contested the Liberal leadership on multiple occasions; their attempts from 1948 to 1990 were unsuccessful. Martin's election as leader and becoming prime minister was described as fulfilling a family dream. Both also earned the honorific prefix ''[[The Right Honourable]]''. One difference between them was that Paul Sr. was one of the most left-wing members of the party, while Paul Jr. is considered on the right-wing.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/paul-martin-sworn-in-as-prime-minister |title=Paul Martin sworn in as prime minister|publisher=Archives.cbc.ca |date=December 12, 2003 |access-date=June 5, 2015}}</ref>

When he was sworn in, Martin's new cabinet retained only half the ministers from Chrétien's government, a noteworthy break in tradition from previous instances where a retiring prime minister handed over power to his successor as party leader. Martin and his supporters exercised control over the riding nomination process, breaking with the precedent to automatically sign the nomination papers of backbenchers and former ministers who wanted to run for reelection. While these were signs of open party infighting, this had little impact on Martin's record popularity, with several pundits suggesting that the cabinet change was meant to present a new government different from Chrétien's ten-year tenure. Martin declined to appoint leadership contestants [[John Manley]] and [[Sheila Copps]] to cabinet.

Martin and the Liberals were adversely affected by a report from [[Auditor General of Canada|Auditor General]] [[Sheila Fraser]] on February 9, 2004, indicating that sponsorship contracts designed to increase the federal government's status in Quebec resulted in little to no work done. Many of the agencies had Liberal ties, and roughly $100 million of the $250 million in program spending went missing. The scandal hurt Martin's popularity, especially in Quebec, where [[Bloc Québécois]] leader [[Gilles Duceppe]] even accused Martin of planning to widen the St. Lawrence seaway to benefit his own [[Canada Steamship Lines]]. The scandal also cast skepticism on Martin's recommendations for Cabinet appointments, prompting speculation Martin was simply ridding the government of Chrétien's supporters to distance the Liberals from the scandal. Martin acknowledged that there was political direction but denied involvement in, or knowledge of, the sponsorship contracts. He had a judicial inquiry called to investigate what came to be known as the [[sponsorship scandal|Sponsorship Scandal]], and nominated [[John Gomery]] to head it.

During his term, Martin appeared as himself in a fictional, comedic context in several programs, including an episode of the [[CTV Television Network|CTV]] sitcom ''[[Corner Gas]]'' in 2006, and also in the CBC [[mockumentary]] series ''[[Jimmy MacDonald's Canada]]'' in 2005.

====2004 federal election====
{{Main|2004 Canadian federal election}}

The Liberals were facing a new united [[Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative Party]] led by [[Stephen Harper]], while the [[Bloc Québécois]] and NDP were also buoyed by the Sponsorship Scandal. Martin advised Governor General [[Adrienne Clarkson]] to call an [[2004 Canadian federal election|election]] for June 28, 2004.

The Liberals were also hampered by their inability to raise campaign money competitively after Chrétien passed a bill in 2003 that banned corporate donations, even though the Liberals had enjoyed by far the lion's share of this funding due to the then-divided opposition parties. It has been suggested that Chrétien, who had done nothing about election financing for his 10 years in office, could be seen as the idealist as he retired, while his rival and successor Martin would have the burden of having to fight an election under the strict new rules.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/realitycheck/gray/20060613.html |work=CBC News |title=Reality Check|first=John|last=Grey|date=June 13, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061114092059/http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/realitycheck/gray/20060613.html|archive-date=November 14, 2006|access-date=February 11, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://nationalpost.com/features/the-liberal-resurrection|title=The liberal resurrection|first=Richard|last=Warnica|newspaper=[[National Post]]|date=April 17, 2013|access-date= February 11, 2020}}</ref>

An unpopular provincial budget by Liberal Premier [[Dalton McGuinty]], who broke a pledge not to raise taxes, hurt the federal party's numbers in Ontario,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://usa.mediamonitors.net/headlines/why_stephen_harper_lost |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040805200120/http://usa.mediamonitors.net/headlines/why_stephen_harper_lost |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 5, 2004 |title=Why Stephen Harper Lost (by John Chuckman)&nbsp;– Media Monitors Network (MMN) |publisher=Usa.mediamonitors.net |author=(Friday, July 2, 2004) |access-date=October 24, 2008 }}</ref> as did a weak performance from Martin in the leaders' debates. The Conservatives soon took the lead, prompting some predictions of an imminent Harper government. The Liberals managed to narrow the gap and eventually regain momentum.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/tories-fail-to-make-breakthrough-in-ontario-1.508424 |title=Tories fail to make breakthrough in Ontario |publisher=CBC |author=CBC News |date= June 29, 2004|access-date=April 26, 2014}}</ref> Martin was successful in winning a plurality of seats to continue as the government, though they were now in a minority situation, the first since [[Joe Clark]]'s tenure in 1979–80.

===Minority government===

The Martin government faced combined challenges from Quebec separatism and general hostility arising from the Sponsorship Scandal. The first test of the Liberal minority came following the [[Speech from the throne]] on October 5, 2004. The Bloc Québécois moved an amendment to the speech challenging the government over provincial jurisdiction. The Conservatives supported the amendment, but the NDP opposed it. Collapse of the government on the confidence vote was averted after Martin called Harper and reached a last-minute deal watering down the motion's wording.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2004-10-07 |title=Parliamentary crisis averted |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/parliamentary-crisis-averted/article20433975/ |access-date=2025-04-13 |work=The Globe and Mail |language=en-CA}}</ref> The government faced another hurdle when the Conservatives announced their own plan to move an amendment to the speech. Harper denied that the Tories intended to bring down the government.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2004-10-06 |title=Tories won't topple government, Harper says |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/tories-wont-topple-government-harper-says/article25680246/ |access-date=2025-04-13 |work=The Globe and Mail |language=en-CA}}</ref> The fall of the government was averted for the second time after the Liberals reached a deal with the opposition parties.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-13 |title=Leaders condemn PM's plan - The Globe and Mail |url=https://archive.today/20250413032434/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/leaders-condemn-pms-plan/article1142659/ |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=archive.ph}}</ref> [[Don Boudria]], the Liberals' Chrétien-era House leader, likened the brinkmanship in the first few weeks of the [[38th Canadian Parliament|38th Parliament]] to a game of [[Russian roulette]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2004-10-06 |title=A dangerous game indeed |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/incoming/a-dangerous-game-indeed/article1141971/ |access-date=2025-04-13 |work=The Globe and Mail |language=en-CA}}</ref>

