Editing Passerine

{{Short description|Any bird of the order Passeriformes, sometimes known as perching birds}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2022}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = [[Eocene]]–Recent, {{fossil range|52.5|0}}
| image = Passeriformes-01v01.jpg
| image_caption = Clockwise from top right: [[Palestine sunbird]] (''Cinnyris osea''), [[blue jay]] (''Cyanocitta cristata''), [[house sparrow]] (''Passer domesticus''), [[great tit]] (''Parus major''), [[hooded crow]] (''Corvus cornix''), [[southern masked weaver]] (''Ploceus velatus'')
| image2 = Male-Songbird-Indicates-Body-Size-with-Low-Pitched-Advertising-Songs-pone.0056717.s005.ogv
| image2_caption = Song of a [[purple-crowned fairywren]] (''Malurus coronatus'')
| taxon = Passeriformes
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]
| diversity_link = #Taxonomic list of Passeriformes families
| diversity = Roughly 140 families, 6,500 species
| subdivision_ranks = Suborders
| subdivision = * [[New Zealand wren|Acanthisitti]]
* '''[[Eupasseres]]'''
** [[Tyranni]]
** [[songbird|Passeri]]
and see [[#Taxonomic list of Passeriformes families|text]]
}}

A '''passerine''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|æ|s|ə|r|aɪ|n}}) is any [[bird]] of the [[Order (biology)|order]] '''Passeriformes''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|æ|s|ə|r|ᵻ|f|ɔr|m|iː|z}}; from [[Latin]] {{lang|la|passer}} 'sparrow' and {{lang|la|formis}} '-shaped') which includes more than half of all bird species. Sometimes known as '''perching birds''', passerines generally have an [[Dactyly#In birds|anisodactyl]] arrangement of their toes (three pointing forward and one back), which facilitates perching.

With more than 140 families and some 6,500 identified species,<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | year=2020 | title=Family Index | work=IOC World Bird List Version 10.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/classification/family-index/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=26 April 2020 }}</ref> Passeriformes is the largest order of birds and one of the most diverse [[clade]]s of terrestrial [[vertebrate]]s, representing 60% of birds.<ref name=ericson2003>Ericson, P.G.P. et al. (2003) [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1034/j.1600-048X.2003.03121.x Evolution, biogeography, and patterns of diversification in passerine birds]. ''J. Avian Biol'', 34:3–15.</ref><ref name=selvatti2015>Selvatti, A.P. et al. (2015) [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790315000810#b0175 "A Paleogene origin for crown passerines and the diversification of the Oscines in the New World"]. ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'', 88:1–15.</ref> Passerines are divided into three [[suborder]]s: [[Acanthisitti|New Zealand wrens]]; [[Tyranni| diverse birds]] found only in [[North America|North]] and [[South America]]; and [[Passeri|songbirds]].<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1098/rspb.2001.1883|title = A phylogenetic hypothesis for passerine birds: Taxonomic and biogeographic implications of an analysis of nuclear DNA sequence data|journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume = 269|issue = 1488|pages = 295–308|year = 2002|last1 = Barker|first1 = F. Keith|last2 = Barrowclough|first2 = George F.|last3 = Groth|first3 = Jeff G.| pmid=11839199 |pmc = 1690884}}</ref><ref name="ericson2002"/> Passerines originated in the [[Southern Hemisphere]] around 60 million years ago.<ref name=ClaramuntCracraft2015>{{cite journal |last1=Claramunt |first1=S. |last2=Cracraft |first2=J. |title=A new time tree reveals Earth history's imprint on the evolution of modern birds |journal=Science Advances |date=2015 |volume=1 |issue=11 |pages=e1501005 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1501005 |pmc=4730849 |pmid=26824065|bibcode=2015SciA....1E1005C }}</ref>

Most passerines are [[insectivorous]] or [[omnivore|omnivorous]], and eat both insects and fruit or seeds.

==Etymology==
The terms "passerine" and "Passeriformes" are derived from the [[Binomial nomenclature|scientific name]] of the [[house sparrow]], ''Passer domesticus'', whose genus is the [[Latin]] word for sparrow.<ref name="OED1">{{cite web |title=Oxford English Dictionary |website=Oxford English Dictionary Online |url=https://www.oed.com/dictionary/passeres_n?tab=etymology&tl=true#31668285 |publisher=University of Oxford Press |access-date=23 January 2025 |doi=10.1093/OED/7980610511}}</ref> Formerly this meant the songbirds of Europe. Now it also includes perching, non-singing birds from the Americas.<ref name="OED2">{{cite web |title=Oxford English Dictionary |website=Oxford English Dictionary Online |url=https://www.oed.com/dictionary/passerine_adj?tab=meaning_and_use#31668746 |publisher=University of Oxford Press |access-date=23 January 2025 |doi=10.1093/OED/1932038986}}</ref>

==Description==
The order is divided into three suborders, [[Tyranni]] (non-singing, Americas), [[Passeri]] (songbirds), and the [[basal (evolution)|basal]] [[Acanthisitti|New Zealand wrens]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Rise of Birds: 225 Million Years of Evolution|last=Chatterjee|first=Sankar|publisher=JHU Press|year=2015|isbn=9781421415901|pages=206–207}}</ref> Oscines have the best control of their [[syrinx (biology)|syrinx]] muscles among birds, producing a wide range of [[Birdsong|songs]] and other vocalizations, though some of them, such as the [[crow]]s, do not sound musical to human beings.  Some, such as the [[lyrebird]], are accomplished mimics.<ref>Winkler, D. W., S. M. Billerman, and I.J. Lovette (2020). Lyrebirds (Menuridae), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, B. K. Keeney, P. G. Rodewald, and T. S. Schulenberg, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York, US. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.menuri1.01</ref> The [[New Zealand wren]]s are tiny birds restricted to [[New Zealand]], at least in modern times; they were long placed in Passeri.
[[File:PasserinePterylosis.jpg|thumb|right|Pterylosis or the feather tracts in a typical passerine]]

Most passerines are smaller than typical members of other avian orders. The heaviest and altogether largest passerines are the [[thick-billed raven]]<ref>Madge, S. (2020). Thick-billed Raven (Corvus crassirostris), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York, US. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.thbrav1.01</ref> and the larger races of [[common raven]], each exceeding {{convert|1.5|kg|abbr=on}} and {{convert|70|cm|in|abbr=on}}. The [[superb lyrebird]] and some [[bird-of-paradise|birds-of-paradise]], due to very long tails or tail coverts, are longer overall. The smallest passerine is the [[short-tailed pygmy tyrant]], at {{convert|6.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} and {{convert|4.2|g|abbr=on}}.<ref>Clock, B. (2020). Short-tailed Pygmy-Tyrant (Myiornis ecaudatus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York, US. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.stptyr1.01</ref>

==Anatomy==
The foot of a passerine has three toes directed forward and one toe directed backward, called [[anisodactyl]] arrangement. The hind toe ([[hallux]]) is long and joins the leg at approximately the same level as the front toes. This arrangement enables passerine birds to easily perch upright on branches. The toes have no webbing or joining, but in some [[cotinga]]s, the second and third toes are united at their basal third.

