Editing Pasiphaë

{{short description|Queen of Crete in Greek mythology}}
{{for|the moon of Jupiter|Pasiphae (moon)}}
{{distinguish|Pasithea}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Greek
| name = Pasiphaë
| god_of = Sorceress goddess
| image = Gaziantep Zeugma Museum Daedalus and Icarus mosaic in 2011 1918.jpg
| caption = Pasiphaë sits on a throne, a [[Roman mosaic]] from [[Zeugma Mosaic Museum]]
| abode = [[Crete]]
| parents = [[Helios]] and [[Perse (mythology)|Perse]] of [[Crete (mythology)|Crete]]
| siblings = [[Circe]], [[Aeetes]], [[Aloeus]], [[Perses (brother of Aeetes)|Perses]], [[Phaethon]], the [[Heliades]], the [[Heliadae]] and others
| consort = [[Minos]], [[Cretan Bull]]
| children = [[Acacallis (mythology)|Acacallis]], [[Ariadne]], [[Androgeus (son of Minos)|Androgeus]], [[Glaucus of Crete|Glaucus]], [[Deucalion of Crete|Deucalion]], [[Phaedra (mythology)|Phaedra]], [[Xenodice (mythology)|Xenodice]], [[Catreus]] and the [[Minotaur]].
}}
{{Ancient Greek religion}}
In [[Greek mythology]], '''Pasiphaë''' ({{IPAc-en|p|ə|ˈ|s|ɪ|f|i|iː}};<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Wells | first1 = John C. | author-link1 = John C. Wells | title = Longman Pronunciation Dictionary | chapter = Pasiphae, Pasiphaë | publisher = Pearson Longman | year = 2009 | location = London | isbn = 978-1-4058-8118-0}}</ref> {{langx|grc|Πασιφάη|Pāsipháē|lit=wide-shining}}, derived from πᾶσι (dative plural) "for all" and φάος/φῶς ''phaos/phos'' "light")<ref>An attribute of the Moon, as [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] remarked in passing (i.43.96): compare [[Euryphaessa]]; if Pasipháē is an ancient conventional Minoan [[epithet]] translated into Greek, it would be a "loan translation", or [[calque]].</ref> was a queen of [[Crete]]. The daughter of [[Helios]] and the [[Oceanid]] [[nymph]] [[Perse (mythology)|Perse]], Pasiphaë is notable as the mother of the [[Minotaur]]. Her husband, [[Minos]], failed to sacrifice the [[Cretan Bull]] to [[Poseidon]] as he had promised. [[Poseidon]] then cursed Pasiphaë to fall in love with the bull. [[Athens|Athenian]] inventor [[Daedalus]] built a hollow cow for her to hide in so she could mate with the bull, which resulted in her conceiving the Minotaur.