====Economic policy====
Martin invested heavily in Quebec, for example with the [[Bombardier Inc.]] ''C series'' project,<ref name="epe1">{{cite news |url=https://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/205/301/pco-bcp/website/06-10-10/www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/default.asp@language=e&page=archivemartin&sub=speechesdiscours&doc=speech_20050602_505_e.htm | title=Address by Prime Minister Paul Martin in Montreal }}</ref> which was later taken over by [[Airbus]] when the owner got into financial difficulties and called the [[Airbus A220]].<ref name="Leeham18oct2017">{{cite news |url= https://leehamnews.com/2017/10/18/war-partner-airbus-cseries/ |title= From war to partner: Airbus and the CSeries |date= 18 October 2017 |work= Leeham |access-date= 19 October 2017 |archive-date= 23 February 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180223104147/https://leehamnews.com/2017/10/18/war-partner-airbus-cseries/ |url-status= live }}</ref> By June 2005 Martin gave the [[Federation of Canadian Municipalities]] a [[Goods and services tax (Canada)|GST rebate]] and was about to supply to them a portion of the [[federal gasoline tax]];<ref name=epe1/><ref name="epe2">{{cite news |url=https://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/205/301/pco-bcp/website/06-10-10/www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/default.asp@language=e&page=archivemartin&sub=speechesdiscours&doc=speech_20050605_507_e.htm | title=Address by Prime Minister Paul Martin to the conference of the Federation of Canadian Municipalities }}</ref> the programme was called "New Deal for Cities and Communities".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://sencanada.ca/en/senators/forest-eric/interventions/572377/29?context=1 |ref=sc1 |title=Senator Éric Forest - Topic Intervention 572377 - 29 }}</ref> This was a left-over of his time as Minister of Finance,<ref name="young09">{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1754-7121.2009.00087.x |title=Why do municipal issues rise on the federal policy agenda in Canada? |date=2009 |last1=Young |first1=Robert |last2=McCarthy |first2=Kelly |journal=Canadian Public Administration |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=347–370 }}</ref><ref name="cbc1">{{cite news |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/cities-call-on-pm-to-continue-support-in-martin-s-absence-1.309129 |title=Cities call on PM to continue support in Martin's absence |date=2002-06-04 |website=cbc.ca}}</ref> spurred by continued carping by academics,<ref name="mau05">{{cite news |url=https://cpsa-acsp.ca/papers-2005/Mau.pdf |first1=Tim A |last1=Mau |title=Political Rhetoric or Genuine Leadership: An Assessment of the "New Deal" for Cities |publisher=University of Guelph |date=June 2005}}</ref><ref name="osg1">{{cite journal|url=https://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1281&context=ohlj |title=Freedom of the City: Canadian Cities and the Quest for Governmental Status |volume=44 |number=3|date=July 2006 |first1=Ron |last1=Levi |first2=Mariana |last2=Valverde |journal=[[Osgoode Hall Law Journal]]|pages=409–459 |doi=10.60082/2817-5069.1281 |doi-access=free }}</ref> some of whom did not hesitate to note in 2004 that "[u]nlike the federal and provincial governments, municipalities cannot borrow for operating purposes; they can only do so for capital expenditures."<ref name="qu1">{{cite news |url=https://www.queensu.ca/iigr/sites/iirwww/files/uploaded_files/StateFed04.pdf |title=Municipal-Federal-Provincial Relations in Canada |editor-first1=Robert |editor-last1=Young |editor-first2=Christian |editor-last2=Leuprecht |date=2004 |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press}}</ref>

===== Healthcare funding =====

At the [[First Ministers' conference|First Ministers' Meeting]] of September 13–15, 2004, Martin and the provincial premiers reached an agreement on increased funding for healthcare.<ref>{{cite news|title=Anatomy of an agreement |author=CBC News |publisher=CBC |date=September 16, 2004 |access-date=April 26, 2014 |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news2/background/healthcare/firstminconf.html}}</ref> This 10-year plan outlined $18 billion in increased transfers to the provinces over 6 years, notably through increases in the CHT:<ref>{{cite web |title=Dénouement d'une conférence des premiers ministres sur la santé |url=http://bilan.usherbrooke.ca/bilan/pages/evenements/23595.html |language=fr |website=bilan.usherbrooke.ca |publisher=[[Université de Sherbrooke]] |accessdate=16 May 2020 |date=2004-09-15 |archive-date=2020-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223061033/http://bilan.usherbrooke.ca/bilan/pages/evenements/23595.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Health Canada |title=New Federal Investments on Health Commitments on 10-Year Action Plan on Health |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/health-care-system/health-care-system-delivery/federal-provincial-territorial-collaboration/first-ministers-meeting-year-plan-2004/new-federal-investments-health-commitments-10-year-action-plan.html |website=canada.ca |publisher=Government of Canada |archivedate=2021-09-07 |date=2004-09-16 |access-date=2021-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907191924/https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/health-care-system/health-care-system-delivery/federal-provincial-territorial-collaboration/first-ministers-meeting-year-plan-2004/new-federal-investments-health-commitments-10-year-action-plan.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* The CHT was to be increased by $3 billion in 2004-05 and $2 billion in 2005-06;
* A new CHT base set at $19 billion starting in 2005–06, greater than suggested in the Romanow Report;
* An escalation factor set at 6% starting in 2006–07.

===== Equalization =====

Martin also introduced changes to the equalization program, under which the Federal Government is constitutionally obligated to redistribute federal revenue to provinces having less ability to raise revenues through taxation than wealthier provinces. The goal is to ensure uniformity of public service provision across the nation. This was received well in "have-not" provinces, but [[Nova Scotia]] and [[Newfoundland and Labrador]] sought to retain income from natural resources on federal marine territory that would generally be taken, or 'clawed back', by the federal treasury in lieu of equalization payments. In the 2004 federal election campaign, Harper provided a written promise that Newfoundland and Labrador and Nova Scotia under a Conservative government would receive 100 percent of the revenue generated from their natural resources without an equalization clawback, a promise he reneged upon when elected Prime Minister. NDP leader [[Jack Layton]] followed suit soon after with a similar guarantee, and later Martin promised that under a Liberal government both provinces would receive the same deal, except only for oil resources.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nfld. premier says PM broke promise|author=CBC News |publisher=CBC |date=October 26, 2004|access-date=April 26, 2014|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nfld-premier-says-pm-broke-promise-1.485010}}</ref> Negotiations over the agreement were harsh, with [[Premier of Newfoundland and Labrador|Newfoundland and Labrador Premier]] [[Danny Williams (Canadian politician)|Danny Williams]] at one point ordering all Canadian flags removed from provincial government buildings in December 2004.<ref>{{cite news |title=Newfoundland's flag flap 'disrespectful,' PM says|author=CBC News |publisher=CBC |date=December 24, 2004 |access-date=April 26, 2014 |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-s-flag-flap-disrespectful-pm-says-1.471078}}</ref> The dispute was resolved when the federal government agreed to Martin's original campaign promise.

===== 2005 budget =====

The [[Canadian federal budget, 2005|2005 federal budget]] was presented in the House of Commons on February 23, 2005. The budget included an array of new spending for the [[Canadian Forces|Armed Forces]], the environment and a national child-care program.