The leg of passerine birds contains an additional special adaptation for perching. A tendon in the rear of the leg running from the underside of the toes to the muscle behind the [[tibiotarsus]] will automatically be pulled and tighten when the leg bends, causing the foot to curl and become stiff when the bird lands on a branch. This enables passerines to sleep while perching without falling off.<ref>{{cite book|last =Stefoff|first = Rebecca |date =2008|isbn = 9780761426936|title = The Bird Class |publisher =  Marshall Cavendish Benchmark}}</ref><ref>Brooke, Michael and Birkhead, Tim (1991) ''The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Ornithology'', Cambridge University Press {{ISBN|0521362059}}.</ref>

Most passerine birds have 12 tail feathers but the [[superb lyrebird]] has 16,<ref>Jones, D. (2008) "Flight of fancy". ''Australian Geographic'', (89), 18–19.</ref> and several spinetails in the family [[Furnariidae]] have 10, 8, or even 6, as is the case of [[Des Murs's wiretail]]. Species adapted to tree trunk climbing such as [[treecreepers]] and [[woodcreeper]] have stiff tail feathers that are used as props during climbing.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Claramunt |first1=Santiago |last2=Derryberry |first2=Elizabeth P. |last3=Brumfield |first3=Robb T. |last4=Remsen |first4=J. V. |date=May 2012 |title=Ecological Opportunity and Diversification in a Continental Radiation of Birds: Climbing Adaptations and Cladogenesis in the Furnariidae |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/664998 |journal=The American Naturalist |language=en |volume=179 |issue=5 |pages=649–666 |doi=10.1086/664998 |pmid=22504546 |bibcode=2012ANat..179..649C |s2cid=205998536 |issn=0003-0147}}</ref> Extremely long tails used as sexual ornaments are shown by species in different families. A well-known example is the [[long-tailed widowbird]].

==Eggs and nests==
{{see also|List of brood parasitic passerines}}
The chicks of passerines are [[altricial]]: blind, featherless, and helpless when hatched from their eggs. Hence, the chicks require extensive parental care. Most passerines lay colored eggs, in contrast with nonpasserines, most of whose eggs are white except in some ground-nesting groups such as [[Charadriiformes]] and [[nightjar]]s, where camouflage is necessary, and in some [[brood parasite|parasitic]] [[cuckoo]]s, which match the passerine host's egg. The [[vinous-throated parrotbill]] has two egg colors, white and blue, to deter the brood parasitic [[common cuckoo]].{{cn|date=January 2024}}

Clutches vary considerably in size: some larger passerines of Australia such as lyrebirds and scrub-robins lay only a single egg, most smaller passerines in warmer climates lay between two and five, while in the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, hole-nesting species like [[tit (bird)|tits]] can lay up to a dozen and other species around five or six.
The family [[Viduidae]] do not build their own nests, instead, they lay eggs in other birds' nests.{{cn|date=January 2024}}

The Passeriformes contain several groups of [[brood parasite]]s such as the [[Viduidae|viduas]], [[cuckoo-finch]]es, and the [[cowbird]]s.

==Origin and evolution==
The evolutionary history of the passerine families and the relationships among them remained rather mysterious until the late 20th century. In many cases, passerine families were grouped together on the basis of morphological similarities that, it is now believed, are the result of [[convergent evolution]], not a close genetic relationship. For example, the [[Troglodytidae|wrens of the Americas and Eurasia]], [[Maluridae|those of Australia]], and [[Acanthisittidae|those of New Zealand]] look superficially similar and behave in similar ways, yet belong to three far-flung branches of the passerine family tree; they are as unrelated as it is possible to be while remaining Passeriformes.{{efn|The name [[wren]] has been applied to other, unrelated birds in Australia and New Zealand. The 27 [[Australasian realm|Australasian]] "wren" species in the family [[Maluridae]] are unrelated, as are the [[New Zealand wren]]s in the family Acanthisittidae; the antwrens in the family [[Thamnophilidae]]; and the wren-babblers of the families [[Timaliidae]], [[Pellorneidae]], and [[Pnoepygidae]]. For the monophyly of the "true wrens", Troglodytidae, see Barker 2004.<ref name=barker04>{{cite journal | last=Barker | first=F.K. | date=2004 | title=Monophyly and relationships of wrens (Aves: Troglodytidae): a congruence analysis of heterogeneous mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=31 |issue=2 | pages=486–504 | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2003.08.005 | pmid=15062790| bibcode=2004MolPE..31..486B }}</ref> }}

Advances in [[molecular biology]] and improved [[paleobiogeography|paleobiogeographical]] data gradually are revealing a clearer picture of passerine origins and evolution that reconciles molecular affinities, the constraints of morphology, and the specifics of the fossil record.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.2004.00118.x|title=The evolutionary radiation of modern birds (Neornithes): Reconciling molecules, morphology and the fossil record|date=June 2004|last1=Dyke|first1=Gareth J.|last2=Van Tuinen|first2=Marcel|journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=141|issue=2|pages=153–177|doi-access=free}}</ref> The first passerines are now thought to have evolved in the [[Southern Hemisphere]] in the late [[Paleocene]] or early [[Eocene]], around 50&nbsp;million years ago.<ref name="ericson2002">{{cite journal|pmc=1690883|pmid=11839192|date=7 February 2002|last1=Ericson|first1=P.G.|last2=Christidis|first2=L.|last3=Cooper|first3=A.|last4=Irestedt|first4=M.|last5=Jackson|first5=J.|last6=Johansson|first6=U.S.|last7=Norman|first7=J.A.|title=A Gondwanan origin of passerine birds supported by DNA sequences of the endemic New Zealand wrens|volume=269|issue=1488|pages=235–241|doi=10.1098/rspb.2001.1877|journal=[[Proceedings of the Royal Society B]]}}</ref><ref name=ClaramuntCracraft2015/>

The initial diversification of passerines coincides with the separation of the southern continents in the [[early Eocene]]. The [[New Zealand wren]]s are the first to become isolated in [[Zealandia]], and the second split involved the origin of the [[Tyranni]] in [[South America]] and the [[Passeri]] in the [[Australia (continent)|Australian continent]].<ref name=ericson2003/><ref name=ClaramuntCracraft2015/><ref name=selvatti2015/> The Passeri experienced a great radiation of forms in Australia. A major branch of the Passeri, the [[parvorder]] [[Passerida]], dispersed into Eurasia and Africa about 40 million years ago, where they experienced further radiation of new lineages.<ref name=ClaramuntCracraft2015/> This eventually led to three major [[Passerida]] lineages comprising about 4,000 species, which in addition to the [[Corvida]] and numerous minor lineages make up songbird diversity today. Extensive [[biogeographical]] mixing happens, with northern forms returning to the south, southern forms moving north, and so on.<ref name=selvatti2015/>