== Family ==
=== Parentage ===
Pasiphaë was the daughter of [[List of solar deities|god of the Sun]], [[Helios]],<ref>[[Apollonius Rhodius]], ''[[Argonautica]]'' [https://archive.org/details/argonautica00apoluoft/page/262/mode/2up?view=theater 3.999]</ref><ref>[[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/141#9.725 9.735]</ref><ref name=":Ant">[[Antoninus Liberalis]], [https://topostext.org/work/216#41 41]</ref><ref>[[Seneca the Younger|Seneca]], ''[[Phaedra (Seneca)|Phaedra]]'' [https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/sen/sen.phaedra.shtml 112]</ref> and the [[Oceanid]] [[nymph]]<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D337 355]</ref> [[Perse (mythology)|Perse]].<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022%3Atext%3DLibrary%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D9%3Asection%3D1 1.9.1]</ref><ref>[[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''Fabulae'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#0.2 Preface]</ref><ref>[[Cicero]], ''[[De Natura Deorum]]'' [https://topostext.org/work.php?work_id=137#3.47 48.4]</ref> She was thus the sister of [[Aeëtes]], [[Circe]] and [[Perses of Colchis]]. In some accounts, Pasiphaë's mother was identified as the island-nymph [[Crete (mythology)|Crete]] herself.<ref>[[Diodorus Siculus]], ''[[Bibliotheca historica]]'' [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/4D*.html#60.4 4.60.4]</ref><ref>[[John Tzetzes|Tzetzes]], ''Chiliades'' [https://www.theoi.com/Text/TzetzesChiliades4.html 4.361]</ref> Like her doublet{{clarify|date=December 2021}} [[Europa (consort of Zeus)|Europa, the consort of Zeus]], her origins were in the East, in her case at the earliest-known [[Kartvelian languages|Kartvelian-speaking polity]] of [[Colchis]] (''Egrisi'' ({{lang-ka|ეგრისი}}), now in western [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]<ref>David Marshall Lang. ''The Georgians.'' p. 59. Frederick A. Praeger. New York (1966).</ref><ref>Antiquity 1994. p. 359. [http://bse.sci-lib.com/article063055.html ''The Great Soviet Encyclopedia'': Значение слова "Колхи" в Большой Советской Энциклопедии]</ref><ref>''The Cambridge Ancient History'', John Anthony Crook, [[Elizabeth Rawson]], p. 255</ref><ref>David Marshall Lang. ''The Georgians.'' p. 75, 76-88. Frederick A. Praeger. New York (1966).</ref>).

=== Marriage and children ===
Pasiphaë was given in marriage to King [[Minos]] of [[Crete]]. With Minos, she was the mother of [[Acacallis (mythology)|Acacallis]], [[Ariadne]], [[Androgeus (son of Minos)|Androgeus]], [[Glaucus of Crete|Glaucus]], [[Deucalion (son of Minos)|Deucalion]],<ref>Hyginus, ''Fabulae'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#14.4 14]</ref> [[Phaedra (mythology)|Phaedra]], [[Xenodice (mythology)|Xenodice]], and [[Catreus]].

After having sex with the Cretan Bull, she gave birth to the "star-like" Asterion, who became known as the [[Minotaur]].

== Mythology ==
[[File:Pompeii - Casa dei Vettii - Pasiphae.jpg|thumb|right|[[Daedalus]] presents the artificial cow to Pasiphaë: Roman fresco in the [[House of the Vettii]], Pompeii, 1st century CE.]]

=== Birth of the Minotaur ===
[[Minos]] was required to sacrifice "the fairest bull born in its herd" to [[Poseidon]] each year. One year, an extremely beautiful snow-white bull was born: the [[Cretan Bull]]. Minos refused to sacrifice the animal, and sacrificed another, inferior bull instead. As punishment, Poseidon cursed Pasiphaë to experience lust for the Cretan bull.

Ultimately, Pasiphaë went to [[Daedalus]] and asked him to help her mate with the bull. Daedalus then created a hollow wooden cow covered with real cow-skin, so realistic that it fooled the Cretan Bull. Pasiphaë climbed into the structure, allowing the bull to mate with her. Pasiphaë fell pregnant and gave birth to a half-human half-bull creature that fed solely on human flesh. The child was named Asterius, after the previous king, but was commonly called the [[Minotaur]] ("the bull of Minos").<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+3.1.4&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022 3.1.4]</ref><ref>[[Diodorus Siculus]], ''[[Bibliotheca historica|Historic Library]]'' [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/4D*.html#p61 4.77.1]</ref><ref>[[Philostratus the Elder]], ''[[Imagines (work by Philostratus)|Imagines]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/225#1.16.1 1.16.1]</ref>

