Editing Parma, Ohio

{{Other uses|Parma (disambiguation)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Parma, Ohio
| settlement_type    = [[City]]
| image_skyline      = Parma, OH - Cleveland Skyline from State Rd.png
| image_caption      = [[Cleveland]]'s skyline from State Road
| image_flag         = Flag of Parma, Ohio.png
| image_seal         = Parma_City_Seal.jpg
| nickname           = The Garden City
| motto              = "Progress Through Partnerships"
| image_map          = Cuyahoga County Ohio incorporated and unincorporated areas Parma highlighted.svg
| mapsize            = 260px
| map_caption        = Location in Cuyahoga County, Ohio
| pushpin_map        = Ohio#USA
| pushpin_relief     = yes
| pushpin_label      = Parma
| coordinates        = {{coord|41|23|31|N|081|43|43|W|region:US-OH_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| subdivision_type   = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name   = United States
| subdivision_type1  = [[U.S. state|State]]
| subdivision_type2  = [[List of counties in Ohio|County]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[Ohio]]
| subdivision_name2  = [[Cuyahoga County, Ohio|Cuyahoga]]
| established_title  = Founded
| established_date   = 1816
| established_title2 = Township
| established_date2  = March 7, 1826
| established_title3 = Incorporated
| established_date3  = December 15, 1924 (village) & January 1, 1931 (city)
| named_for          = [[Parma|Parma, Italy]]<br />''Parma translated refers to a [[Parma (shield)|round shield]], such as the one used by [[Legionary|Roman legionaries]]''
| government_type    = [[Mayor–council government|Mayor–council]]
| leader_title       = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name        = [[Timothy J. DeGeeter]] (D)
| area_footnotes     = <ref name="TigerWebMapServer">{{cite web|title=ArcGIS REST Services Directory|url=https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=September 20, 2022}}</ref>
| area_total_km2     = 51.98
| area_total_sq_mi   = 20.07
| area_land_km2      = 51.86
| area_land_sq_mi    = 20.02
| area_water_km2     = 0.12
| area_water_sq_mi   = 0.05
| area_water_percent = 
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name=gnis/>
| elevation_ft       = 863
| population_total   = 81146
| population_as_of   = [[2020 United States census|2020]]
| population_footnotes = 
| population_density_km2 = 1564.74
| population_density_sq_mi = 4052.64
| population_metro   = 2064725 (US: [[List of Metropolitan Statistical Areas|29th]])
| population_demonym = Parmesan, Parmanian
| postal_code_type   = [[ZIP Code]]
| postal_code        = 44129, 44130, 44134
| area_code          = [[Area code 440|440]] & [[Area code 216|216]]
| website            = {{URL|www.cityofparma-oh.gov}}
| footnotes          = 
| timezone           = [[Eastern Standard Time Zone|EST]]
| utc_offset         = -5
| timezone_DST       = [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]]
| utc_offset_DST     = -4
| blank_name         = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS]] code
| blank_info         = {{FIPS|39|61000}}
| blank1_name        = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
| blank1_info        = 1049063<ref name=gnis>{{GNIS|1049063}}</ref>
| unit_pref          = Imperial
| pop_est_as_of      = 
| pop_est_footnotes  = 
| population_est     = 
}}

'''Parma''' is a city in [[Cuyahoga County, Ohio]], United States. It is a [[suburb]] south of [[Cleveland]]. The population was 81,146 at the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]]. Parma is the [[List of municipalities in Ohio|seventh-most populous city in Ohio]], the largest suburb in the state, and the second-largest city in Cuyahoga County.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov|title=U.S. Census website|access-date=September 13, 2013}}</ref>

==History==

===Greenbriar (1806–1826)===
In 1806, the area that would eventually become Parma and [[Parma Heights, Ohio|Parma Heights]] was originally surveyed by [[Abraham Tappen|Abraham Tappan]], a surveyor for the [[Connecticut Land Company]], and was known as Township 6 - Range 13. This designation gave the town its first identity in the [[Connecticut Western Reserve|Western Reserve]]. Soon after, Township 6 - Range 13 was commonly referred to as "Greenbriar", supposedly for the rambling bush that grew there. Benajah Fay, his wife Ruth Wilcox Fay, and their ten children, arrivals from [[Lewis County, New York|Lewis County]], [[New York (state)|New York]], were the first settlers in 1816. It was then that Greenbriar, under a newly organized government seat under [[Brooklyn Township, Cuyahoga County, Ohio|Brooklyn Township]], began attending to its own governmental needs.<ref name="Kubasek 1976 57">{{cite book|last=Kubasek|first=Ernest|title=The History of Parma|year=1976|publisher=Ernest R Kubasek and Bernard Survoy|page=57}}</ref>

===Parma Township (1826–1924)===
Self-government started to gain in popularity by the time the new Greenbriar settlement contained twenty householders. However, prior to the establishment of the new township, the name Greenbriar was replaced by the name Parma. This was largely due to Dr. David Long who had recently returned from [[Italy]] and "impressed with the grandeur and beauty...was reminded of [[Parma]], Italy and...persuaded the early townspeople that the territory deserved a better name than Greenbriar."<ref>{{cite book|last=Kubasek|first=Ernest|title=The History of Parma|year=1976|publisher=Ernest R Kubasek and Bernard Survoy|page=58}}</ref>

Thus, on March 7, 1826, a resolution was passed ordering the construction of the new township. It stated,

{{blockquote|On the petition of sundry inhabitants for a new township to be organized and erected comprising No. 6 in the 13th Range. Ordered that said Township No. 6 in the 13th Range be set off and erected into a new Township by the name of Parma, to be bounded by the original lines of said Township.<ref name="Kubasek 1976 57"/>}}

[[File:Phillip Henninger House.jpg|thumb|Phillip Henninger House, built in 1842, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.]]