===Fossil record===
====Earliest passerines====
[[File:Superb lyrbird in scrub.jpg|thumb|Male [[superb lyrebird]] (''Menura novaehollandiae''): This unique [[songbird]] shows strong [[sexual dimorphism]], with a peculiarly [[apomorph]]ic display of plumage in males.]]
Perching bird [[osteology]], especially of the limb bones, is rather diagnostic.<ref name=boles97>{{cite journal|author= Boles, Walter E. |year=1997|title= Fossil songbirds (Passeriformes) from the Early Eocene of Australia|journal=[[Emu (journal)|Emu]] |volume=97|issue=1|pages= 43–50|doi=10.1071/MU97004|bibcode=1997EmuAO..97...43B }}</ref><ref name=manegold04>{{cite journal|author1=Manegold, Albrecht |author2=Mayr, Gerald |author3=Mourer-Chauviré, Cécile |name-list-style=amp |year=2004|title= Miocene Songbirds and the Composition of the European Passeriform Avifauna|journal=[[Auk (journal)|Auk]] |volume=121|issue=4|pages= 1155–1160|doi=10.1642/0004-8038(2004)121[1155:MSATCO]2.0.CO;2|s2cid=73668280 |doi-access=free}}
</ref><ref name=mayr06/> However, the early fossil record is poor because passerines are relatively small, and their delicate bones do not preserve well. [[Queensland Museum]] specimens F20688 ([[carpometacarpus]]) and F24685 ([[tibiotarsus]]) from [[Murgon, Queensland]], are fossil bone fragments initially assigned to [[Passeriformes]].<ref name=boles97/> However, the material is too fragmentary and their affinities have been questioned.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mayr |first1=G |title=The age of the crown group of passerine birds and its evolutionary significance–molecular calibrations versus the fossil record |journal=Systematics and Biodiversity |date=2013 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=7–13 |doi=10.1080/14772000.2013.765521|bibcode=2013SyBio..11....7M |s2cid=85167051 }}</ref> Several more recent fossils from the [[Oligocene]] of Europe, such as ''[[Wieslochia]]'', ''[[Jamna (bird)|Jamna]]'', ''[[Resoviaornis]],'' and ''[[Crosnoornis]]'',<ref>Bochenski, Z.M., Tomek, T., Bujoczek, M. (2021) [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10336-021-01858-0#citeas A new passeriform (Aves: Passeriformes) from the early Oligocene of Poland sheds light on the beginnings of Suboscines]. ''J Ornithol''. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-021-01858-0</ref> are more complete and definitely represent early passeriforms, and have been found to belong to a variety of modern and extinct lineages.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Lowi-Merri |first1=Talia M. |last2=Gjevori |first2=Martina |last3=Bochenski |first3=Zbigniew M. |last4=Wertz |first4=Krzysztof |last5=Claramunt |first5=Santiago |date=2024-12-31 |title=Total-evidence dating and the phylogenetic affinities of early fossil passerines |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14772019.2024.2356086 |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2024.2356086 |bibcode=2024JSPal..2256086L |issn=1477-2019}}</ref>

From the [[Saint Bathans#Geology and palaeontology|Bathans Formation]] at the [[Manuherikia River]] in [[Otago]], New Zealand, [[Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa|MNZ]] S42815 (a [[Anatomical terms of location#Proximal and distal|distal]] right [[tarsometatarsus]] of a [[tūī|tui]]-sized bird) and several bones of at least one species of [[Saddleback (bird)|saddleback]]-sized bird have recently been described. These date from the Early to [[Middle Miocene]] ([https://books.google.com/books?id=gto4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA584 Awamoan] to [[Lillburnian]], 19–16&nbsp;mya).<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Worthy, Trevor H. |author2=Tennyson, A.J.D. |author3=Jones, C. |author4=McNamara, J.A. |author5=Douglas, B.J. |year=2007|title= Miocene waterfowl and other birds from central Otago, New Zealand|journal=[[Journal of Systematic Palaeontology]] |volume=5|issue=1|pages= 1–39|doi=10.1017/S1477201906001957|bibcode=2007JSPal...5....1W |author1-link=Trevor H. Worthy |hdl=2440/43360 |s2cid=85230857 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

====Early European passerines====
[[File:Wieslochia.jpg|thumb|upright|''[[Wieslochia]]'' fossil]]