The myth of Pasiphaë's coupling with the bull and the subsequent birth of the Minotaur was the subject of [[Euripides]]'s lost play the ''Cretans'', of which few fragments survive. Sections include a chorus of priests presenting themselves and addressing Minos, someone (perhaps a wetnurse) informing Minos of the newborn infant's nature (informing Minos and the audience, among others, that Pasiphaë breastfeeds the Minotaur like an infant), and a dialogue between Pasiphaë and Minos where they argue over which between them is responsible.<ref>Johan Tralau, ''Cannibalism, Vegetarianism, and the Community of Sacrifice: Rediscovering Euripides' Cretans and the Beginnings of Political Philosophy'', the University of Chicago Press Journals [https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/694569].</ref> Pasiphaë's speech defending herself is preserved, an answer to Minos' accusations (not preserved) in which she excuses herself on account of acting under the constraint of divine power, and insists that the one to blame is actually Minos, who angered the sea-god.<ref>Sansone, David. “Euripides, Cretans Frag. 472e.16—26 Kannicht.” Zeitschrift Für Papyrologie Und Epigraphik, vol. 184, Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH, 2013, pp. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/23849914 58–65].</ref>

<blockquote>PASIPHAË:
If I had sold the gifts of [[Aphrodite|Kypris]],<br>
given my body in secret to some man,<br>
you would have every right to condemn me<br>
as a whore. But this was no act of the will;<br>
I am suffering from some madness brought on<br>
by a [[Poseidon|god]].<br>
It’s not plausible!<br>
What could I have seen in a bull<br>
to assault my heart with this shameful passion?<br>
Did he look too handsome in his robe?<br>
Did a sea of fire smoulder in his eyes?<br>
Was it the red tint of his hair, his dark beard?<ref>[[Euripides]], ''Cretans'' [https://diotima-doctafemina.org/translations/greek/euripides-kretes-fr-472e-k/ Fr. 472e K], translation by P. T. Rourke via ''[[Diotíma (website)|Diotíma]]''.</ref>
</blockquote>

Mythological scholars and authors Ruck and Staples remarked that "the Bull was the old pre-Olympian Poseidon".<ref>Ruck and Staples 1994:213.</ref>

=== Variations on the myth ===
''[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Pseudo-Apollodorus]]'' mentions a slightly differing reason for why Poseidon cursed Pasiphaë; citing that Minos wanted to be king, and he called upon Poseidon to send him a bull in order to prove to the kingdom that he had received sovereignty from the gods. Upon calling on Poseidon, Minos failed to sacrifice the bull, as Poseidon wished, causing the god to grow angry with him.

According to sixth century BC author [[Bacchylides]], the curse was instead sent by [[Aphrodite]]<ref>[[Bacchylides]] {{cite web| url = https://greciantiga.org/arquivo.asp?num=0923| title = frag 26}}</ref> and Hyginus says this was because Pasiphaë had neglected Aphrodite's worship for years.<ref>[[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''Fabulae'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#40 40]</ref> In yet another version, Aphrodite cursed Pasiphaë (as well as several of her sisters) with unnatural desires as a revenge against her father [[Helios]],<ref>[[Libanius]], ''[[Progymnasmata]]'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=kRi-If9IAOYC&pg=PA27 2.21]</ref> for he had revealed to Aphrodite's husband [[Hephaestus]] her secret affair with [[Ares]], the god of war, earning Aphrodite's eternal hatred for himself and his whole race.<ref>[[Seneca the Younger|Seneca]], ''[[Phaedra (Seneca)|Phaedra]]'' [https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/sen/sen.phaedra.shtml 124]</ref><ref>[[Scholia]] on [[Euripides]]' ''[[Hippolytus (play)|Hippolytus]]'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=quBFAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA501 47].</ref>

[[File:Pasiphae and the baby Minotaur, red-figure kylix found at Etruscan Vulci, 4th century BC, Cabinet des Médailles, Paris (22614392466).jpg|thumb|right|200px|Pasiphaë nursing the infant [[Minotaur]], red-figure kylix found at [[Etruscans|Etruscan]] [[Vulci]], 4th century BC.]]