Public hearings of the [[Gomery Commission]] inquiry into the sponsorship scandal involving alleged kickbacks and "donations" from [[Quebec]] advertising agencies and corporations to Liberal Party operatives led to a drop in the Liberal Party's popularity. The security of the minority government came under fire as the Conservatives threatened to force an election by use of their "opposition day," when they get to set the Parliament's agenda. The Conservatives would use this time to hold a [[vote of no confidence]] in order to topple Martin's government.<ref>{{cite news|title=Opposition threatens to shut down government|author=CBC News|date=April 19, 2005|publisher=CBC |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/opposition-threatens-to-shut-down-government-1.535171|access-date=June 5, 2015}}</ref> To avoid this, Martin removed all opposition days from the schedule and made a televised appearance on April 21, 2005, to attempt to gain support from the Canadian people to let the inquiry run its course before an election was called. In the rebuttal speeches by the opposition party leaders, Layton offered his party's support provided that they were given major concessions in the budget such as canceling the proposed corporate tax cuts. Days later, the Liberals took the NDP up on their offer and negotiated tax cut deferments and new spending initiatives. Among the new commitments was aid for [[Sudan]], which Sudan's officials turned down as Martin did not consult them about it beforehand. This aid was attacked as a perceived attempt to win the vote of a single independent MP, former Liberal [[David Kilgour]]. Kilgour nevertheless voted against the government.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sudan aid doesn't buy vote, Kilgour says|url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/1115638352964_4/?hub=TopStories|author=CTV.ca News Staff|date=May 9, 2005|publisher=CTV.ca|access-date=November 29, 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050817003528/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/1115638352964_4/?hub=TopStories|archive-date=August 17, 2005|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

In May, Parliament passed a motion asking one of its committees to express a lack of confidence in the government. The Liberals dismissed this as a procedural matter, causing some to accuse them of governing unlawfully by ignoring parliamentary tradition. The Conservatives and Bloc interpreted it as a vote of no confidence, and they combined their votes to shut down the House of Commons early for two days in a row. The Speaker of the House of Commons later ruled in favour of the Liberal stance.

On May 17, 2005, [[Member of Parliament (Canada)|MP]] [[Belinda Stronach]] [[crossing the floor|crossed the floor]] from the Conservative Party and joined the Liberal Party to become [[Minister of Human Resources and Skills Development]]. Martin claimed Stronach's move was due to concerns over the direction the Conservative Party was taking; others accused Stronach of political opportunism.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/1116356334799_31|title=Stronach decision likely a long time coming|author=CTV.ca News Staff|publisher=CTV.ca|date=May 17, 2005|access-date=November 29, 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061028204429/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/1116356334799_31|archive-date=October 28, 2006|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/1116339348919_111748548/?hub=TopStories|title=Stronach crosses the floor, joins Liberal cabinet|author=CTV.ca News Staff|publisher=CTV.ca|date=May 17, 2005|access-date=November 29, 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061006050252/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/1116339348919_111748548/?hub=TopStories|archive-date=October 6, 2006|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The event changed the balance of power in the [[House of Commons of Canada|House of Commons]] in favour of the government. This, and the support of independent MP [[Chuck Cadman]], caused a tie during a May 2005 confidence vote, meaning that [[Peter Milliken]], [[Peter Milliken|Speaker of the House]] needed to cast the deciding vote. He voted with the government, following the tradition that the Speaker votes to continue debate, and that allowed the budget to pass through the House on May 19, 2005.

====Social policy====

[[Same-sex marriage]] proved to be a [[defining issue]] of Martin's mandate. Martin opposed same-sex marriage in a 1999 vote on the issue along with a majority of MPs,<ref>{{cite web |last=Mackenzie |first=Ian |url=http://archives.xtra.ca/Story.aspx?s=14931500 |title=Marriage Vote: The Liberals could leave us at the altar |access-date=November 29, 2006 |work=XTRA Archives |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928010930/http://archives.xtra.ca/Story.aspx?s=14931500 |archive-date=September 28, 2007 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> but changed his stance on the issue in 2004, citing recent court rulings and his personal belief that same-sex marriage was primarily a human rights issue.<ref>{{cite news |title=Supreme Court OK's same-sex marriage |author=CBC News |date=December 9, 2004 |access-date=April 26, 2014 |publisher=CBC |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/supreme-court-ok-s-same-sex-marriage-1.500479}}</ref> In the midst of various court rulings in 2003 and 2004 that allowed for the legalization of same-sex marriages in seven provinces and one territory, the government proposed a bill to legalize [[same-sex marriage in Canada|same-sex marriage across Canada]]. The House of Commons passed the ''[[Civil Marriage Act]]'' in late June 2005 in a late-night, last-minute vote before Parliament closed down, the [[Senate of Canada|Senate]] passed it in July 2005, and it received [[Royal Assent]] on July 20 of the same year. This made Canada the fourth country in the world to allow same-sex marriages.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Supreme Court and same-sex marriage |author=CBC News |publisher=CBC |date=June 29, 2005 |access-date=April 26, 2014 |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news2/background/samesexrights/}}</ref>

In November 2005, the Martin government reached a historic consensus with Canada's provinces, territories, First Nations, Métis and Inuit. Known as the [[Kelowna Accord]], it aimed to eliminate the gaps between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Canadians in health, education, housing and economic opportunity.

====Foreign relations====
{{Further|List of international prime ministerial trips made by Paul Martin}}
[[File:President George W. Bush and Canadian Prime Minister Paul Martin respond to questions from the press corps in the Rose Garden after a meeting at the White House.jpg|thumb|Martin alongside U.S. president [[George W. Bush]], April 30, 2004]]

On February 24, 2005, Foreign Affairs Minister [[Pierre Pettigrew]] told the House of Commons that Canada would not participate in the [[United States national missile defense|American National Missile Defense Program]], and that he expected to be consulted in the case of a missile being launched over Canadian airspace. Martin's decision met with much praise, but others saw that the government was distancing itself from the U.S. His government continued to cooperate with the United States on border control, refugee claimants, and defense, and he appointed seasoned Liberal politician [[Frank McKenna]] as Canada's ambassador to Washington.

Martin was criticized for failing to reach a foreign-aid target of 0.7 percent of GDP, most notably by [[Bono]] of Irish rock group [[U2]] (who claimed that he was going to "kick <nowiki>[Martin's]</nowiki> butt" over the issue). Martin later responded that, in his view, many foreign leaders had made pledges that were too fanciful and that he would only commit to targets that he knew his government could be held accountable for.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20050709/g-8_summitwraps_20050708?s_name=&no_ads= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060302075722/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20050709/g-8_summitwraps_20050708?s_name=&no_ads= |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 2, 2006 |author=CTV.ca News Staff |title=Resolute G-8 leaders unveil $50B in foreign aid |publisher=CTV.ca |date=July 9, 2005 |access-date=November 29, 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://newsfromrussia.com/society/2005/11/26/68542.html |title=Irish rock star Bono says Canadian Prime Minister mystifies him |work=News From Russia |publisher=pravda.ru |date=November 26, 2005 |access-date=November 29, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070417091827/http://newsfromrussia.com/society/2005/11/26/68542.html |archive-date=April 17, 2007 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

Martin became involved in a diplomatic row with the United States administration after accusing, with [[Bill Clinton]], the US of not listening to [[Kyoto Protocol|global environmental concerns]]. Martin rejected US Ambassador [[David H. Wilkins|David Wilkins]]'s rebuke and said he was standing up for Canada's interests over softwood and other issues.<ref>{{cite news |title=Martin warns of threat to national unity |author=CBC News |publisher=CBC |date=November 30, 2005 |access-date=April 26, 2014 |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/martin-warns-of-threat-to-national-unity-1.542084}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Martin rejects U.S. ambassador's rebuke |author=CBC News |publisher=CBC |date=December 13, 2005 |access-date=April 26, 2014|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/martin-rejects-u-s-ambassador-s-rebuke-1.543612}}</ref>