On the same day, a public notice was issued to qualified electors by the County Commissioners. They met at the [[Samuel Freeman House]] on April 3, 1826, to elect township officers according to the law. It was then that the first eleven officers were elected to lead the new government.<ref name="Kubasek 1976 57"/>

During this time, Parma Township remained largely agricultural. The first schoolhouse was a log structure built on the hill at the northern corner of what is now Parma Heights Cemetery.  A memorial plate on a stone marks the spot. In 1827, the township was divided into road districts. The [[Ohio State Route 176|Broadview Road]] of today was then known as Town Line Road as well as Independence Road. Ridge Road was known then as Center Road as it cut through the center of town. York Road was then known as York Street as arrivals from the state of New York settled there. Pearl Road then had many names which included Medina Wooster Pike, Wooster Pike, the Cleveland Columbus Road, and the Brighton and Parma Plank Road.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kubasek|first=Ernest|title=The History of Parma|year=1976|publisher=Ernest R Kubasek and Bernard Survoy|page=60}}</ref>

[[File:Lyman Stearns Farm.jpg|right|thumb|Lyman Stearns Farm house, built 1855]]

A stone house, built in 1849 and known as the Henninger House, was occupied by several generations of Henningers and is still standing today. The house rests on one of the higher points in Cuyahoga County, which provided visibility for the entire northeastern part of Parma Township. This was also the same site where the Erie Indians, centuries before, stood to read and send fire signals as well as pray to their spirits.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kubasek|first=Ernest|title=The History of Parma|year=1976|publisher=Ernest R Kubasek and Bernard Survoy|page=64}}</ref>

By 1850, the US census listed Parma Township's population at 1,329.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kubasek|first=Ernest|title=The History of Parma|year=1976|publisher=Ernest R Kubasek and Bernard Survoy|page=70}}</ref> However, the rising population of the township had slowed over the decades. The Civil War affected Parma much as it did other towns and villages in the nation. Three out of four homes sent a father, sons, or sometimes both, to fight in the war. By 1910, the population of the township had increased to 1,631.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kubasek|first=Ernest|title=The History of Parma|year=1976|publisher=Ernest R Kubasek and Bernard Survoy|page=74}}</ref>

In 1911, [[Parma Heights, Ohio|Parma Heights]], due to the temperance mood of the day, separated itself from the Parma Township after by a vote of 42 to 32 and was incorporated as a village comprising 4.13 square miles.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kubasek|first=Ernest|title=The History of Parma|year=1976|publisher=Ernest R Kubasek and Bernard Survoy|page=93}}</ref>

: "A main reason for establishing the village of Parma Heights was to get a town marshal...There is one saloon in the territory...some pretty rough crowds Sundays have disturbed the quiet of the neighborhood...wanted it closed on Sundays. To do this they wished a town marshal. They couldn't have a town marshal without becoming a village, so they became one."<ref>{{cite news|title=Black Eye Wins as Vote Getter|url=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/HistArchive?p_theme=ahnpdoc&p_action=doc&p_product=EANX&p_nbid=T5FU60KTMTM4Njc4MDMyNS4zNzM1OTg6MToxMzoyMDUuMjI3LjkwLjI2&f_docref=image/v2:122AFBBA107AC9E4@EANX-125DD8E494D00D3D@2419232-125AE1D100DD4ADA@7-138DBC91D9DA6A16@Black%20Eye%20Wins%20As%20Vote%20Getter%20Beating%20by%20Rowdies%20Carries%20Election%20and%20Carves%20Out%20New&p_docref=image/v2:122AFBBA107AC9E4@EANX-125DD8E494D00D3D@2419232-125AE1D100DD4ADA@7-138DBC91D9DA6A16@Black%20Eye%20Wins%20As%20Vote%20Getter%20Beating%20by%20Rowdies%20Carries%20Election%20and%20Carves%20Out%20New&p_docnum=-1|access-date=December 11, 2013|newspaper=Plain Dealer|date=July 14, 1911}}</ref>

===The Village of Parma (1924–1930)===
By 1920, the US census showed Parma Township had a population of just 2,345, but the following decade proved to be a time of significant growth and development for Parma. It was in the 1920s that Parma Township transformed from a farming community into a village. On December 15, 1924, Parma was incorporated as a village.