In some more obscure traditions, it was not Poseidon's bull but Minos' father Zeus disguised as one who made love to Pasiphaë and sired the Minotaur.<ref>[[Porphyry (philosopher)|Porphyry]], ''[[On Abstinence from Eating Animals|On Abstinence from Animal Food]]'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=wV1GAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA205 3.16]</ref> An ancient Greek lexicon mentions a tradition where Zeus and Pasiphaë are the parents  of the Egyptian god [[Amun]], who was identified with Zeus.<ref>''Lexicon of Greek Language'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=46M1AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA217 s.v. Ἄμμων]</ref>

=== Pasiphaë's curse ===
In other aspects, Pasiphaë, like her niece [[Medea]], was a mistress of magical herbal arts in the Greek imagination. The author of ''[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Bibliotheke]]'' records the fidelity charm she placed upon Minos that caused him to ejaculate serpents, scorpions, and centipedes whenever he laid with another woman, killing them. However, [[Procris]], after consuming a protective [[Circe|circean herb]], lay with Minos with impunity.<ref>Apollodorus, [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+3.15.1&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022 3.15.1]</ref>

In another version, this unexplained disease that tormented Minos killed all his concubines and prevented him and Pasiphaë from having any children (the scorpions and serpents did not otherwise harm Pasiphaë, as she was an immortal child of the [[Helios|Sun]]). Procris then inserted a [[goat]]'s bladder into a woman, told Minos to ejaculate the scorpions in there, and then sent him to Pasiphaë. The couple was thus able to conceive eight children.<ref name=":Ant" /> Records indicate, this became the first modern documentation of a sheath or condom, though working to promote fertility.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Peel|first1=John|last2=Finch|first2=B. E.|last3=Green|first3=Hugh|date=March 1965|title=Contraception through the Ages.|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2173294|journal=Population Studies|volume=18|issue=3|pages=330|doi=10.2307/2173294|jstor=2173294}}</ref>
[[File:Pasiphae, by Giulio Romano.jpg|right|thumb|249x249px|Pasiphae entering the hollow cow by Giulio Romano (15th century)]]

=== Daedalus and Icarus ===
In one version of the story, Pasiphaë supplied [[Daedalus]] and his son [[Icarus]] with a ship in order to escape [[Minos]] and [[Crete]].<ref>Diodorus Siculus, ''Historic Library'' [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/4D*.html#p63 4.77.5]</ref> In another, she helped him hide until he fashioned wings made of wax and bird feathers.<ref>Diodorus Siculus, ''Historic Library'' [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/4D*.html#p63 4.77.7]</ref>

=== Variations about Pasiphaë's death ===
While Pasiphaë is an immortal goddess in some texts, other authors treated her as a mortal woman, like [[Euripides]] who in his play ''Cretans'' has Minos sentence her to death (her eventual fate is unclear, as no relevant fragment survives). In [[Virgil|Virgil's]] ''Aeneid'', [[Aeneas]] sees her when he visits the [[Greek Underworld|Underworld]], describing Pasiphae residing in the Mournful Fields, a place inhabited by sinful lovers.<ref>[[Virgil]], ''[[Aeneid]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/245#6.440 6.447]</ref>

== Personae of Pasiphaë ==
In the general understanding of the Minoan myth,<ref>Specific astrological or calendrical interpretations of the [[Mystical marriage|mystic mating]] of the "wide-shining" daughter of the Sun with a [[Bull (mythology)|mythological bull]], transformed into an unnatural curse in Hellene myth, are prone to variability and debate.</ref> Pasiphaë and [[Daedalus|Daedalus']]<ref>Daedalus was of the line of the chthonic king at Athens [[Erechtheus]].</ref> construction of the wooden cow allowed her to satisfy her desire<ref>Greek myth characteristically emphasizes the accursed unnaturalness of a mystical marriage conceived literally as merely carnal: a fragment of [[Bacchylides]] alludes to "her unspeakable sickness" and [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]] (in ''[[Fabulae]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#40 40]) to "an unnatural love for a bull".</ref> for the Cretan Bull. Through this interpretation she was reduced from a near-divine figure (daughter of the Sun) to a stereotype of grotesque [[bestiality]] and the shocking excesses of lust and deceit.<ref>This was the commonplace of brief notices of Pasiphaë among Latin poets, too, Rebecca Armstrong notes, in ''Cretan Women: Pasiphae, Ariadne, and Phaedra in Latin Poetry'' (Oxford University Press) 2006:169. Ruck and Staples (1994:9) argue that "the suspension of linear chronology" is a common feature in Greek myths.</ref>