Martin promoted the expansion of the [[G8]] into a larger group of twenty nations, [[G20]], whose inaugural chairman was himself. He also forged a closer relationship with the People's Republic of China by announcing the [[strategic partnership]] initiative during PRC President [[Hu Jintao]]'s [[state visit]] to Canada in September 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ca.chineseembassy.org/eng/zjwl/t211490.htm |title=China, Canada agree on building strategic partnership|date=September 9, 2005|author=The Consulate General of The People's Republic of China in Canada|publisher=Embassy of the People's Republic of China in Canada|access-date=February 17, 2021}}</ref>

====Appointment of Governor General====
On August 4, 2005, the government announced that Martin had advised [[Queen of Canada|Queen]] [[Elizabeth II]] to appoint [[Michaëlle Jean]] as [[Governor General of Canada|governor general]]. The reception to the appointment was mixed: some applauded the move, while accusations that her husband had both dined with former members of the terrorist organization [[Front de libération du Québec|FLQ]] and been supportive of [[Quebec separatism]] surprised others.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20050818/jean_harper_050817/20050818/ |title=Gov. Gen. designate denies separatist link |author=CTV.ca News Staff |publisher=CTV.ca |date=August 15, 2005 |access-date=November 30, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070922202400/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20050818/jean_harper_050817/20050818/ |archive-date=September 22, 2007 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Subsequent to her appointment, she reaffirmed her commitment to [[federalism]] and the issue died down.

====Fall of government====
The first volume of the Gomery Report, released on November 1, 2005, cleared Martin of any wrongdoing while placing some blame for the scandal on Chrétien for lack of oversight, although it acknowledged that Chrétien had no knowledge of the scandal.<ref>{{cite news|title=Justice John Gomery report lays blame with Chrétien, exonerates Martin|first=Jim|last=Brown|work=Canadian Press|publisher=canada.com|date=November 1, 2005|access-date=November 29, 2006|url=http://www.canada.com/national/nationalpost/news/story.html?id=187e67f3-155c-42d1-b2cc-524f3c6a890d|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014071204/http://canada.com/national/nationalpost/news/story.html?id=187e67f3-155c-42d1-b2cc-524f3c6a890d|archive-date=October 14, 2007|df=mdy-all}}</ref> On June 26, 2008, Chrétien was cleared of all allegations of involvement in the scandal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/key-gomery-finding-involving-chr%C3%A9tien-pelletier-struck-down-1.750175|title=Key Gomery finding involving Chrétien, Pelletier struck down|publisher=CBC News|date=June 26, 2008|access-date=April 26, 2014}}</ref>

A Canadian judge issued a gag order that barred Canadian media from covering the hearings of the [[Gomery Inquiry]]. Despite this, leaked information circulated after being published in an American blog ''[[Captain's Quarters]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0413/p09s01-coop.html|title=Borderless blogs vs. Canada press ban|newspaper=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|date=April 13, 2005|first=Rondi|last=Adamson|access-date=February 11, 2020}}</ref>

After the Gomery findings, NDP leader [[Jack Layton]] notified the Liberals of conditions for the NDP's continued support; the terms of these conditions are unclear, but the two parties were unable to come to an agreement. An opposition proposal to schedule an election for February 2006 in return for passing several pieces of legislation was also unrealized.<ref>{{cite news |title=MPs pass motion calling for February election |author=CBC News |publisher=CBC |date=November 21, 2005 |access-date=April 26, 2014|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/mps-pass-motion-calling-for-february-election-1.528232}}</ref> The Conservatives, supported by the other two opposition parties (the NDP and Bloc Québécois), introduced a [[motion of non confidence]] against the Martin government. The motion passed on November 28 by a count of 171–133, defeating the government, after which the Governor General issued [[writ of election|election writs]] for a [[2006 Canadian federal election|vote to be held]] on January 23, 2006.<ref>{{cite news |title=Liberal government defeat sets stage for election |author=CTV.ca News Staff |publisher=CTV.ca |date=November 28, 2005 |access-date=November 29, 2006 |url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20051128/minority_liberal_election_051128/20051128?s_name=election2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061010195633/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20051128/minority_liberal_election_051128/20051128?s_name=election2006 |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 10, 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Liberals lose confidence of the House |author=CBC News |date=November 28, 2005 |publisher=CBC |access-date=April 26, 2014 |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/liberals-lose-confidence-of-the-house-1.555183}}</ref>

Some commentators described Martin's tenure as Prime Minister as unfocused and indecisive, with the Canadian correspondent of ''[[The Economist]]'' reporting that he was being called "Mr. Dithers" in Ottawa.<ref name="Martin convention">{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/martin-urges-liberals-to-leave-convention-side-by-side-1.588738 |title=Martin urges Liberals to leave convention 'side by side' |publisher=CBC |author=CBC News |date= December 1, 2006|access-date=April 26, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-magazine-dubs-martin-mr-dithers-1.527129 |title=British magazine dubs Martin 'Mr. Dithers' |publisher=CBC |author=CBC News |date= February 18, 2005|access-date=April 26, 2014}}</ref>

====2006 federal election====
{{Main|2006 Canadian federal election}}

Prior to the campaign and upon [[dropping the writ|dropping of the writs]], [[Opinion polling in the Canadian federal election, 2006|opinion polling]] indicated the Liberals were ahead of the Conservatives by 2–10% popular support (November 30, 2005: Liberals 35%, Conservatives 30%). But the Liberal lead did not last. They did not plan much serious campaigning during December, allowing the Conservatives to take the initiative in rolling out policy ideas. Several early gaffes were picked up by an [[Newspaper endorsements in the Canadian federal election, 2006|unsympathetic media]]. One notable gaffe was Liberal Party strategist [[Scott Reid (political advisor)|Scott Reid]]'s suggestion that parents might buy beer and popcorn with the Conservatives' child care subsidy, although Martin declined to apologize. Martin was also criticized for portraying himself as the defender of Canadian unity; some opponents said that the election was not a referendum while others pointed to the Sponsorship Scandal.<ref>{{cite news |title=Liberals wrong to play separatism card, Lord says |author=CTV.ca News Staff |publisher=CTV.ca |date=December 11, 2005 |access-date=November 29, 2006 |url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20051208/qp_bernard_lord_051211?s_name=election2006%7C&no_ads= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311032538/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20051208/qp_bernard_lord_051211?s_name=election2006%7C&no_ads= |archive-date=March 11, 2007 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