The largest and fastest growing development of that time was H. A. Stahl's Ridgewood Gardens development, which started in 1919, continued through the 1920s, and into the 1930s.<ref>{{cite news|title=From Green Fields to City Streets|newspaper=Cleveland Plain Dealer|date=September 2, 1926}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Real Estate Has Made Many Rich in City|newspaper=Cleveland Plain Dealer|date=April 13, 1919}}</ref> A resident of [[Shaker Heights]], Ohio's first [[Garden city movement|Garden City]], H. A. Stahl developed Ridgewood as an ambitious "model village" project patterned along the lines of and rivaling the earlier Shaker Heights project with "churches, schools, motion picture theater, community house, and other features forming a part of all well-developed residence communities".<ref>{{cite news|title=Thousand Acres In Latest Plot|newspaper=Cleveland Plain Dealer|date=April 30, 1921}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ridgewood - The New Home Community|newspaper=Cleveland Plain Dealer|date=July 4, 1920}}</ref> Ridgewood was designed and marketed as a [[Garden city movement|Garden City]] on 1,000 acres of land to accommodate about 40,000 residents "325 feet above Lake Erie, in the healthiest section of the South Side, free from the smoke of industries, or the congestion and noises of sections nearer the Public Square."<ref>{{cite news|title=Ridgewood - The New Home Community|newspaper=Cleveland Plain Dealer|date=July 11, 1920}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Horley|first=Robert|title=The Best Kept Secrets of Parma, "The Garden City"|year=1998|publisher=Robert Horley|isbn=0-9661721-0-8}}</ref>

===The City of Parma (1931–present)===
On January 1, 1931, Parma became a city with a population of 13,899. Whereas the incorporation of the village of Parma was met with much optimism, the newly established city of Parma faced the uncertainty of the Great Depression which had almost entirely stopped its growth.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kubasek|first=Ernest|title=The History of Parma|year=1976|publisher=Ernest R Kubasek and Bernard Survoy|page=137}}</ref> Money was scarce, tax income was limited, and some began to talk of annexation of both the city and school district to Cleveland. Both annexation issues, however, were soundly defeated as Parma voters overwhelmingly voted against them and silenced proponents of annexation.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kubasek|first=Ernest|title=The History of Parma|year=1976|publisher=Ernest R Kubasek and Bernard Survoy|page=142}}</ref> Not long after this, Parma was once again solvent due in large part to the newly created [[Gallagher Act]], a 1936 Ohio law that aided cities threatened with bankruptcy<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 11, 2018|title=Kuth, Byron D.|url=https://case.edu/ech/articles/k/kuth-byron-d|access-date=September 21, 2020|website=Encyclopedia of Cleveland History |publisher=Case Western Reserve University|language=en}}</ref> and the determination of Parma's Auditor, Sam Nowlin.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kubasek|first=Ernest|title=The History of Parma|year=1976|publisher=Ernest R Kubasek and Bernard Survoy|page=146}}</ref> By 1941, a building boom appeared to be underway in Parma just as the United States was about to enter [[World War II]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Kubasek|first=Ernest|title=The History of Parma|year=1976|publisher=Ernest R Kubasek and Bernard Survoy|page=153}}</ref>

After [[World War II]], Parma once again began to experience tremendous growth as young families began moving from Cleveland into the suburbs. Between 1950 and 1960, Parma's population soared from 28,897 to 82,845. By 1956, Parma was unchallenged as the fastest growing city in the United States.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info%3Asid%2Fiw.newsbank.com%3AEANX&rft_val_format=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Actx&rft_dat=1276A08771D9F94B&svc_dat=HistArchive%3Aahnpdoc&req_dat=0FDEC62F6DF22455 | date=January 4, 1956 | title=Archived copy | access-date=October 10, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110080330/http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004 | archive-date=November 10, 2013 | url-status=dead }}</ref> The population peaked in 1970 at 100,216.<ref name="Census Of Population And Housing">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|title=Census Of Population And Housing|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|access-date=September 13, 2013}}</ref>

In 2016, Parma's population had declined to 81,601, though it remains one of the Cleveland area's top three destinations young adults (aged 22 to 34) are increasingly choosing as a place to live, along with Lakewood and downtown Cleveland<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cleveland.com/business/index.ssf/2013/01/clevelands_urban_scene_gets_a.html|title=Cleveland's urban scene gets a boost from young adults moving in   |date=January 21, 2013 |first1=Robert L. |last1=Smith |newspaper= The Plain Dealer|location=Cleveland, Ohio|via=cleveland.com |access-date=September 5, 2016}}</ref> and in 2016 was recognized by Businessweek as one of the best places to raise kids in Ohio.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/businessweek|title=Businessweek - Bloomberg|website=[[Bloomberg News]]|access-date=September 5, 2016}}</ref>

==Geography==
Parma is southwest of [[Cleveland, Ohio|Cleveland]]; it is bounded by [[Cleveland, Ohio|Cleveland]] and [[Brooklyn, Ohio|Brooklyn]] on the north, [[Brooklyn Heights, Ohio|Brooklyn Heights]], and [[Seven Hills, Ohio|Seven Hills]] on the east, [[North Royalton, Ohio|North Royalton]] and [[Broadview Heights, Ohio|Broadview Heights]] on the south, and [[Brook Park, Ohio|Brook Park]], [[Middleburg Heights, Ohio|Middleburg Heights]], and [[Parma Heights, Ohio|Parma Heights]] on the west.