Pasiphaë appeared in [[Virgil]]'s ''[[Eclogues|Eclogue VI]]'' (45–60), in Silenus' list of suitable mythological subjects, on which Virgil lingers in such detail that he gives the sixteen-line episode the weight of a brief inset myth.<ref>Armstrong 2006:171.</ref>

In Ovid's ''[[Ars Amatoria]]'', Pasiphaë is framed in zoophilic terms:

''Pasiphae fieri gaudebat adultera tauri''—"Pasiphaë took pleasure in becoming an adulteress with a bull."<ref>[[Ovid]], ''[[Ars Amatoria]]'' [https://www.poetryintranslation.com/PITBR/Latin/ArtofLoveBkI.php#anchor_Toc521049265 1.9.33]</ref>

Pasiphaë is often included on lists among mythical women ruled by [[lust]]; other women include [[Phaedra (mythology)|Phaedra]], [[Byblis]], [[Myrrha]], [[Scylla]] and [[Semiramis#In later traditions|Semiramis]]. Scholars see her as a personified sin of bestiality.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Blumenfeld-Kosinski|first=Renate|date=1996|title=The Scandal of Pasiphae: Narration and Interpretation in the "Ovide moralisé"|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/438324|journal=Modern Philology|volume=93|issue=3|pages=307–326|doi=10.1086/392321|jstor=438324|s2cid=162197853|issn=0026-8232}}</ref>

''Ars Amatoria'' shows Pasiphaë's jealousy of the cows; she's primping in front of a mirror while she laments that she is not a cow and killing her rivals.<ref name=":0" />


== Cult of Pasiphaë ==
[[File:Harley 4431, f. 116 - Queen Pasiphae.jpg|left|thumb|296x296px|Pasiphaë and the Cretan Bull on a cow-filled field (13th century)]]

=== On divination ===
In mainland Greece, Pasiphaë was worshipped as an oracular goddess at [[Thalamae (Laconia)|Thalamae]], one of the original ''koine'' of [[Sparta]]. The geographer [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] describes the shrine as small, situated near a clear stream, and flanked by bronze statues of Helios and Pasiphaë.  His account also equates Pasiphaë with [[Ino (Greek mythology)|Ino]] and the lunar goddess [[Selene]].

[[Cicero]] writes in ''De Divinatione'' 1.96 that the Spartan [[ephor]]s would sleep at the shrine of Pasiphaë, seeking prophetic dreams to aid them in governance.  According to [[Plutarch]],<ref>[[Plutarch]], ''[[Parallel Lives]]'' [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Agis_and_Cleomenes+Gracchi*.html Agis and Cleomenes].</ref> Spartan society twice underwent major upheavals sparked by ephors' dreams at the shrine during the Hellenistic era.  In one case, an ephor dreamed that some of his colleagues' chairs were removed from the [[agora]], and that a voice called out "this is better for Sparta"; inspired by this, King [[Cleomenes III|Cleomenes]] acted to consolidate royal power.  Again during the reign of King [[Agis IV|Agis]], several ephors brought the people into revolt with oracles from Pasiphaë's shrine promising remission of debts and redistribution of land.