Near the end of December, the Liberals were rocked by a [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]] criminal investigation into the leaking of news of a federal tax change for [[income trust]]s.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Income Trusts Probe|author=CBC News|publisher=CBC|work=Canada Votes 2006|access-date=November 29, 2006 |url=http://www.cbc.ca/canadavotes/leadersparties/incometrusts.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061101060021/http://www.cbc.ca/canadavotes/leadersparties/incometrusts.html |archive-date = November 1, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Income trust a major campaign turning point|author=Canadian Press|publisher=CTV.ca|date=January 22, 2006|access-date=November 29, 2006|url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060121/election_turningpoints_060121?s_name=election2006&no_ads=|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116032918/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060121/election_turningpoints_060121?s_name=election2006&no_ads=|archive-date=January 16, 2009|df=mdy-all}}</ref> This again brought the Sponsorship Scandal to public attention at a time when Martin planned to make important policy announcements. Under constant campaign pressure by all opposition parties casting Martin and the Liberals as corrupt, Liberal support fell to as low as 26% in early January 2006. The decline was not halted even by a glossy election pledge booklet.<ref name="pol1">{{cite news |url=https://www.poltext.org/sites/poltext.org/files/plateformesV2/Canada/CAN_PL_2006_LIB_en.pdf |title=Securing Canada's Success |editor-first1=Paul |editor-last1=Marin |date=2006}}</ref>

Martin did not put in a strong performance during the televised campaign debates. While appearing passionate in his message, he stuttered in making statements and appeared somewhat flustered.<ref name="www1">{{cite web |url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060103/ELXN_voters_reaction_060109?s_name=&no_ads= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060818162102/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060103/ELXN_voters_reaction_060109?s_name=&no_ads= |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 18, 2006 |title=CTV.ca &#124; Debate cements, rather than sways, voter intents |publisher=Ctv.ca |date=January 9, 2006 |access-date=October 24, 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stephentaylor.ca/2004/06/harper-wins-the-english-debate/ |title=Stephen Taylor&nbsp;– a blog on Canadian politics » Blog Archive » Harper wins the English debate |publisher=Stephentaylor.ca |date=June 15, 2004 |access-date=October 24, 2008}}</ref> During one debate, Martin made a surprise pledge that he would eliminate the [[Section Thirty-three of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms|notwithstanding clause]]; the Conservatives pointed out that this was not one of the announced Liberal campaign promises.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060103/ELXN_liberals_debate_amendment_060109/20060109/ |title=CTV.ca &#124; Martin vows to end federal notwithstanding clause |publisher=Ctv.ca |date=January 9, 2006 |access-date=October 24, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080316204319/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060103/ELXN_liberals_debate_amendment_060109/20060109/ |archive-date=March 16, 2008 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

In an attempt to sway voter sentiment in the final two weeks of the campaign, the Liberals prepared a series of [[2006 Harper attack ads|attack ads]]. One unreleased ad was seen widely as disrespectful of the military and it not only overshadowed the other ads but also forced Martin to defend it instead of releasing new policies. During the last week, Martin was forced to defend Harper after the latter was called a separatist by [[Canadian Auto Workers]] union leader [[Buzz Hargrove]]. In another tactic similar to the 2004 campaign, Hargrove urged all progressive voters to unite under the Liberal banner in English Canada and the Bloc Québécois in Quebec to stop the Conservatives, hoping to attract voters who were leaning towards the NDP, but New Democrat leader [[Jack Layton]] responded by focusing his attacks on Liberal corruption.

In the end, the Conservatives won a [[plurality (voting)|plurality]] of support and seats, finishing 31 seats short of a majority. The Liberals held their base of support in Ontario, with 54 seats of the 103 in the province. The Liberals lost a number of seats in Quebec, winning only 13 of the 75 seats in the province, down from 21 in 2004, while the Conservatives won 10 seats there. The Liberals did not improve their standings in the Western provinces, winning only 14 of the 92 seats, the same number as in 2004.

Shortly after midnight on January 24, 2006, after it became clear that the Conservatives were on their way to a plurality, Martin conceded defeat. (Near the end of the 2004 election, Martin and Harper both pledged that they would not form a government unless they won a plurality of seats.)  Martin surprised many by announcing his resignation as party leader, saying "I will continue to represent with pride the people of LaSalle—Émard, but I will not take our party into another election as leader." The next day, Martin officially informed [[Governor General of Canada|Governor General]] [[Michaëlle Jean]] of his intention to resign as prime minister.<ref>{{cite web|title=Media Advisory|publisher=Rideau Hall Press Office|last=Richer|first=Eric|date=January 24, 2006|access-date=November 29, 2006|url=http://www.gg.ca/media/doc.asp?lang=e&DocID=4654|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20060220042131/http://www.gg.ca/media/doc.asp?lang=e&DocID=4654|archive-date=February 20, 2006|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Jean asked Harper to form a government later that day. Martin remained as prime minister until the Harper minority government was sworn on February 6, 2006.<ref>{{cite web|title=Details regarding the swearing-in ceremony of the 22nd prime minister of Canada and his ministry|last=Richer|first=Eric|publisher=Rideau Hall Press Office|date=February 6, 2006|access-date=November 29, 2006|url=http://www.gg.ca/media/doc.asp?lang=e&DocID=4662|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20081125163007/http://www.gg.ca/media/doc.asp?lang=e&DocID=4662|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 25, 2008|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

=== Supreme Court appointments ===
Martin chose the following jurists to be appointed as justices of the [[Supreme Court of Canada]] by the [[Governor General of Canada|Governor General]]:
* [[Rosalie Abella]] (October 4, 2004&nbsp;– July 1, 2021)
* [[Louise Charron]] (October 4, 2004&nbsp;– August 30, 2011)

==Return to the back benches (2006–2008)==
[[File:Paul Martin in 2011.jpg|thumb|Martin in 2011]]

Choosing not to take on the office of [[Leader of the Opposition (Canada)|Leader of the Opposition]], the first defeated Prime Minister who had retained his seat not to do so, Martin stepped down as [[parliamentary leader]] of his party on February 1, and the Liberal caucus appointed [[Bill Graham (Canadian politician)|Bill Graham]], MP for [[Toronto Centre]] and outgoing [[Minister of National Defence (Canada)|Defence Minister]], as his interim successor.

Martin temporarily remained nominal Liberal party leader until March 18, 2006, when he submitted his resignation to party executives, who handed that post to Graham for the interim until that next leadership convention could be held. At the same meeting Martin tendered his resignation, the date for the leadership convention to select his successor was set for the weekend of December 2–3, 2006. According to media reports, Martin decided to move up the date of his resignation to end speculation that he might lead the Liberals into another election if Stephen Harper's minority government were to fall prior to the Liberal leadership convention.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2006-03-16 |title=Martin to officially resign as party leader |work=[[CBC News]] |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/martin-to-officially-resign-as-party-leader-1.603650 |access-date=2023-06-15}}</ref> This began a trend of high turnover among permanent Liberal leaders, in contrast to their predecessors who usually served over two or more elections, including Pierre Trudeau and Jean Chrétien who each led for over a decade.<ref name="www.macleans.ca">Wells, Paul. (May 4, 2011) [http://www.macleans.ca/2011/05/04/politics-turned-over/ The untold story of the 2011 election: Introduction and Chapter 1 – Paul Wells]. Macleans.ca. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.</ref>