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of {{convert|20.07|sqmi|sqkm|2}}, of which {{convert|20.02|sqmi|sqkm|2}} is land and {{convert|0.05|sqmi|sqkm|2}} is water.<ref name="Gazetteer files">{{cite web |title=US Gazetteer files 2010 |url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=January 6, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125061959/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt |archive-date=January 25, 2012 }}</ref>

Two major changes and developments have recently occurred regarding two principal sites within the city:
#The West Creek Preservation Agency has worked to preserve various historic and natural sites in the city, including the Henninger House and the West Creek Watershed.<ref>[http://www.westcreek.org/ Welcome to West Creek!]</ref>
#Henninger House, built in 1849 and the oldest standing home in Parma, is planned to be part of the proposed Quarry Creek Historic District.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tpl.org/tier3_cd.cfm?content_item_id=11500&folder_id=251|title=Historic Henninger House Saved (OH)|access-date=August 9, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927013301/http://www.tpl.org/tier3_cd.cfm?content_item_id=11500&folder_id=251|archive-date=September 27, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Surrounding communities===
Parma is bounded by [[Cleveland, Ohio|Cleveland]] and [[Brooklyn, Ohio|Brooklyn]] on the north, [[Brooklyn Heights, Ohio|Brooklyn Heights]], and [[Seven Hills, Ohio|Seven Hills]] on the east, [[North Royalton, Ohio|North Royalton]] and [[Broadview Heights, Ohio|Broadview Heights]] on the south, and [[Brook Park, Ohio|Brook Park]], [[Middleburg Heights, Ohio|Middleburg Heights]], and [[Parma Heights, Ohio|Parma Heights]] on the west.

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1930= 13899
|1940= 16365
|1950= 28897
|1960= 82845
|1970= 100216
|1980= 92548
|1990= 87876
|2000= 85655
|2010= 81601
|2020= 81146
|align-fn=center
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|author=United States Census Bureau|author-link=United States Census Bureau|access-date=December 2, 2014}}</ref>
}}
In 2013, Parma formed a sister-city relationship with [[Lviv|Lviv, Ukraine]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Sandrick|first=Bob|title=Parma forms sister-city relationship with Lviv in Ukraine|date=July 16, 2013|url=http://www.cleveland.com/parma/index.ssf/2013/07/parma_forms_sister-city_relati.html|access-date=April 16, 2014}}</ref> and is home to Ohio's largest Ukrainian community, the majority of whom are foreign born, with more than twice the number of any other city.<ref>{{cite web|last=Exner|first=Rich|title=Parma is home to Ohio's largest Ukrainian community|date=March 5, 2014|url=http://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/index.ssf/2014/03/parma_is_home_to_ohios_largest.html|access-date=April 16, 2014}}</ref>

Parma is the seat of the [[Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Saint Josaphat in Parma]], which was established by [[Pope John Paul II]] in 1983.

===2020 census===
According to the [[2020 United States census]], Parma had a population of 81,146. Of which, 82.3% were non-Hispanic White, 6.8% were Hispanic/Latino, 4.0% were non-Hispanic Black, 2.5% were Asian, 4.4% were mixed or other.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=Parma%20city,%20ohio&y=2020&d=DEC%20Redistricting%20Data%20%28PL%2094-171%29&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2 | title=Explore Census Data }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+'''Parma, Ohio – Racial and ethnic composition'''<br><small>{{nobold|''Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.''}}</small>
!Race / Ethnicity <small>(''NH = Non-Hispanic'')</small>
!Pop 2000<ref name=2000CensusP004>{{Cite web|title=P004 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Parma city, Ohio|url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=p004&g=160XX00US3961000&tid=DECENNIALSF12000.P004|website=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref>
!Pop 2010<ref name=2010CensusP2>{{Cite web|title=P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Parma city, Ohio|url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=p2&g=160XX00US3961000&tid=DECENNIALPL2010.P2|website=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref>
!{{partial|Pop 2020}}<ref name=2020CensusP2>{{Cite web|title=P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Parma city, Ohio|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=p2&g=160XX00US3961000&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2|website=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref>
!% 2000
!% 2010
!{{partial|% 2020}}
|-
|[[Non-Hispanic or Latino whites|White]] alone (NH)
|81,102
|74,186
|style='background: #ffffe6; |66,785
|94.68%
|90.91%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |82.30%
|-
|[[Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans|Black or African American]] alone (NH)
|901
|1,797
|style='background: #ffffe6; |3,271
|1.05%
|2.20%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |4.03%
|-
|[[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] or [[Alaska Native]] alone (NH)
|110
|121
|style='background: #ffffe6; |140
|0.13%
|0.15%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |0.17%
|-
|[[Asian Americans|Asian]] alone (NH)
|1,346
|1,497
|style='background: #ffffe6; |2,027
|1.57%
|1.83%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |2.50%
|-
|[[Pacific Islander Americans|Pacific Islander]] alone (NH)
|13
|11
|style='background: #ffffe6; |8
|0.02%
|0.01%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |0.01%
|-
|[[Race and ethnicity in the United States census|Some Other Race]] alone (NH)
|50
|54
|style='background: #ffffe6; |257
|0.06%
|0.07%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |0.32%
|-
|[[Multiracial Americans|Mixed Race or Multi-Racial]] (NH)
|810
|1,020
|style='background: #ffffe6; |3,094
|0.95%
|1.25%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |3.81%
|-
|[[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] (any race)
|1,323
|2,915
|style='background: #ffffe6; |5,564
|1.54%
|3.57%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |6.86%
|-
|'''Total'''
|'''85,655'''
|'''81,601'''
|style='background: #ffffe6; |'''81,146'''
|'''100.00%'''
|'''100.00%'''
|style='background: #ffffe6; |'''100.00%'''
|}