=== Celestial deity ===
In ''Description of Greece'', [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] equates Pasiphaë with [[Selene]], implying that the figure was worshipped as a [[lunar deity]].<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160%3Abook%3D3%3Achapter%3D26%3Asection%3D1 3.26.1]</ref> However, further studies on [[Minoan religion]] indicate that the sun was a female figure, suggesting instead that Pasiphaë was originally a [[solar goddess]], an interpretation consistent with her depiction as [[Helios]]' daughter.<ref>Goodison, L. “From Tholos Tomb to Throne Room: Perceptions of the Sun in Minoan Ritual”. In: R. LAFFINEUR and R. HÄGG (eds.). ''Potnia: Deities and Religion in the Aegean Bronze Age''. 2001. pp. 77-88.</ref> Poseidon's bull may in turn be vestigial of the [[sacred bull|lunar bull]] prevalent in [[Ancient Mesopotamian religion]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Mythology/BullMythology.html |title=Bull (Mythology) |access-date=2015-11-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208065256/http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Mythology/BullMythology.html |archive-date=2015-12-08 }}</ref>

Nowadays, Pasiphaë and her son, the Minotaur, are associated with the astrological sign of Taurus.

== Other representations ==
[[File:Pasiphaé.jpg|right|thumb|200x200px|[[Pasiphae (moon)|Pasiphae]], a moon of [[Jupiter]], photographed by the [[Haute-Provence Observatory]]]]

=== In art ===
The myth of Pasiphaë and the Cretan Bull became widely depicted in art throughout history.{{Citation needed|reason=This claim needs a link to relevant sources|date=December 2021}} Pasiphaë was most often depicted with a bull near her, signifying the connection to the myth.{{Citation needed|reason=This claim needs a link to relevant sources|date=December 2021}}

=== Scientific representation ===
One of [[Jupiter|Jupiter's]] 79 moons, discovered in 1908, is named after [[Pasiphae (moon)|Pasiphaë]], the woman of the myth of the Minotaur.

=== Literary representation ===
Pasiphaé is mentioned in Canto 12 of [[Dante Alighieri]]'s [[Inferno (Dante)|''Inferno'']]. When Dante encounters the Minotaur, he describes the unnatural and deceptive manner of the beast's conception.

[[Fiona Benson (poet)|Fiona Benson]]'s third collection of poetry, ''Ephemeron'', contains a long section entitled ''Translations from the Pasiphaë'' in which she retells the Minotaur myth from the point of view of the bull-child's mother.

== In popular culture ==
[[File:(Agen) Dédale et Pasiphaé - Jean Lemaire - Musée des Beaux-Arts d'Agen.jpg|left|thumb|247x247px|Daedalus constructing the wooden cow which Pasiphaë uses to mate with the Cretan Bull (17th cent)]]
[[File:Pasiphae - Gustave Moreau.jpg|right|thumb|270x270px|Pasiphaë and the Cretan Bull (19th cent.) by [[Gustave Moreau]]]]
* Pasiphaë is a major antagonist in [[Rick Riordan|Rick Riordan's]] [[2013 in literature|2013]] fantasy novel ''[[The House of Hades]]''. In this novel, she is portrayed as an immortal sorceress and former wife of the late [[Minos|King Minos]]. Having grown bitter towards the gods after the events of the Minoan myth, Pasiphaë allies with the goddess [[Gaia (mythology)|Gaea]] and her [[Giants (Greek mythology)|giant]] army to overthrow the [[Twelve Olympians|Olympian gods]]. She is confronted and defeated by Hazel Levesque, a demigod daughter of [[Pluto (mythology)|Pluto]], who had been trained in sorcery by the goddess [[Hecate]]. In this novel, it is revealed that the Labyrinth is tied to her life force as much as Daedalus's, thereby rendering the infamous inventor's sacrifice in the previous series useless.<ref name="HoO Bk4">{{cite book | title=The House of Hades | publisher=[[Disney Hyperion|Disney-Hyperion]] | author=Riordan, Rick | author-link=Rick Riordan | year=2013 | location=[[New York City]] | isbn=978-1-4231-4672-8 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/houseofhades00rick }}</ref>
* Pasiphaë appears in [[Madeline Miller]]'s [[2018 in literature|2018]] novel ''[[Circe (novel)|Circe]]'', the sister of the book's protagonist [[Circe]], the daughter of [[Helios]] and [[Perse (mythology)|Perse]]. A witch just like her, she and Circe have an antagonistic and sour relationship; after Pasiphaë has intercourse with the [[Cretan Bull]], she calls in Circe to assist her in the [[Minotaur]]'s birth though the two sisters hardly reconcile their differences. It's also heavily implied she entered an incestuous affair with her brother [[Perses of Colchis|Perses]], here presented as her twin.<ref>{{cite book | title=Circe | publisher=[[Little, Brown and Company]] | author=Miller, Madeline | author-link=Madeline Miller | year=2018 | location=[[New York City]] | isbn=978-0-316-55634-7 | url-access=registration | url=http://madelinemiller.com/circe/ }}</ref>