At the [[2006 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election|Liberal convention in Montreal]], Martin was officially neutral in the contest. The party's tribute to Martin was hosted by former Olympian [[Mark Tewksbury]]. Martin's press secretary denied that the tribute was low key due to the Sponsorship Scandal and lingering bitterness inside the party, saying that the former prime minister wanted a simple evening. In his farewell speech, Martin paid homage to Chrétien, though the latter was not present for the event, and urged the Liberals to emerge united from the convention. [[Stéphane Dion]] was elected Liberal leader from a field of eight candidates.<ref name="Martin convention" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20061130/martin_tribute_061130/20061130?hub=CTVNewsAt11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014011009/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20061130/martin_tribute_061130/20061130?hub=CTVNewsAt11 |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 14, 2007 |title=CTV.ca &#124; Liberals pay tribute to Paul Martin at convention |publisher=Ctv.ca |date=November 30, 2006 <!-- 10:15&nbsp;pm ET -->  |access-date=October 24, 2008}}</ref>

For his last years of public office after resigning as Prime Minister, Martin was a backbencher, devoting his time to projects related to improving educational opportunities for Aboriginals (The Martin Aboriginal Education Initiative), and protecting the [[Congo Basin]] rain forest. In the 2008 federal election, Martin did not run for re-election to Parliament.

==Retirement (2008–present)==
[[File:Paul Martin interview 2021.jpg|thumb|Martin in 2021]]

In November 2008, CTV reported that Martin would be a member of a four-person council of economic advisers to a [[coalition government]] formed by the Liberals and the NDP if they succeed in toppling the Harper government.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/opposition-agrees-to-coalition-with-dion-as-pm-1.347462 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204082130/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20081130/conservative_budget_081201/20081201 |url-status=live |archive-date=December 4, 2008 |title=Opposition agrees to coalition with Dion as PM |date=December 2008 |publisher=Ctv.ca |access-date=April 20, 2010 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> However, the proposed coalition dissolved as outgoing Liberal leader Stéphane Dion was immediately forced out and replaced by [[Michael Ignatieff]], who quickly distanced the party from the coalition.

Martin published his memoirs, entitled ''Hell Or High Water: My Life In And Out of Politics'' ({{ISBN|0771056923}}), in late 2008. The book, published by [[McClelland & Stewart]], draws heavily upon interviews conducted by [[Sean Conway (Canadian politician)|Sean Conway]], a former Ontario Liberal provincial cabinet minister, which were carried out for the [[Library and Archives Canada]].

Martin was asked by [[Kofi Annan]] (at that time [[Secretary General of the United Nations]]), [[Gordon Brown]] (then [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]), and other international politicians and diplomats to help African countries develop their economic potential.<ref name=Montrealer>[https://themontrealeronline.com/2009/08/paul-martin-life-after-politics/ Paul Martin – Life after Politics, ''The Montrealer'', August 1, 2009.]</ref>

In 2009, Martin was co-chair of the Congo Basin Forest Fund, along with [[Nobel Peace Prize]] Laureate Professor [[Wangari Maathai]], to address [[global warming]] and poverty issues in a ten-nation region in Africa.<ref name=Montrealer/>

In September 2022, Martin attended [[Elizabeth II]]'s [[Death and state funeral of Elizabeth II|state funeral]], along with other former Canadian prime ministers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada-delegation-to-queen-elizabeth-funeral-1.6584284|title=Prime minister, Governor General to be joined by Indigenous leaders at Queen's funeral|website=[[CBC.ca]]|first=Darren|last=Major|date=September 15, 2022|access-date=September 19, 2022}}</ref>

Since his retirement from active Canadian politics, Martin has been an adviser to the [[International Monetary Fund]], and to the Coalition for Dialogue on Africa. He also works with the Martin Family Initiative, which assists First Nations youth.<ref>Perkins, Tara (September 17, 2011). "Martin's recipe for economic stability", ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'', p. B3.</ref> He lives in Knowlton, Québec.

==Honours==
<div class="center">
[[File:Order of Canada (CC) ribbon bar.svg|100px]]
<br />
[[File:Canada125 ribbon.png|100px]][[File:QEII Golden Jubilee Medal ribbon.png|100px]][[File:QEII Diamond Jubilee Medal ribbon.svg|100px]]
<br />
</div>

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:silver;" align="center"
|Ribbon || Description || Notes
|-
|[[File:Order of Canada (CC) ribbon bar.svg|100px]] || Companion of the [[Order of Canada]] (C.C.) || 
* Awarded on November 3, 2011; 
* Invested on May 25, 2012 <ref name="The Office of the Secretary to the Governor General">{{cite web|url=http://gg.ca/honour.aspx?id=9047&t=12&ln=Martin|title=The Governor General of Canada|author=The Office of the Secretary to the Governor General|access-date=27 March 2018}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Canada125 ribbon.png|100px]] || [[125th Anniversary of the Confederation of Canada Medal]] ||
* 1993
* As an elected Member of the [[House of Commons of Canada]], Mr. Martin would be awarded the medal as a member of the [[Canadian order of precedence]]. 
|-
|[[File:QEII Golden Jubilee Medal ribbon.png|100px]] || [[Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal]] for Canada||
*  2002
* As a member of [[Queen's Privy Council for Canada|Her Majesty's Privy Council for Canada]] and an elected Member of the [[House of Commons of Canada]], the then Honourable Paul Martin would be awarded the medal as a member of the [[Canadian order of precedence]].<ref name="The Office of the Secretary to the Governor General"/>
|-
|[[File:QEII Diamond Jubilee Medal ribbon.svg|100px]] || [[Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal]] for Canada||
* 2012
* As a former [[Prime Minister of Canada]] and having been awarded with the [[Order of Canada]], the Right Honourable Paul Martin was  awarded the medal as a member of the [[Canadian order of precedence]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gg.ca/honour.aspx?id=673&t=13&ln=Martin|title=The Governor General of Canada|author=The Office of the Secretary to the Governor General|access-date=27 March 2018}}</ref>
|-
|}

* Prenominal title "The Honourable" and postnominal "PC", for life upon being made a member of the [[Queen's Privy Council for Canada]], November 4, 1993<ref>{{cite web|title=Members of the Queen's Privy Council|publisher=Privy Council Office|access-date=October 6, 2014|url=http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/index.asp?lang=eng&page=information&sub=council-conseil&doc=members-membres/alphabet-eng.htm#M|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021163847/http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/index.asp?lang=eng&page=information&sub=council-conseil&doc=members-membres%2Falphabet-eng.htm#M|archive-date=October 21, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Upgraded prenominal title "The Right Honourable", for life upon becoming Prime Minister, December 12, 2003

{{Infobox COA wide
|image = Martin Escutcheon.png
|escutcheon = Per saltire Gules and Argent the mark of the Prime Ministership of Canada (four maple leaves conjoined in cross) within an orle of hands wrists inward, all counterchanged;
|crest = A demi-lion Or holding in its dexter paw a spray of shamrock, thistle and lily Azure and resting its sinister paw on a closed book proper bound Gules;
|supporters = Two Siberian tigers proper winged in the style of the Pacific Coast First Nations Sable embellished Argent and Gules, each gorged with a collar of cedar branches Or pendent therefrom a bezant charged with a ship's wheel Azure and standing on the deck of a ship Gules rising above barry wavy Argent and Azure;
|motto = PRIMUM PATRIA ET FAMILIA (Country And Family First) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://reg.gg.ca/heraldry/pub-reg/project.asp?lang=e&ProjectID=2449&ShowAll=1|title=Paul Edgar Phillippe MARTIN|website=reg.gg.ca|access-date=February 10, 2020}}</ref>
}}

A [[Trillium-class freighter]] in [[Canada Steamship Lines]], Rt. Hon. Paul E. Martin, is named for him.