In Europe, perching birds are not too uncommon in the fossil record from the [[Oligocene]] onward, belonging to several lineages:
* ''[[Wieslochia]]'' (Early Oligocene of Frauenweiler, Germany) – suboscine<ref name=":0" /><!--*Naturwissensch91:173; ActPalPol51:315 -->
* ''[[Resoviaornis]]'' (Early Oligocene of Wola Rafałowska, Poland) – oscine<ref name=":0" />
* ''[[Jamna (bird)|Jamna]]'' (Early Oligocene of Jamna Dolna, Poland) – basal<ref name=":0" />
* ''[[Winnicavis]]'' (Early Oligocene of Lower Silesian Voivodeship, Poland)
* ''[[Crosnoornis]]'' (Early Oligocene of Poland) - suboscine<ref name=":0" />
* Passeriformes gen. et sp. indet. (Early Oligocene of Luberon, France) – suboscine<ref name=":0" /> or basal{{efn|Specimen [[Senckenberg Museum|SMF]] Av 504. A flattened right hand of a passerine perhaps 10&nbsp;cm long overall. If suboscine, perhaps closer to [[Cotingidae]] than to [[Eurylaimides]].<ref>{{cite journal|last= Roux | first=T. |year=2002|title= Deux fossiles d'oiseaux de l'Oligocène inférieur du Luberon |trans-title=Two bird fossils from the Lower Oligocene of Luberon|journal=Courrier Scientifique du Parc Naturel Régional du Luberon |volume=6|pages=38–57  | url=http://documents.irevues.inist.fr/bitstream/handle/2042/58077/CS_2002_6_38.pdf?sequence=1 }}</ref><ref name=mayr06/> }}
* Passeriformes gen. et spp. indet. (Late Oligocene of France) – several suboscine and oscine taxa<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Hugueney, Marguerite |author2=Berthet, Didier |author3=Bodergat, Anne-Marie |author4=Escuillié, François |author5=Mourer-Chauviré, Cécile |author6=Wattinne, Aurélia |name-list-style=amp |year=2003|title= La limite Oligocène-Miocène en Limagne: changements fauniques chez les mammifères, oiseaux et ostracodes des différents niveaux de Billy-Créchy (Allier, France) |trans-title=The Oligocene-Miocene boundary in Limagne: faunal changes in the mammals, birds and ostracods from the different levels of Billy-Créchy (Allier, France)|journal=[[Geobios]]|volume=36|issue=6|pages=719–731|doi=10.1016/j.geobios.2003.01.002|bibcode=2003Geobi..36..719H }}</ref><ref name=mayr06>{{cite journal|last1=Mayr | first1=Gerald | last2=Manegold | first2=Albrecht |name-list-style=amp |year=2006|title= A Small Suboscine-like Passeriform Bird from the Early Oligocene of France|journal=[[Condor (journal)|Condor]] |volume=108|issue=3|pages= 717–720|doi=10.1650/0010-5422(2006)108[717:ASSPBF]2.0.CO;2 | doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Passeriformes gen. et spp. indet. (Middle Miocene of France and Germany) – basal?{{efn|Specimens [[Senckenberg Museum|SMF]] Av 487–496; [[SMNS]] 86822, 86825-86826; [[MNHN]] SA 1259–1263: [[tibiotarsus]] remains of small, possibly basal Passeriformes.<ref name=manegold04/>}}
* Passeriformes gen. et spp. indet. (Sajóvölgyi Middle Miocene of Mátraszőlős, Hungary) – at least 2 taxa, possibly 3; at least one probably Oscines.{{efn|A partial [[coracoid]] of a probable Muscicapoidea, possibly [[Turdidae]]; [[Anatomical terms of location#Proximal and distal|distal]] [[tibiotarsus]] and [[tarsometatarsus]] of a smallish to mid-sized passerine that may be the same as the preceding; [[Anatomical terms of location#Proximal and distal|proximal]] [[ulna]] and tarsometatarsus of a [[Paridae]]-sized passerine.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Gál, Erika |author2=Hír, János |author3=Kessler, Eugén |author4=Kókay, József |name-list-style=amp |year=1998–99 |title=Középsõ-miocén õsmaradványok, a Mátraszõlõs, Rákóczi-kápolna alatti útbevágásból. I. A Mátraszõlõs 1. lelõhely |trans-title=Middle Miocene fossils from the sections at the Rákóczi chapel at Mátraszőlős. Locality Mátraszõlõs I. |journal=Folia Historico Naturalia Musei Matraensis |volume=23 |pages=33–78 }}</ref><ref>
{{cite journal |author1=Gál, Erika |author2=Hír, János |author3=Kessler, Eugén |author4=Kókay, József |author5=Márton, Venczel |name-list-style=amp |year=2000 |title=Középsõ-miocén õsmaradványok a Mátraszõlõs, Rákóczi-kápolna alatti útbevágásból II. A Mátraszõlõs 2. lelõhely |trans-title=Middle Miocene fossils from the section of the road at the Rákóczi Chapel, Mátraszõlõs. II. Locality Mátraszõlõs 2 |journal=Folia Historico Naturalia Musei Matraensis |volume=24 |pages=39–75 }}</ref> }}
* Passeriformes gen. et sp. indet. (Middle Miocene of Felsőtárkány, Hungary) – oscine?{{efn|A [[humerus]] [[diaphysis]] piece of a swallow-sized passerine.<ref name=hir01>{{cite journal |last1=Hír | first1=János | last2=Kókay | first2=József | last3=Venczel | first3=Márton |last4=Gál | first4=Erika |author5=GKessler, Eugén |name-list-style=amp |year=2001 |title=Elõzetes beszámoló a felsõtárkányi "Güdör-kert" n. õslénytani lelõhelykomplex újravizsgálatáról |trans-title=A preliminary report on the revised investigation of the paleontological locality-complex "Güdör-kert" at Felsõtárkány, Northern Hungary |journal=Folia Historico Naturalia Musei Matraensis |volume=25 |pages=41–64 | url=http://adatbank.transindex.ro/vendeg/htmlk/pdf6928.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316054055/http://adatbank.transindex.ro/vendeg/htmlk/pdf6928.pdf |archive-date=2021-03-16 |url-status=live  }}</ref> }}
* Passeriformes gen. et sp. indet. (Late Miocene of Polgárdi, Hungary) – [[Sylvioidea]] ([[Sylviidae]]? [[Cettiidae]]?)<ref name=hir01/><!-- this should be moved to Sylvioidea -->
That suboscines expanded much beyond their region of origin is proven by several fossils from Germany such as a presumed broadbill ([[Eurylaimidae]]) humerus fragment from the Early [[Miocene]] (roughly 20&nbsp;mya) of [[:de:Wintershof (Eichstätt)|Wintershof]], Germany, the Late Oligocene [[carpometacarpus]] from France listed above, and ''[[Wieslochia]]'', among others.<ref name=manegold04/><ref name="ClaramuntCracraft2015"/> Extant Passeri super-families were quite distinct by that time and are known since about 12–13 mya when modern genera were present in the corvoidean and basal songbirds. The modern diversity of Passerida genera is known mostly from the Late Miocene onward and into the [[Pliocene]] (about 10–2&nbsp;mya). [[Pleistocene]] and early [[Holocene]] [[lagerstätten]] (<1.8&nbsp;mya) yield numerous extant species, and many yield almost nothing but extant species or their [[chronospecies]] and paleosubspecies.

====American fossils====
{{See also|Late Quaternary prehistoric birds}}
In the [[Americas]], the fossil record is more scant before the Pleistocene, from which several still-existing families are documented. Apart from the indeterminable [[MACN]]-SC-1411 (Pinturas Early/Middle Miocene of Santa Cruz Province, Argentina),{{efn|Distal right [[humerus]], possibly suboscine.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Noriega, Jorge I. |author2=Chiappe, Luis M. |name-list-style=amp |year=1991|title= El más antiguo Passeriformes de America del Sur. Presentation at VIII Journadas Argentinas de Paleontologia de Vertebrados |trans-title=The most ancient passerine from South America|journal=Ameghiniana |volume=28|issue=3–4|pages=410|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hqDVeF8W8OkC}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Noriega, Jorge I. |author2=Chiappe, Luis M. |name-list-style=amp |year=1993|title= An Early Miocene Passeriform from Argentina|journal=[[Auk (journal)|Auk]] |volume=110|issue=4|pages= 936–938|url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v110n04/p0936-p0938.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313222943/http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v110n04/p0936-p0938.pdf |archive-date=2014-03-13 |url-status=live|doi= 10.2307/4088653 |jstor=4088653}}</ref>}} an extinct lineage of perching birds has been described from the Late Miocene of California, United States: the [[Palaeoscinidae]] with the single genus ''[[Palaeoscinis]]''. ''"Palaeostruthus" eurius'' (Pliocene of Florida)<!-- Condor84:240 --> probably belongs to an extant family, most likely [[passeroidea]]n.