== Genealogy ==
{{chart top|Pasiphaë's family tree|}}
{{chart/start|style=font-size:100%;line-height:100%;|align=center}}
{{chart| | | | | | | | | | GAI |.| | | |GAI=[[Gaia]]}}
{{chart| | | | | | |,|-|-|-|'| |!| | | }}
{{chart| | | | | | URA |v|-|-|-|'| | | |URA=[[Uranus (mythology)|Uranus]]}}
{{chart| | |,|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|.| }}
{{chart| | HYP |v| THE | | OCE |v| TET |HYP=[[Hyperion (Titan)|Hyperion]]|THE=[[Theia]]|OCE=[[Oceanus]]|TET=[[Tethys (mythology)|Tethys]]}}
{{chart| | | | |`|-|.| | | |,|-|'| | | }}
{{chart| | | | | | HEL |v| PER | | | | |HEL=[[Helios]]|PER=[[Perse (mythology)|Perse]]}}
{{chart| |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|^|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| |}}
{{chart|CIR | |AEE | |PAS | |PES | |ALO | |CIR=[[Circe]]|AEE=[[Aeëtes]]|PAS='''PASIPHAË'''|PES=[[Perses of Colchis|Perses]]|ALO=[[Aloeus]]}}
{{chart/end}}
{{chart bottom}}