==Honorary degrees==
{| class="wikitable" width="100%" style="margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0; border:1px #005566 solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
! width="20%" | Location !! width="20%" | Date !! width="40%" | School !! width="20%" | Degree
|-
| {{Flagu|Quebec}} || November 1998 || [[Concordia University]] || [[Doctor of Laws]] (LL.D)<ref>{{cite web |author1=Mohsen Anvari |title=Honorary degree citation - Paul Martin |url=https://www.concordia.ca/offices/archives/honorary-degree-recipients/1998/11/paul-martin.html |website=Concordia University |access-date=24 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727095252/https://www.concordia.ca/offices/archives/honorary-degree-recipients/1998/11/paul-martin.html |archive-date=27 Jul 2020 |language=English |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flagu|Ontario}} || June 2001 || [[Wilfrid Laurier University]] || Doctor of Laws (LL.D)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wlu.ca/page.php?grp_id=2284&p=9466 |title=Wilfrid Laurier University&nbsp;– University Secretariat&nbsp;– Senate&nbsp;– Honorary Degree Recipients |publisher=Wlu.ca |access-date=April 20, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225063111/http://www.wlu.ca/page.php?grp_id=2284&p=9466 |archive-date=December 25, 2007 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
|-
| {{Flagu|Ontario}} || 14 June 2007 || [[University of Windsor]] || Doctor of Laws (LL.D)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uwindsor.ca/secretariat/sites/uwindsor.ca.secretariat/files/honorary_degree_by_convocation_0.pdf |title=Honorary degrees conferred (Chronological) |access-date=2016-02-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128063612/http://www.uwindsor.ca/secretariat/sites/uwindsor.ca.secretariat/files/honorary_degree_by_convocation_0.pdf |archive-date=January 28, 2016 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
|-
| {{Flagu|Quebec}} || 30 May 2009 || [[Bishop's University]] || [[Doctor of Civil Law]]  (DCL)
|-
| {{Flagu|Ontario}} || 28 May 2010 || [[Queen's University at Kingston|Queen's University]] || Doctor of Laws (LL.D)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.queensu.ca/news/articles/former-prime-minister-paul-martin-among-queens-honorary-degree-recipients|title=Former Prime Minister Paul Martin among Queen's honorary degree recipients|publisher=Queensu.ca|access-date=September 23, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805015814/http://www.queensu.ca/news/articles/former-prime-minister-paul-martin-among-queens-honorary-degree-recipients|archive-date=August 5, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flagu|Ontario}} || 18 June 2010 || [[University of Western Ontario]] || Doctor of Laws (LL.D)<ref>{{cite web |title=HONORARY DEGREES AWARDED |url=http://www.uwo.ca/univsec/pdf/senate/honorary/honorary_degrees_by_year.pdf |access-date=24 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308035316/https://www.uwo.ca/univsec/pdf/senate/honorary/honorary_degrees_by_year.pdf |archive-date=8 Mar 2021 |language=English |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flagu|Ontario}} || 3 June 2011 || [[University of Toronto]] || Doctor of Laws (LL.D)<ref>{{cite web |title=University of Toronto Honorary Degree Recipients 1850 - 2016 |url=https://governingcouncil.utoronto.ca/system/files/import-files/degreerecipients1850tillnow3709.pdf |access-date=24 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216030558/https://governingcouncil.utoronto.ca/system/files/import-files/degreerecipients1850tillnow3709.pdf |archive-date=16 Dec 2020 |language=English |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flagu|Ontario}} || 16 June 2011 || [[McMaster University]] || Doctor of Laws (LL.D)<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.mcmaster.ca/univsec/reports_lists/S_HD_Recipients.pdf |title = University Secretariat}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flagu|Ontario}} || 13 June 2012 || [[Nipissing University]] || [[Doctor of Education]] (D.Ed.)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nipissingu.ca/about-us/convocation/Pages/Honorary-Degree-Recipients.aspx|title=Honorary Degree Recipients – Nipissing University|access-date=July 28, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140750/http://www.nipissingu.ca/about-us/convocation/Pages/Honorary-Degree-Recipients.aspx|archive-date=June 12, 2018|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flagu|British Columbia}} || Fall 2012 || [[University of British Columbia]] || Doctor of Laws (LL.D)<ref>{{cite web |title=The Right Honourable Paul Martin |url=https://graduation.ubc.ca/event/honorary-degrees/2012-honorary-degree-recipients/the-right-honourable-paul-martin/ |website=The University of British Columbia |access-date=24 July 2021 |language=English }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Right Honourable Paul Martin, PC, CC - UBC Vancouver 2012 Fall Honorary Degree Recipient |website = [[YouTube]]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dkB12fHwrp8 | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/dkB12fHwrp8| archive-date=2021-11-17 | url-status=live|access-date=24 July 2021 |date=29 Jan 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flagu|Ontario}} || 1 June 2013 || [[Lakehead University]] || Doctor of Laws<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lakeheadu.ca/|title=Lakehead University Announces its 2013 Honorary Degree Recipients|website=Lakehead University|language=en|access-date=2019-06-15}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flagu|Ontario}} || 2013 || [[University of Ottawa]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uottawa.ca/media/media-release-2784.html|title=Home – Media – University of Ottawa|access-date=July 28, 2016}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flagu|New Brunswick}} || 2013 || [[University of New Brunswick]] || Doctor of Laws (LL.D)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lib.unb.ca/archives/HonoraryDegrees/results.php|title=UNB Honorary Degrees Database|first=Jeff|last=Carter|access-date=July 28, 2016}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flagu|Israel}} || 2013 || [[University of Haifa]] || [[Doctor of Philosophy]] (Ph.D.)
|-
| {{Flagu|New Brunswick}} || 2014 || [[Mount Allison University]] || Doctor of Laws (LL.D)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mta.ca/Community/Governance_and_admin/Governance/Board_of_Regents/Board_committees/Honorary_degrees/Honorary_degree_recipients_21st_century/Honorary_degree_recipients_21st_century/|title=Mount Allison University – Honorary degree recipients 21st century|access-date=July 28, 2016|archive-date=June 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609232358/https://www.mta.ca/Community/Governance_and_admin/Governance/Board_of_Regents/Board_committees/Honorary_degrees/Honorary_degree_recipients_21st_century/Honorary_degree_recipients_21st_century/|url-status=dead}}</ref> 
|-
| {{Flagu|Nova Scotia}} || October 2014 || [[Dalhousie University]] || Doctor of Laws (LL.D)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dal.ca/academics/convocation/ceremonies/honorary_degree_recipients/hon_degree_2014/hon_paul_martin.html|title=The Right Honourable Paul Martin, PC, OC|access-date=July 28, 2016|archive-date=September 17, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917194304/http://www.dal.ca/academics/convocation/ceremonies/honorary_degree_recipients/hon_degree_2014/hon_paul_martin.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flagu|Manitoba}} || 27 May 2016 || [[Brandon University]] || Doctor of Laws (LL.D)<ref>{{cite web |title=Brandon University to bestow honorary degree on Paul Martin at Spring Convocation |url=https://www.brandonu.ca/news/2016/05/06/brandon-university-to-bestow-honorary-degree-on-paul-martin-at-spring-convocation/ |website=Brandon University |access-date=24 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127193045/https://www.brandonu.ca/news/2016/05/06/brandon-university-to-bestow-honorary-degree-on-paul-martin-at-spring-convocation/ |archive-date=27 Jan 2021 |language=English |date=May 6, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flagu|Quebec}} || 7 June 2017 || [[McGill University]] || [[Doctor of Laws]] (LL.D)<ref>{{cite web |title=List of McGill Honorary Degree Recipients from 1935 to September 2019 |url=https://mcgill.ca/senate/files/senate/list_of_mcgill_honorary_degree_recipients_from_1935_to_september_2019.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201021217/https://mcgill.ca/senate/files/senate/list_of_mcgill_honorary_degree_recipients_from_1935_to_september_2019.pdf |access-date=24 July 2021 |archive-date=February 1, 2020 |language=English |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Former Prime Minister Paul Martin will receive honorary doctorate from McGill's Faculty of Education |url=https://www.mcgill.ca/channels/news/former-prime-minister-paul-martin-will-receive-honorary-doctorate-mcgills-faculty-education-267861 |website=McGill University |access-date=24 July 2021 |language=English |date=25 Apr 2017 }}</ref>
|-
| {{Flagu|Ontario}} || 9 June 2017 || [[Trent University]] || [[Doctor of Laws]] (LL.D)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.durhamregion.com/news-story/7220764-trent-university-to-honour-7-canadians-with-honorary-degrees/|title=Home – Media – Trent University|access-date=April 8, 2017|date=April 3, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.trentu.ca/convocation/ceremonies/honours-awards/honorary-degree-recipients |title = Honorary Degree Recipients 2018 – Convocation – Trent University}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flagu|Ontario}} || 14 June 2019 || [[Carleton University]] || Doctor of Laws (LL.D)<ref>{{cite web |title=Honorary Degrees Awarded Since 1954 |url=https://carleton.ca/senate/honorary-degree-guidelines-and-nominations/honorary-degrees-awarded-since-1954/ |access-date=24 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712125559/https://carleton.ca/senate/honorary-degree-guidelines-and-nominations/honorary-degrees-awarded-since-1954/ |archive-date=12 Jul 2021 |language=English |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Honorary Degree Recipients (Spring 2019) |url=https://carleton.ca/convocation/honorary-degrees/spring-2019/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017212104/https://carleton.ca/convocation/honorary-degrees/spring-2019/ |access-date=24 July 2021 |archive-date=October 17, 2019 |language=English |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Right Honourable Paul Martin awarded degree Doctor of Laws (Carleton U, 154th Convocation) |website = [[YouTube]]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sh1Xzt5o-ps | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/Sh1Xzt5o-ps| archive-date=2021-11-17|access-date=24 July 2021 |language=English |date=Jun 14, 2019 |url-status=live}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flagu|Alberta}} || 19 October 2019 || [[University of Lethbridge]] || Doctor of Laws (LL.D) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lethbridgeherald.com/news/lethbridge-news/2019/10/19/convocation-kicks-off-busy-time-for-u-of-l/|title=Convocation kicks off busy time for U of L|date=2019-10-19|website=The Lethbridge Herald – News and Sports from around Lethbridge|access-date=2019-10-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lethbridgenewsnow.com/2019/10/16/former-prime-minister-paul-martin-to-receive-honorary-doctor-of-laws-at-u-of-l-fall-convocation/|title=Former Prime Minister Paul Martin to receive honorary Doctor of Laws at U of L Fall Convocation|last=Fominoff|first=Lara|website=LethbridgeNewsNOW{{!}} Lethbridge, Alberta {{!}} News, Sports, Weather, Obituaries, Real Estate|language=en|access-date=2019-10-19}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flagu|Ontario}} || 19 June 2020 || [[Brock University]] || Doctor of Laws (LL.D)<ref>{{cite web |title=BROCK UNIVERSITY HONORARY DEGREE AND AWARD RECIPIENTS |url=https://brocku.ca/university-secretariat/wp-content/uploads/sites/82/1-HonoraryDegreeandAwardRecipients-RevisedtoSpring2020.pdf |access-date=24 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216030558/https://brocku.ca/university-secretariat/wp-content/uploads/sites/82/1-HonoraryDegreeandAwardRecipients-RevisedtoSpring2020.pdf |archive-date=16 Dec 2020 |language=English |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Electoral record==
{{Main|Electoral history of Paul Martin}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Canada|Politics}}
* [[List of prime ministers of Canada]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
===Archives===
* {{cite archive |collection=Paul Edgar Philippe Martin fonds |date=1791-2009 |institution=[[Library and Archives Canada]] |location=Ottawa, Ontario |collection-url=http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=4283152&lang=eng}}