==Systematics and taxonomy==
{{Cladogram
|caption=Phylogenetic relationship of the suborders within the Passeriformes. The numbers are from the list published by the [[International Ornithologists' Union]] in January 2020.<ref name=ioc/><ref name=oliveros/>
|align=right
|cladogram={{Clade| style=font-size:90%;line-height:80%;width:420px;
|1={{clade
   |1=[[Acanthisitti]] – New Zealand wrens (1 family containing 7 species, only 2 extant)
   |2={{clade
      |1=[[Tyranni]] – suboscines (16 families containing 1,356 species)
      |2=[[Passeri]] – oscines (125 families containing 5,158 species)
      }}
   }}
  }}
}}
The Passeriformes is currently divided into three suborders: [[Acanthisitti]] (New Zealand wrens), [[Tyranni]], (suboscines) and [[Passeri]] (oscines or songbirds). The Passeri is now subdivided into two major groups recognized now as [[Corvides]] and [[Passerida]] respectively containing the large [[Taxonomic rank|superfamilies]] [[Corvoidea]] and [[Meliphagoidea]], as well as minor lineages, and the superfamilies [[Sylvioidea]], [[Muscicapoidea]], and [[Passeroidea]] but this arrangement has been found to be oversimplified. Since the mid-2000s, studies have investigated the [[phylogeny]] of the Passeriformes and found that many families from [[Australasia]] traditionally included in the Corvoidea actually represent more basal lineages within oscines. Likewise, the traditional three-superfamily arrangement within the Passeri has turned out to be far more complex and will require changes in classification.{{cn|date=January 2024}}

Major "[[wastebin taxon|wastebin]]" families such as the [[Old World warbler]]s and [[Old World babbler]]s have turned out to be [[paraphyletic]] and are being rearranged. Several taxa turned out to represent highly distinct lineages, so new families had to be established, some of these – like the [[stitchbird]] of New Zealand and the [[Eurasia]]n [[bearded reedling]] – [[monotypic]] with only one living species.<ref>The former does not even have recognized subspecies, while the latter is one of the most singular birds alive today. Good photos of a bearded reedling are for example [http://montereybay.com/creagrus/Reedling_bearded-WEH.jpg here] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016043808/http://montereybay.com/creagrus/Reedling_bearded-WEH.jpg |date=16 October 2007 }} and [http://www.naturephoto-cz.com/photos/mraz/bearded-reedling-05a04012.jpg here] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080731170412/http://www.naturephoto-cz.com/photos/mraz/bearded-reedling-05a04012.jpg |date=31 July 2008 }}.</ref> In the Passeri alone, a number of minor lineages will eventually be recognized as distinct superfamilies. For example, the [[kinglet]]s constitute a single genus with less than 10 species today but seem to have been among the first perching bird lineages to diverge as the group spread across Eurasia. No particularly close relatives of theirs have been found among comprehensive studies of the living Passeri, though they might be fairly close to some little-studied tropical Asian groups. [[Nuthatch]]es, [[wren]]s, and their closest relatives are currently grouped in a distinct super-family [[Certhioidea]].
<!--
Regarding references: to avoid cluttering an article that is to appeal the casual reader and the informed layperson, it would be good to cite only sources for splits, not arguments for or against placing taxa incertae sedis here or there. Also, there will be loads and loads of comprehensive reviews out soon one would expect, and it would pay to wait rather than citing the entire list from the talk page.

Discussing the possible affinities of disputed taxa should go to their respective page, and the studies used to date can be cited more appropriately in the suborder and super-family articles that in any case are more of interest to the specialist reader and can well reflect this.
-->

==Taxonomic list of Passeriformes families==
[[File:Rock wren.jpg|thumb|[[New Zealand rock wren]] (''Xenicus gilviventris''), one of the two surviving species of suborder [[Acanthisitti]]]]

This list is in taxonomic order, placing related families next to one another. The families listed are those recognised by the [[International Ornithologists' Union]] (IOC).<ref name=ioc/> The order and the division into infraorders, parvorders, and superfamilies follows the phylogenetic analysis published by Carl Oliveros and colleagues in 2019.<ref name=oliveros>{{ cite journal | last1=Oliveros | first1=C.H. | display-authors=etal | year=2019 | title=Earth history and the passerine superradiation | journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume=116 | issue=16 | pages=7916–7925 | doi=10.1073/pnas.1813206116 | pmid=30936315 | doi-access=free | pmc=6475423 | bibcode=2019PNAS..116.7916O }}</ref>{{efn|Oliveros et al (2019) use the list of families published by Dickinson and Christidis in 2014.<ref name=oliveros/><ref>{{ cite book | editor-last1=Dickinson | editor-first1=E.C. | editor1-link=Edward C. Dickinson  | editor-last2=Christidis | editor-first2=L. | editor2-link=Leslie Christidis | year=2014 | title=The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World | volume=2: Passerines | edition=4th | place=Eastbourne, UK | publisher=Aves Press | isbn=978-0-9568611-2-2 }}</ref> Oliveros et al include 8 families that are not included on the IOC list.<!--Dendrocolaptidae and Scleruridae (both in IOC Furnariidae); Onychorhynchidae and Oxyruncidae (both in IOC Tityridae); Pipritidae, Pipromorphidae, Platyrinchidae, and Tachurisidae (all in IOC Tyrannidae)--> These are not shown here. By contrast, the IOC list includes 15 families that are not present in Dickinson and Christidis.<!-- Cettiidae and Erythrocercidae (both in Scotocercidae of H&M 2014); Picathartidae and Chaetopidae (both Eupetidae); Alcippeidae and Paradoxornithidae (new families in Sylvioidea); Modulatricidae (Promeropidae); Hylocitreidae and Hyliidae (previously incertae sedis); Tichodromidae and Chloropseidae (elevated subfamilies); Icteriidae (Icteridae); Nesospingidae and Spindalidae (both Phaenicophilidae); and Teretistridae (Zeledoniidae)--> In 13 of these cases, the position of the additional family in the taxonomic order can be determined from the species included by Oliveros and colleagues in their analysis. No species in the families [[Alcippeidae]] and [[Teretistridae]] were sampled by Oliveros et al so their position is uncertain.<ref name=ioc/><ref name=oliveros/>}} The relationships between the families in the suborder Tyranni (suboscines) were all well determined but some of the nodes in Passeri (oscines or songbirds) were unclear owing to the rapid splitting of the lineages.<ref name=oliveros/>

===Suborder Acanthisitti===
:::* [[Acanthisittidae]]: New Zealand wrens
[[File:Pitta guajana-20030531B.jpg|thumb|[[Javan banded pitta]] (''Hydrornis guajanus''), an Old World [[suboscine]].]]