== See also ==
* [[Polyphonte]], another woman in Greek mythology cursed to fall in love with an animal (a bear)
* [[History of zoophilia]]
* [[Solar deity]]
* [[Lunar deity]]
* [[Brazen Bull]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== References ==
=== Ancient ===
* [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'', in ''The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White'', Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Bacchylides]] in ''Bacchylides, Corinna. Greek Lyric, Volume IV: Bacchylides, Corinna, and Others. Edited and translated by David A. Campbell.'' [[Loeb Classical Library]] 461. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992.
* [[Euripides]], ''Cretans'' fragments in ''Fragments: Aegeus-Meleager. Edited and translated by Christopher Collard, Martin Cropp.'' [[Loeb Classical Library]] 504. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008.
* [[Apollonius of Rhodes|Apollonius Rhodius]], ''[[Argonautica]]'' translated by Robert Cooper Seaton (1853–1915), R. C. Loeb Classical Library Volume 001. London, William Heinemann Ltd, 1912. [https://topostext.org/work/126 Online version at the Topos Text Project.]
* [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], ''Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes.'' Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text;jsessionid=C431BA809CA4DEA22A15DA9C666F3400?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.01.0022%3atext%3dLibrary Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], ''Pausanias Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes.'' Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+1.1.1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Diodorus Siculus]], ''[[Bibliotheca Historica]]. Vol 1-2''. Immanel Bekker. Ludwig Dindorf. Friedrich Vogel. in aedibus B. G. Teubneri. Leipzig. 1888–1890. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0540 Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Antoninus Liberalis]], ''The Metamorphoses of Antoninus Liberalis'' translated by Francis Celoria (Routledge 1992). [https://topostext.org/work/216 Online version at the Topos Text Project.]
* [[Philostratus the Elder]], ''[[Imagines (work by Philostratus)|Imagines]]'', translated by A. Fairbanks, [[Loeb Classical Library]] No, 256. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 1931. {{ISBN|978-0674992825}}. [https://archive.org/stream/imagines00philuoft#page/n9/mode/2up Internet Archive]
* [[Plutarch]], ''and Bernadotte Perrin. Plutarch's Lives.'' Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1967.
* [[Virgil|Vergil]], ''[[Aeneid]].'' Theodore C. Williams. trans. Boston. Houghton Mifflin Co. 1910. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0054%3Abook%3D1%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.]
* [[Ovid]], ''[[Metamorphoses]]. Translated by A. D. Melville; introduction and notes by E. J. Kenney.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2008. {{ISBN|978-0-19-953737-2}}.
* [[Ovid]], ''The [[Amores (Ovid)|Amores]], [[Ars Amatoria]], [[Remedia Amoris]] and [[Medicamina Faciei Femineae]] of Publius Ovidius Naso, translated out of the Latin by J. Lewis May,'' illustrated by Jean De Bosschere, privately printed for Rarity Press, New York, 1930. [https://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/ovid/lboo/ Online version available at sacred-texts.com]. 
* [[Cicero|Marcus Tullius Cicero]], ''Nature of the Gods from the Treatises of M.T. Cicero'' translated by Charles Duke Yonge (1812–1891), Bohn edition of 1878. [https://topostext.org/work/137 Online version at the Topos Text Project.]
* [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus, Gaius Julius]], [http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae1.html ''The Myths of Hyginus'']. Edited and translated by Mary A. Grant, Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1960.
* [[Seneca the Younger|Seneca]], ''Tragedies'', translated by Miller, Frank Justus. Loeb Classical Library Volumes. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1917.
* [[John Tzetzes|Tzetzes, John]], ''Book of Histories,'' Book II-IV translated by Gary Berkowitz from the original Greek of T. Kiessling's edition of 1826. [http://www.theoi.com/Text/TzetzesChiliades4.html Online version available at Theoi.com]

=== Modern ===
*[[Karl Kerenyi|Kerenyi, Karl]]. ''The Gods of the Greeks'', 1951.
*[[Robert Graves|Graves, Robert]]. ''The Greek Myths'', (1955) 1960.
*[[Carl A. P. Ruck|Ruck, Carl A.P.]],  and [[Danny Staples]], ''The World of Classical Myth'' 1994.
*[[William Smith (lexicographer)|Smith, William]]; ''[[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology]]'', London (1873). [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DP%3Aentry+group%3D8%3Aentry%3Dpastpiiae-bio-1 "Past'piiae" ]

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Pasiphae}}
* [https://www.theoi.com/Titan/Pasiphae.html PASIPHAE from the Theoi Project]
* [https://www.greekmythology.com/Myths/Mortals/Pasiphae/pasiphae.html PASIPHAE from greekmythology.com]

{{Greek mythology (deities)|state=collapsed}}
{{Witchcraft|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pasiphae}}
[[Category:Solar goddesses]]
[[Category:Greek goddesses]]
[[Category:Classical oracles]]
[[Category:Magic goddesses]]
[[Category:Greek mythological witches]]
[[Category:Children of Helios]]
[[Category:Queens in Greek mythology]]
[[Category:Characters in Book VI of the Aeneid]]
[[Category:Deeds of Poseidon]]
[[Category:Zoophilia in culture]]
[[Category:Lunar goddesses]]
[[Category:Cretan mythology]]
[[Category:Oracular goddesses]]
[[Category:Deeds of Aphrodite]]
[[Category:Divine women of Zeus]]
[[Category:Metamorphoses characters]]
[[Category:Cattle deities]]