===Bibliography===
{{see also|List of books about Prime Ministers of Canada}}
{{refbegin}}
* Gray, John.    ''Paul Martin'', 2003.
* Jeffrey, Brooke.  ''Divided Loyalties: The Liberal Party of Canada, 1984 – 2008'' (University of Toronto Press. 2010) 
* Wilson-Smith, Anthony; Greenspon, Edward (1996). ''Double Vision: The Inside Story of the Liberals in Power''. Doubleday Canada. {{ISBN|0-385-25613-2}}.
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Paul Martin}}
{{wikiquote}}
* [https://www.ourcommons.ca/members/en/paul-martin(306)#roles The Right Honourable Paul Martin]
{{Canadian Parliament links|ID=16713}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051203214229/http://www.canada.com/national/features/samesexmarriage/story.html?id=EE4D2E69-D040-4E5F-8830-0CB2BB7D8BBD "Prime Minister Paul Martin says he would use the Constitution's notwithstanding clause"].
* [http://www.cbc.ca/archives/topic/paul-martin-prime-minister-in-waiting/topic---paul-martin-prime-minister-in-waiting.html CBC Digital Archives&nbsp;– Paul Martin: Prime Minister in Waiting]
* [https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/paul-edgar-philippe-martin Paul Edgar Philippe Martin by Steven Azzi and Norman Hillmer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408231408/http://thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/paul-edgar-philippe-martin/ |date=April 8, 2018 }}
* [https://www.theguardian.com/society/2010/jan/13/paul-martin-budget-deficit-trailblazer "Does Canada's former prime minister hold the key to reducing Britain's budget deficit?" The Guardian January 12, 2009]
* {{IMDb name|id=0552883|name=Paul Martin}}
* [http://www.gg.ca/en/honours/recipients/146-9047 The Right Honourable Paul Martin, P.C., C.C., Q.C. | The Governor General of Canada]
* {{C-SPAN|34070}}

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