===2010 census===
As of the [[2010 United States Census]],<ref name="wwwcensusgov">{{cite web | title = U.S. Census website | url = https://www.census.gov | publisher = [[United States Census Bureau]] | access-date = January 6, 2013}}</ref> there were 81,601 people, 34,489 households, and 21,646 families residing in the city. The [[population density]] was {{convert|4076.0|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|1}}. There were 36,608 housing units at an average density of {{convert|1828.6|/sqmi|/km2|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 93.0% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 2.3% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.2% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 1.9% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 1.0% from [[Race (U.S. Census)|other races]], and 1.6% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 3.6% of the population. According to the [[2010 United States Census|2010 census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_DP02&prodType=table|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212212624/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_DP02&prodType=table|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 12, 2020|title=American FactFinder - Results|publisher=United States Census Bureau|website=factfinder2.census.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_5YR_B04003&prodType=table|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150302012456/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_5YR_B04003&prodType=table|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 2, 2015|title=American FactFinder - Results|publisher=United States Census Bureau|website=factfinder2.census.gov}}</ref> 22.5% were of [[German American|German]] ancestry, 17.6% [[Polish American|Polish]], 14.8% [[Italian American|Italian]], 13.8% [[Irish American|Irish]], 7.4% [[Slovak American|Slovak]], 6.7% [[English American|English]], 5.3% [[Ukrainian American|Ukrainian]], 2.6% [[French American|French]], 2.2% [[Serbian American|Serbian]], 1.9% [[Czech American|Czech]], 1.4% [[Arab American|Arab]], and 1.2% of [[Croatian American|Croatian]], [[Lithuanian American|Lithuanian]], or [[Russian American|Russian]] ancestries. In regard to languages spoken, 87.03% spoke [[English language in the United States|English]], 2.26% [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], 1.68% [[Polish language|Polish]], 1.27% [[Spanish language in the United States|Spanish]], 1.24% [[German language in the United States|German]], and 1.18% [[Italian language in the United States|Italian]] as their first language.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mla.org/map_data_results&state_id=39&place_id=61000&cty_id=|title=Data Center Results|access-date=September 5, 2016}}</ref>

There were 34,489 households, of which 27.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.7% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 12.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 37.2% were non-families. 31.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.95.

The median age in the city was 41.5 years. 20.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.7% were from 25 to 44; 27.7% were from 45 to 64; and 17.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.1% male and 51.9% female.

===Income===
The median income for a household in the city was $50,198, the median income for a family was $60,696 and the mean income for a family was $68,828. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $25,064. The poverty rate in the city was 10.2%. This was low in comparison to other large Ohio cities as well as the state's individual poverty rate of 15.4%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/39/3961000.html|title=Population estimates, July 1, 2015, (V2015)|access-date=September 5, 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905060349/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/39/3961000.html|archive-date=September 5, 2015}}</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20200212211753/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_11_5YR_DP03 2008-2012 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates]</ref>

===Safety===
In 2014, Parma ranked as the third safest city in the United States with a population of 25,000 or more by Neighborhood Scout.<ref>{{cite web|title=Top 100 Safest Cities in the U.S. 2014|url=http://www.neighborhoodscout.com/neighborhoods/crime-rates/top100safest/|work=Neighborhood Scout ®|access-date=January 12, 2014}}</ref> In 2014, Parma had a crime index of 90 meaning it was safer than 90% of cities in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|title=Crime rates for Parma, OH|url=http://www.neighborhoodscout.com/oh/parma/crime/|work=Neighborhood Scout ®|access-date=February 29, 2016}}</ref>

==Economy==
[[File:Parmatown.jpg|thumb|[[The Shoppes at Parma]] ]]

During the population boom between 1950 and 1980, Parma's commercial sector grew to match its residential sector. Since the 1950s, Parma has fostered the growth of many small businesses and been an operating hub for companies including [[General Motors]], [[Cox Cable]], and formerly, the [[Union Carbide]] Research Center.<ref name="eoc">{{cite web | url= http://ech.cwru.edu/ech-cgi/article.pl?id=P3 | publisher = Case Western Reserve University | title = Encyclopedia of Cleveland History: Parma | date = June 29, 2003}}</ref>