[[File:Rupicola peruviana (male) -San Diego Zoo-8.jpg|thumb|[[Andean cock-of-the-rock]] (''Rupicola peruvianus'') a New World [[suboscine]]]]

===Suborder [[Tyranni]] (suboscines)===

* '''Infraorder [[Eurylaimides]]''': Old World suboscines
::* [[Philepittidae]]: asities
::* [[Eurylaimidae]]: typical broadbills
::* [[Calyptomenidae]]: African and green broadbills
::* [[Sapayoidae]]: broad-billed sapayoa
::* [[Pittidae]]: pittas

* '''Infraorder [[Tyrannides]]''': New World suboscines<br />
:*'''Parvorder Furnariida'''
::* [[Melanopareiidae]]: crescentchests
::* [[Conopophagidae]]: gnateaters and gnatpittas
::* [[Thamnophilidae]]: antbirds
::* [[Grallariidae]]: antpittas
::* [[Rhinocryptidae]]: typical tapaculos
::* [[Formicariidae]]: antthrushes
::* [[Furnariidae]]<!--(includes Scleruridae, Dendrocolaptidae)-->: ovenbirds and woodcreepers
:*'''Parvorder Tyrannida'''
::* [[Pipridae]]: manakins
::* [[Cotingidae]]: cotingas
::* [[Tityridae]]: tityras, becards and allies
::* [[Oxyruncidae]]: sharpbill
::* [[Onychorhynchidae]]: royal flycatchers and allies
::* [[Tyrannidae]]<!--(includes Pipitidae, Platyrinchidae, Tachuridae, Rhychocyclidae)-->: tyrant flycatchers