[[The Shoppes at Parma]], formerly Parmatown Mall, is a commercial shopping district that totals approximately 800,000 square feet. It is located approximately 3 miles south of Cleveland's southern border at the southwest corner of Ridge Road and West Ridgewood Drive in central Cuyahoga County. It is anchored by [[JCPenney]], [[Dick's Sporting Goods]], [[Marc's]] and [[Walmart]]. The mall opened as a shopping plaza in 1956 and was enclosed in the mid-1960s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.phillipsedison.com/properties/all/sif/all/parmatown-mall/ |title=Parmatown Mall |website=www.phillipsedison.com |access-date=February 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130913214905/http://www.phillipsedison.com/properties/all/sif/all/parmatown-mall/ |archive-date=September 13, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Ukrainian Village commercial district is located along State Road between Tuxedo Avenue and Grantwood Drive. This district was designated Ukrainian Village in September 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/UkrainianVillage/info/|title=Ukrainian Village In Parma Ohio - About - Facebook|website=[[Facebook]]|access-date=September 5, 2016}}</ref> It hosts the Ukrainian Independence Day parade (August).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cleveland.com/parma/index.ssf/2013/08/parmas_ukrainian_village_will.html|title=Parma's Ukrainian Village will commemorate Ukrainian Independence Day with parade, festival on Saturday|date=August 20, 2013|access-date=September 5, 2016}}</ref>

The Polish Village commercial district is located along Ridge Road between Pearl Road and Thornton Avenue. This district was designated Polish Village on May 1, 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/PolishVillage/info|title=Polish Village In Parma Ohio - About - Facebook|website=[[Facebook]]|access-date=September 5, 2016}}</ref> It features a large number of small, family-owned businesses and medical offices.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.polishvillageparma.com/business-directory/|title=Polish Village Business Directory - Polish Village In Parma Ohio|access-date=September 5, 2016}}</ref> This area also hosts the Polish Constitution Day parade (May), St. Charles Carnival parade (July), Independence Day parade (July), and Christmas parade (December).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.cleveland.com/pdmultimedia/2013/05/slideshow_parma_shines_in_sunn.html|title=Slideshow: Parma shines in sunny 65th annual Polish Constitution Day parade|date=May 6, 2013|access-date=September 5, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cleveland.com/parma/index.ssf/2013/06/st_charles_in_parma_prepares_f.html|title=St. Charles in Parma prepares for its annual parade and carnival|date=June 27, 2013|access-date=September 5, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cleveland.com/parma/index.ssf/2013/07/fourth-of-july_parade_on_ridge.html|title=Fourth-of-July parade on Ridge Road in Parma draws huge crowd: GALLERY|date=July 12, 2013|access-date=September 5, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cleveland.com/parma/index.ssf/2012/12/parma_has_annual_christmas_par.html|title=Parma has annual Christmas parade|date=December 7, 2012|access-date=September 5, 2016}}</ref>

==Education==
[[File:Normandy HS 8-7-22(3).jpg|thumb|[[Normandy High School (Ohio)|Normandy High School]]]]

The [[Parma City School District]] serves Parma, [[Parma Heights, Ohio|Parma Heights]] and [[Seven Hills, Ohio|Seven Hills]]. The District's sports stadium is Byers Field. All three high schools play golf at Ridgewood for their home course. The rivalry that exists between these schools is well documented.<ref name="article">[http://www.parmacityschools.org/imagesonline/02062006.cfm#DistrictNews ''Even though rivalry may exist on the field of sports, the Spanish pen pals found connections to begin new friendships''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928230342/http://www.parmacityschools.org/imagesonline/02062006.cfm#DistrictNews|date=September 28, 2007}}; [http://gridirongazette.net/East_West.htm ''"On the field, you think that the guys from Valley Forge and Parma are bad guys because they're playing you tough trying to get the win" said recent Normandy graduate Dan Ebinger, who will play defensive end. "But, after you meet with them, you realize that they're all actually pretty nice guys. It's pretty nice getting to know them as people instead of just judging them by how they played against you."''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930094524/http://gridirongazette.net/East_West.htm|date=September 30, 2007}}; {{cite web |title=Normandy vs. Valley Forge -- September 3rd, 2004 |url=http://invaderfootball.com/history/2004season/vf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071118172422/http://invaderfootball.com/history/2004season/vf/ |archive-date=November 18, 2007 |access-date=March 12, 2016 |quote=Normandy was {{sic|upsetted|nolink=y}} last week against Parma. Over the years, a second rivalry has formed between Valley Forge & Normandy, the battle of Parma, a battle that would determine the better team}}</ref> The school district has six elementary schools, three middle schools, and two high schools: [[Normandy High School (Ohio)|Normandy High School]] and [[Valley Forge High School]]. The former [[Parma Senior High School]] operated from 1953 to 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kosich |first1=John |title=Parma Senior High School and 2 elementary schools closing at end of 2022-23 school year |url=https://www.news5cleveland.com/news/local-news/oh-cuyahoga/parma-senior-high-school-and-2-elementary-schools-closing-at-end-of-2022-23-school-year |access-date=22 October 2022 |work=News 5 Cleveland |date=10 June 2022}}</ref>

Constellation Schools: Parma Community public charter schools includes two elementary schools, one middle school and one high school.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.constellationschools.com/EZ_Dept_Menu.aspx?d=18 |title=Constellation Schools.Parma Community Elementary Front Page |access-date=September 23, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015212647/http://www.constellationschools.com/EZ_Dept_Menu.aspx?d=18 |archive-date=October 15, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.constellationschools.com/EZ_Dept_Menu.aspx?d=19 |title=Constellation Schools.Parma Community Middle Front Page |access-date=September 23, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015212652/http://www.constellationschools.com/EZ_Dept_Menu.aspx?d=19 |archive-date=October 15, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.constellationschools.com/EZ_Dept_Menu.aspx?d=20 |title=Constellation Schools.Parma Community High Front Page |access-date=September 23, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015212507/http://www.constellationschools.com/EZ_Dept_Menu.aspx?d=20 |archive-date=October 15, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Parma has eight private primary schools and the private [[Padua Franciscan High School]].

[[Bryant & Stratton College]] and [[Cuyahoga Community College]] have campuses in Parma.

==Transportation==
Parma's major north–south roads, in order from west to east, are:
* West 130th Street, which forms part of the western border of Parma,
* Chevrolet Boulevard/Stumph Road/York Road,
* Ridge Road ([[Ohio State Route 3|State Route 3]]),
* West 54th Street
* State Road ([[Ohio State Route 94|State Route 94]]),
* Broadview Road ([[Ohio State Route 176|State Route 176]]), which forms part of the eastern boundary of Parma. The State Route 176 designation continues northward via the [[Ohio State Route 176|Jennings Freeway]], connecting Parma to downtown Cleveland.

Its major east–west roads, in order from north to south, are:
* [[Interstate 480 (Ohio)|I-480]], running just north of Parma's northern border,
* Brookpark Road ([[Ohio State Route 17|State Route 17]]), forming Parma's northern border with Cleveland,
* Snow Road,
* West Ridgewood Drive,
* West Pleasant Valley Road, and
* Sprague Road, which forms the southern border of Parma.

Also, Pearl Road ([[U.S. Route 42]]) runs from southwest to northeast through northern Parma for less than two miles (3&nbsp;km).

The speed limit is 35&nbsp;mph on most major thoroughfares in Parma.  The exception is in business zones which have 25&nbsp;mph speed limit.

Public transportation in Parma includes bus routes operated by the [[Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority]], which serves the city of Cleveland and Cuyahoga County suburbs.<ref>{{cite web | title = RTA 2010-2011 System Map | publisher = Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority | url = http://www.riderta.com/pdf/maps/System_Map_Main.pdf | access-date = February 15, 2012}}</ref>

==Notable people==
*[[Bill Balas]], [[screenwriter]], [[Film director|director]] and [[Television|producer]]
* [[Jeremiah Wallace Baldock]], Wisconsin State Assemblyman <ref>'Wisconsin Blue Book 1899,' Biographical Sketch of Jeremiah Wallace Baldock, pg. 764</ref>
* [[Michael Bierut]], graphic designer
* [[Ettore Boiardi|Hector Boiardi]], better known as [[Chef Boyardee]], died in Parma in 1985.
* [[Shya Chitaley]], Curator of [[paleobotany]] at the [[Cleveland Museum of Natural History]]
* [[Carmen Cozza]], football coach at [[Yale University]].
* [[Timothy DeGeeter]], state representative
* [[Dan Fritsche]], [[NHL]] player, [[Minnesota Wild]], [[Columbus Blue Jackets]] and [[New York Rangers]]
* [[Erich Gliebe]], CEO of the white supremacist National Alliance, also professional boxer
* [[Michael T. Good]], NASA astronaut
* [[Brian Holzinger]], NHL, Buffalo Sabres
* [[James Hoye]], umpire in [[Major League Baseball]]
* [[Dan Huberty]], [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] member of the [[Texas House of Representatives]]
* [[Scott Jarvis (actor)|Scott Jarvis]], actor
*[[William Kowalski]], author and educator
* [[Ted Levine]], actor
* [[Jim Lovell|James A. Lovell]], NASA Astronaut ([[Gemini 7]], [[Gemini 12]], [[Apollo 8]] and [[Apollo 13]] missions)
* [[Biagio Messina]], television producer, filmmaker, and actor. 
* [[Mike Mizanin]], actor and professional wrestler known under the ring name '''The Miz'''
* [[Clint Nageotte]], professional baseball player
* [[Alex Nedeljkovic]], goaltender for the [[Pittsburgh Penguins–New York Islanders brawl|Pittsburgh Penguins]] of the [[NHL]].
* [[Ransom E. Olds]], automotive pioneer<ref>{{cite web|url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~dano/robtolds_desc.pdf#search=%22ransom%20olds%20parma%22|title=Robert Olds of Windsor and Suffield, CT and his descendants}}</ref>
*[[Benjamin Orr]] (Orzechowski), best known as co-lead singer and bassist for [[The Cars]].
* [[Kermit Poling]], conductor, violinist and composer; music director of the South Arkansas Symphony; concertmaster of the [[Shreveport Symphony Orchestra]]<ref>[http://blog.cleveland.com/parmasunpost/2010/12/radio_stations_top_10_classica.html Radio station's top 10 classical pick for December is like music to this Parma mom's ears: Rick Haase]. Retrieved February 1, 2011.</ref>
* [[Frank Romano]], guitarist, songwriter and record producer
* [[Alan Ruck]], actor (''Ferris Bueller's Day Off'', ''Spin City'', [[Succession (TV series)|''Succession'')]]