===Suborder [[Passeri]] (oscines or songbirds)===
[[File:Male stitchbird.JPG|thumb|Male [[stitchbird]] or ''hihi'' (''Notiomystis cincta'') showing [[convergent evolution|convergence]] with honeyeaters]]
:::* [[Atrichornithidae]]: scrub-birds
:::* [[Menuridae]]: lyrebirds
:::* [[Climacteridae]]: Australian treecreepers
:::* [[Ptilonorhynchidae]]: bowerbirds
:::* [[Pomatostomidae]]: pseudo-babblers
:::* [[Orthonychidae]]: logrunners
:*Superfamily [[Meliphagoidea]]
::* [[Acanthizidae]]: scrubwrens, thornbills, and gerygones
::* [[Meliphagidae]]: honeyeaters
::* [[Maluridae]]: fairywrens, emu-wrens and grasswrens
::* [[Dasyornithidae]]: bristlebirds
::* [[Pardalotidae]]: pardalotes
[[File:Regentbowerbirdmale.jpg|thumb|Male [[regent bowerbird]] (''Sericulus chrysocephalus'', [[Ptilonorhynchidae]])]]
* '''Infraorder [[Corvides]]''' – previously known as the parvorder [[Corvida]]<ref name=Cracraft/>
:::* [[Cinclosomatidae]]: jewel-babblers, quail-thrushes
:::* [[Campephagidae]]: cuckooshrikes and trillers
:::* [[Mohouidae]]: whiteheads
:::* [[Neosittidae]]: sittellas
::*Superfamily Orioloidea{{efn|The order of the families within the superfamily Orioloidea is uncertain.<ref name=oliveros/>}}
:::* [[Psophodidae]]: whipbirds
:::* [[Eulacestomatidae]]: wattled ploughbill
:::* [[Falcunculidae]]: shriketit
:::* [[Oreoicidae]]: Australo-Papuan bellbirds
:::* [[Paramythiidae]]: painted berrypeckers
:::* [[Vireonidae]]: vireos
:::* [[Pachycephalidae]]: whistlers
:::* [[Oriolidae]]: Old World orioles and figbirds
::*Superfamily [[Malaconotoidea]]{{efn|The order of the families within the superfamily Malaconotoidea is uncertain.<ref name=oliveros/>}}
[[File:Goldcrest 1.jpg|thumb|Tiny [[goldcrest]] (''Regulus regulus'') belongs to a minor but highly distinct lineage of Passeri]]
:::* [[Machaerirhynchidae]]: boatbills
:::* [[Artamidae]]: woodswallows, butcherbirds, currawongs, and Australian magpie
:::* [[Rhagologidae]]: mottled berryhunter
:::* [[Malaconotidae]]: puffback shrikes, bush shrikes, tchagras, and boubous
:::* [[Pityriaseidae]]: bristlehead
:::* [[Aegithinidae]]: ioras
:::* [[Platysteiridae]]: wattle-eyes and batises
:::* [[Vangidae]]: vangas
::*Superfamily [[Corvoidea]]{{efn|The order of the families within the superfamily Corvoidea is uncertain.<ref name=oliveros/>}}
:::* [[Rhipiduridae]]: fantails
:::* [[Dicruridae]]: drongos
:::* [[Monarchidae]]: monarch flycatchers
:::* [[Ifritidae]]: blue-capped ifrit
:::* [[Paradisaeidae]]: birds-of-paradise
:::* [[Corcoracidae]]: white-winged chough and apostlebird
:::* [[Melampittidae]]: melampittas
:::* [[Laniidae]]: shrikes
:::* [[Crested jayshrike|Platylophidae]]: jayshrike
:::* [[Corvidae]]<!--(includes Platylophidae)-->: crows, ravens, and jays
[[File:Acrocephalus dumetorum.jpg|thumb|[[Reed warbler]]s, such as this [[Blyth's reed warbler]] (''Acrocephalus dumetorum''), are now in the [[Acrocephalidae]]]]
* '''Infraorder [[Passerides]]''' – previously known as the parvorder Passerida<ref name=Cracraft/>
:::* [[Cnemophilidae]]: satinbirds
:::* [[Melanocharitidae]]: berrypeckers and longbills
:::* [[Callaeidae]]: New Zealand wattlebirds
:::* [[Notiomystidae]]: stitchbird
:::* [[Petroicidae]]: Australian robins
:::* [[Eupetidae]]: rail-babbler
:::* [[Picathartidae]]<!--family not in H&M4-->: rockfowl
:::* [[Chaetopidae]]<!--family not in H&M4-->: rock-jumpers
[[File:Eurasian blue tit Lancashire 2.jpg|thumb|[[Eurasian blue tit]] (''Cyanistes caeruleus'') and its relatives stand well apart from the rest of the [[Sylvioidea]] ''sensu lato'']]
:* '''Parvorder Sylviida'''{{efn|The taxonomic sequence of the superfamilies Locustelloidea, Sylvioidea and Aegithaloidea is uncertain, although the order of the families within each of the superfamilies is well determined.<ref name=oliveros/>}} – previously known as the superfamily Sylviodea<ref name=Cracraft/>
:::* [[Hyliotidae]]: hyliotas
:::* [[Stenostiridae]]: fairy flycatchers
:::* [[Paridae]]: tits, chickadees and titmice
:::* [[Remizidae]]: penduline tits
:::* [[Panuridae]]: bearded reedling
:::* [[Alaudidae]]: larks
:::* [[Nicatoridae]]: nicators
:::* [[Macrosphenidae]]: crombecs and African warblers
:::* [[Cisticolidae]]: cisticolas and allies
[[File:Brown-headed Nuthatch-27527-4c.jpg|thumb|[[Brown-headed nuthatch]] (''Sitta pusilla''), [[nuthatch]]es can climb downwards head-first]]
::*Superfamily Locustelloidea
:::* [[Acrocephalidae]]<!--(includes Graueriidae)-->: reed warblers, Grauer's warbler and allies
:::* [[Locustellidae]]: grassbirds and allies
:::* [[Donacobiidae]]: black-capped donacobius
:::* [[Bernieridae]]: Malagasy warblers
:::—
<!--use mdash to indicate that Pnoepygidae and Hirundinidae are not part of superfamily Locustelloidea-->
:::* [[Pnoepygidae]]: wren-babblers
:::* [[Hirundinidae]]: swallows and martins
[[File:Einsiedlerdrossel.jpg|thumb|[[Hermit thrush]] (''Catharus guttatus''), like many [[Muscicapoidea]] a stout and [[crypsis|cryptic]] bird with complex vocalizations.]]
::*Superfamily [[Sylvioidea]]
:::* [[Pycnonotidae]]: bulbuls
:::* [[Sylviidae]]: sylviid warblers
:::* [[Paradoxornithidae]]: parrotbills and myzornis
:::* [[Zosteropidae]]: white-eyes
:::* [[Timaliidae]]: tree babblers
:::* [[Leiothrichidae]]: laughingthrushes and allies
:::* [[Alcippeidae]]: Alcippe fulvettas
:::* [[Pellorneidae]]: ground babblers
[[File:GouldianFinches.jpg|thumb|Like these male (right) and female [[Gouldian finch]]es (''Erythrura gouldiae''), many [[Passeroidea]] are very colorful]]
::*Superfamily Aegithaloidea
:::* [[Phylloscopidae]]: leaf-warblers and allies
:::* [[Hyliidae]]: hylias
:::* [[Aegithalidae]]: long-tailed tits or bushtits
:::* [[Scotocercidae]]: streaked scrub warbler
:::* [[Cettiidae]]<!--not included in H&M4-->: Cettia bush warblers and allies
:::* [[Erythrocercidae]]<!--not included in H&M4-->: yellow flycatchers
[[File:Hirundo abyssinica.jpg|thumb|[[Lesser striped swallow]] (''Cecropis abyssinica''), showing some [[apomorph]]ies of its ancient yet highly advanced lineage.]]
:* '''Parvorder [[Muscicapida]]''' – previously treated as superfamily Muscicapoidea<ref name=Cracraft/>
::*Superfamily [[Bombycilloidea]]
:::* [[Dulidae]]: palmchat
:::* [[Bombycillidae]]: waxwings
:::* [[Ptiliogonatidae]]: silky flycatchers
:::* [[Hylocitreidae]]: hylocitrea
:::* [[Hypocoliidae]]: hypocolius
:::* †[[Mohoidae]]: oos
[[File:Pinzón azul de Gran Canaria (macho), M. A. Peña.jpg|thumb|[[Gran Canaria blue chaffinch]] (male)]]
::*Superfamily [[Muscicapoidea]]
:::* [[Elachuridae]]: spotted elachura
:::* [[Cinclidae]]: dippers
:::* [[Muscicapidae]]: Old World flycatchers and chats
:::* [[Turdidae]]: thrushes and allies
:::* [[Buphagidae]]: oxpeckers
:::* [[Sturnidae]]: starlings and rhabdornis
:::* [[Mimidae]]: mockingbirds and thrashers
:::—
<!--use mdash to indicate that Regulidae is not a member of superfamily Muscicapoidea-->
:::* [[Regulidae]]: goldcrests and kinglets
::*Superfamily [[Certhioidea]]
:::* [[Tichodromidae]]: wallcreeper
:::* [[Sittidae]]: nuthatches
:::* [[Certhiidae]]: treecreepers
:::* [[Salpornithidae]]: spotted creepers
:::* [[Polioptilidae]]: gnatcatchers
:::* [[Troglodytidae]]: wrens
:* '''Parvorder Passerida''' – previously known as the superfamily Passeroidea<ref name=Cracraft>{{ cite book | last=Cracraft | first=Joel | chapter=Avian higher-level relationships and classification: passeriformes | editor-last1=Dickinson | editor-first1=E.C. | editor1-link=Edward C. Dickinson  | editor-last2=Christidis | editor-first2=L. | editor2-link=Leslie Christidis | year=2014 | title=The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World | volume=2: Passerines | edition=4th | place=Eastbourne, UK | publisher=Aves Press | isbn=978-0-9568611-2-2 | pages=xvii-xxxiii [xxiv]}}</ref>
:::* [[Promeropidae]]: sugarbirds
:::* [[Modulatricidae]]<!--not in H&M4 Oliveros merge into Promeropidae-->: dapple-throat and allies
:::* [[Nectariniidae]]: sunbirds
:::* [[Dicaeidae]]: flowerpeckers
:::* [[Chloropseidae]]: leafbirds
:::* [[Irenidae]]: fairy-bluebirds
:::* [[Peucedramidae]]: olive warbler
:::* [[Urocynchramidae]]: Przewalski's finch
:::* [[Ploceidae]]: weavers
:::* [[Viduidae]]: indigobirds and whydahs
:::* [[Estrildidae]]: waxbills, munias and allies
:::* [[Prunellidae]]: accentors
:::* [[Passeridae]]: Old World sparrows and snowfinches
:::* [[Motacillidae]]: wagtails and pipits
:::* [[Fringillidae]]: finches and euphonias
::*Superfamily Emberizoidea – previously known as the New World [[nine-primaried oscines]]<ref name=barker2013/>{{efn|The order of some of the families within the superfamily Emberizoidea is uncertain.<ref name=oliveros/>}}
:::* [[Rhodinocichlidae]]: rosy thrush-tanager
:::* [[Calcariidae]]: longspurs and snow buntings
:::* [[Emberizidae]]: buntings
:::* [[Cardinalidae]]: cardinals
:::* [[Mitrospingidae]]: mitrospingid tanagers
:::* [[Thraupidae]]: tanagers and allies
:::* [[Passerellidae]]: New World sparrows, bush tanagers
:::* [[Parulidae]]: New World warblers
:::* [[Icteriidae]]<!--not in H&M4 but included by Oliveros as Icteria virens in Icteridae-->: yellow-breasted chat
:::* [[Icteridae]]: grackles, New World blackbirds, and New World orioles
:::* [[Calyptophilidae]]: chat-tanagers
:::* [[Zeledoniidae]]: wrenthrush
:::* [[Teretistridae]]<!--not in H&M4 - and not in study-->: Cuban warblers{{efn|The family [[Teretistridae]] (Cuban warblers) is tentatively placed here. The family was not included in the analysis published by Oliveros et al (2019).<ref name=oliveros/> Dickinson and Christidis (2014) considered the genus ''Teretistris'' ''[[Incertae sedis]]''.<ref>{{ cite book | editor-last1=Dickinson | editor-first1=E.C. | editor1-link=Edward C. Dickinson  | editor-last2=Christidis | editor-first2=L. | editor2-link=Leslie Christidis | year=2014 | title=The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World | volume=2: Passerines | edition=4th | place=Eastbourne, UK | publisher=Aves Press | isbn=978-0-9568611-2-2 | page=358 }}</ref> Barker et al (2013) found that Teretistridae is closely related to [[Zeledoniidae]].<ref name=barker2013>{{ cite journal | last1=Barker | first1=F.K. | last2=Burns | first2=K.J. | last3=Klicka | first3=J. | last4=Lanyon | first4=S.M. | last5=Lovette | first5=I.J. | year=2013 | title=Going to extremes: contrasting rates of diversification in a recent radiation of New World passerine birds | journal=Systematic Biology | volume=62 | issue=2 | pages=298–320 | doi=10.1093/sysbio/sys094 | pmid=23229025 | doi-access=free }}</ref>}}
:::* [[Nesospingidae]]<!--not in H&M4 but included by Oliveros as Neospingus speculiferus in Phaenicophilidae-->: Puerto Rican tanager
:::* [[Spindalidae]]<!--not in H&M4 but included by Oliveros as Spindalius zena in Phaenicophilidae-->: spindalises
:::* [[Phaenicophilidae]]: Hispaniolan tanagers
<!---
I need to check these
*** [[Arcanatoridae]]: dapplethroat and allies - not in ioc
*** [[Prionopidae]]: helmetshrikes and woodshrikes - not in ioc
-->

===Phylogeny===
Relationships between living Passeriformes families based on the phylogenetic analysis of Oliveros et al (2019).<ref name=oliveros/> Some terminals have been renamed to reflect families recognised by the IOC but not in that study.<ref name=ioc/> The IOC families [[Alcippeidae]] and [[Teretistridae]] were not sampled in this study.

{{clade transclude |page=Template:Phylogeny/Passerines
                   |label=Passerine
                   |wrap='''Passeriformes'''
                   |nohidden=yes
                   }}

== Explanatory notes ==
{{Notelist|40em}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal|author1=Alström, Per |author2=Ericson, Per G.P. |author3=Olsson, Urban |author4=Sundberg, Per |name-list-style=amp |year=2006|title= Phylogeny and classification of the avian super-family Sylvioidea|journal=[[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution]] |volume=38|issue=2|pages= 381–397|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2005.05.015|pmid=16054402 |bibcode=2006MolPE..38..381A | ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |author1=Barker, F. Keith |author2=Barrowclough, George F. |author3=Groth, Jeff G. |name-list-style=amp |year=2002 |title=A phylogenetic hypothesis for passerine birds: taxonomic and biogeographic implications of an analysis of nuclear DNA sequence data |journal=[[Proceedings of the Royal Society B]] |volume=269 |issue=1488 |pages=295–308 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2001.1883 |url=http://www.tc.umn.edu/~barke042/pdfs/Barker.et.al02.pdf |pmid=11839199 |pmc=1690884 |ref=none |access-date=14 February 2008 |archive-date=11 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511162056/http://www.tc.umn.edu/~barke042/pdfs/Barker.et.al02.pdf |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite journal|author1=Barker, F. Keith |author2=Cibois, Alice |author3=Schikler, Peter A. |author4=Feinstein, Julie |author5=Cracraft, Joel |name-list-style=amp |year=2004|title= Phylogeny and diversification of the largest avian radiation|journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|PNAS]] |volume=101|issue=30|pages= 11040–11045|doi=10.1073/pnas.0401892101|pmid=15263073|pmc= 503738 | ref=none |bibcode=2004PNAS..10111040B |doi-access=free }} [http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/0401892101/DC1 Supporting information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625211611/http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/0401892101/DC1 |date=25 June 2008 }}
* {{cite journal|author1=Beresford, P. |author2=Barker, F.K. |author3=Ryan, P.G. |author4=Crowe, T.M. |name-list-style=amp |year=2005|title= African endemics span the tree of songbirds (Passeri): molecular systematics of several evolutionary 'enigmas'|journal=[[Proceedings of the Royal Society B]] |volume=272|issue=1565|pages= 849–858|doi=10.1098/rspb.2004.2997 | ref=none |pmc=1599865 |pmid=15888418 }}
* {{cite journal |author1=Cibois, Alice |author2=Slikas, Beth |author3=Schulenberg, Thomas S. |author4=Pasquet, Eric |name-list-style=amp |year=2001 |title=An endemic radiation of Malagasy songbirds is revealed by mitochondrial DNA sequence data |journal=[[Evolution (journal)|Evolution]] |volume=55 |issue=6 |pages=1198–1206 |doi=10.1554/0014-3820(2001)055[1198:AEROMS]2.0.CO;2 | ref=none |pmid=11475055 |s2cid=23065097 }}
* {{cite journal|author1=Ericson, Per G.P. |author2=Johansson, Ulf S. |name-list-style=amp |year=2003|title= Phylogeny of Passerida (Aves: Passeriformes) based on nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data|journal=[[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution]] |volume=29|issue=1|pages= 126–138 |doi=10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00067-8 | ref=none |pmid=12967614 |bibcode=2003MolPE..29..126E }}
* {{cite journal |author1=Johansson, Ulf S. |author2=Ericson, Per G.P. |name-list-style=amp |year=2003 |title=Molecular support for a sister group relationship between Pici and Galbulae (Piciformes sensu Wetmore 1960) |journal=[[Journal of Avian Biology]] |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=185–197 |doi=10.1034/j.1600-048X.2003.03103.x |url=http://www.nrm.se/download/18.4e32c81078a8d9249800021325/Johansson%2520&%2520Ericson%2520-%2520Piciformes%5B1%5D.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060524091610/http://www.nrm.se/download/18.4e32c81078a8d9249800021325/Johansson%2520%26%2520Ericson%2520-%2520Piciformes%5B1%5D.pdf |archive-date=2006-05-24 |url-status=live |ref=none }}
* {{cite journal|author1=Jønsson, Knud A. |author2=Fjeldså, Jon |name-list-style=amp |year=2006|title= A phylogenetic supertree of oscine passerine birds (Aves: Passeri)|journal=[[Zoologica Scripta]] |volume=35|issue=2|pages= 149–186|doi=10.1111/j.1463-6409.2006.00221.x |s2cid=85317440 | ref=none }}
* {{cite journal|author1=Lovette, Irby J. |author2=Bermingham, Eldredge |name-list-style=amp |year=2000|title= ''c-mos'' Variation in Songbirds: Molecular Evolution, Phylogenetic Implications, and Comparisons with Mitochondrial Differentiation|journal=[[Molecular Biology and Evolution]] |volume=17|issue=10|pages= 1569–1577|doi= 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026255 |pmid=11018162 |doi-access=free | ref=none }}
* {{ cite book | last=Mayr | first=Gerald | year=2016 | title=Avian evolution: the fossil record of birds and its paleobiological significance | location=Chichester, West Sussex | publisher=John Wiley & Sons | isbn=978-1-119-02076-9 | ref=none }}
* {{Cite journal | last=Raikow | first=Robert J. | date=1982 | title=Monophyly of the Passeriformes: test of a phylogenetic hypothesis | journal=The Auk | volume=99 | issue=3 | pages=431–445 | doi=10.1093/auk/99.3.431 | doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 | url=https://academic.oup.com/auk/article/99/3/431/5191643 | ref=none }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Wikibooks|Dichotomous Key|Passeriformes}}
* {{Wiktionary-inline}}
* {{Commons-inline|Passeriformes}}
* {{Wikispecies-inline|Passeriformes}}

{{Passeriformes|P.}}
{{Birds}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q25341}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Passeriformes| ]]
[[Category:Extant Eocene first appearances]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]