==In popular culture==
===Moon Over Parma===
In the late 1980s, Bob McGuire penned a song entitled "Moon Over Parma", about an eccentric courtship that traverses the various suburbs of Cleveland. The song first received wide exposure on ''[[Big Chuck and Lil' John]]'' during its "New Talent Time" segment. Though McGuire was given the [[shepherd's crook]], McGuire's song was offered for free, in the form of [[sheet music]], to those who wrote to the show requesting a copy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h8bVqPWKyd8| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/h8bVqPWKyd8| archive-date=December 11, 2021 | url-status=live|title=Moon Over Parma - Bob McGuire|website=[[YouTube]]| date=May 2013|access-date=September 5, 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

''[[The Drew Carey Show]]''’s opening credits of its first season consisted of a caricature of [[Drew Carey]] — consisting of his face and a yellow tie — singing "Moon Over Parma" with an abridgment and some minor lyrical changes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZV2NX1kabEg| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/ZV2NX1kabEg| archive-date=December 11, 2021 | url-status=live|title=Moon Over Parma|last=Eskayem2|date=May 13, 2011|access-date=September 5, 2016|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

===Parma Place===
Occasionally, during the 1960s and 1970s, Parma was the target of light-hearted jabs by local movie show hosts [[Ghoulardi]], [[Bob "Hoolihan" Wells|Hoolihan]], [[Big Chuck and Little John|Big Chuck and Lil’ John]], and [[Ron Sweed|The Ghoul]], due to its central European image promoted by the friendly rivalry between Ernie "Ghoulardi" Anderson and "Big Chuck" Schodowski and contrary to actual demographics. Ghoulardi, the horror host of late night Shock Theater at WJW-TV, Channel 8, in Cleveland from January 13, 1963, through December 16, 1966, made a series of shorts called "Parma Place" and focused on an alleged love of white socks, [[Plastic flamingo|pink flamingos]], [[Yard globe|chrome balls]], [[kielbasa]], [[pierogi]] and the [[polka]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Ghoulardi: inside Cleveland TV's wildest ride |first=Tom |last=Feran |author2=R.D. Heldenfels |year=1997 |publisher=Gray & Company |isbn=1-886228-18-3 }}</ref>

===Novak v. City of Parma===
{{main article|Novak v. City of Parma{{!}}''Novak v. City of Parma''}}
In March 2016, Anthony Novak, a resident of Parma, created a parody Facebook page superficially resembling the local police department's official page, with outlandish, satirical posts easily distinguished from actual police public-affairs content.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Eidelman |first1=Vera |last2=Shapiro |first2=Ilya |last3=Berry |first3=Thomas A. |title=''Novak v. City of Parma'' |url=https://www.cato.org/legal-briefs/novak-v-city-parma |website=Cato Institute |access-date=October 5, 2022}}</ref> Despite the page being voluntarily removed after 12 hours, the Parma Police subsequently obtained warrants and raided Novak's apartment in the middle of the night three weeks later, seizing electronic devices belonging Novak and his roommate, and arresting and jailing Novak for four days until he could make bail. Novak was charged with felony disruption of police operations, but was acquitted at trial; a subsequent lawsuit against the police for civil rights violations was rebuffed by the Sixth Circuit, citing qualified immunity.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wimer |first1=Andrew |title=New Supreme Court Appeal Asks: "Can Police Arrest and Prosecute You for Making Fun of Them?" |url=https://ij.org/press-release/new-supreme-court-appeal-asks-can-police-arrest-and-prosecute-you-for-making-fun-of-them/ |website=ij.org |date=September 27, 2022 |publisher=Institute for Justice |access-date=October 5, 2022}}</ref> Novak's appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court garnered legal briefs from the [[ACLU]] and [[Cato Institute]], but gained notoriety because of a supporting brief filed by satirical website ''[[The Onion]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Onion advises the Supreme Court's 'total Latin dorks' on parody |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/10/04/1126699814/the-onion-supreme-courts-parody-law-enforcement-anthony-novak-parma |website=[[NPR]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |access-date=October 5, 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.cityofparma-oh.gov/ City of Parma]
* [http://www.parmaareachamber.org/ Parma Area Chamber of Commerce]
* [http://www.city-data.com/city/Parma-Ohio.html City Data]

{{Cuyahoga County, Ohio}}
{{Ohio}}
{{Great Lakes Megalopolis}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Parma, Ohio| ]]
[[Category:Cities in Ohio]]
[[Category:Cities in Cuyahoga County, Ohio]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1816]]
[[Category:Italian-American culture in Ohio]]
[[Category:Polish-American culture in Ohio]]
[[Category:Ukrainian-American culture in Ohio]]
[[Category:Ukrainian communities in the United States]]
[[Category:Cleveland metropolitan area]]
[[Category:1816 establishments in Ohio]]